Intellectual Revolutions

Refer to the series of events that led to the emergence

of modern science and the progress of scientific
thinking across critical periods in history
Objective:
- To describe the three of the most important
intellectual revolutions that altered the way humans
view science and its impact to society:
Freudian, Copernican, and Darwinian revolutions
 Intellectual Revolution

Copernican revolution Advancement in S

and T changed
Freudian revolution people’s perception
Darwinian revolution and beliefs.

Thus, these revolutions were often met

with huge resistance and controversy.
 believed
that the
Earth
was at the
center
Claudius Ptolemy
Aristotle's model shows https://en.wikipedia.
the planets in the org/wiki/Ptolemy

celestial realm
widely accepted
moving around the
by the people
Earth in an orderly
at that time
manner.
ttps://classicalwisdom.com/philosophy/aristotle/happiness-is/
The planets, as well as the sun &
the moon, moved in a circular
motion around the Earth.
The sun & moon’s revolution
explained the existence of days
and nights.

- Ptolemaic model
Geocentric
model of the
universe
widely accepted by the
people at that time
After 1, 300 years of popular acceptance Geocentrism began to meet
its challenge in the 16th century…
Copernican revolution
- refers to the 16th century paradigm
shift named after the Polish
mathematician and astronomer,
Nicolaus Copernicus

De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium

(The Revolution of Celestial Spheres) Nicolaus
Copernicus
heliocentric model of the universe
 Nicolaus Copernicus
He repositioned the Earth from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Nicolaus_Copernicus

the center of the solar system &

introduced the idea that
the Earth rotates on its own axis
His heliocentric model was Despite some
met with huge resistance, inadequacies of his
primarily from the church, model, it was soon
accusing Copernicus of accepted by other
heresy. scientists …
 DESPITE SOME INADEQUACIES OF HIS MODEL, IT
WAS SOON ACCEPTED BY OTHER SCIENTISTS

Johannes
Tycho Brahe Kepler
https://www.kobo.com/ph/en/e https://history-
https://brianskidmore.medium.co biography.com/johannes-
book/galileo-galilei-11
m/the-fantastic-life-of-tycho- kepler/
brahe-8bf76fd7dc48
 • Provide facts and evidences
that support the heliocentric theory
example: Galilean moons

did not invent the telescope but

was the first to use it systematically
https://www.pbs.org/w
to observe celestial objects and gbh/nova/galileo/telesc
record his discoveries ope.html
• The earliest workings towards
the design of the telescope
were made by German-Dutch
lensmaker Hans Lippershey
in 1608.
• During Lippershey’s time, the
name ‘telescope’ was not used
until three years later and he
referred to his design as a
https://www.spaceanswers.com/ast
‘Dutch perspective glass’, which ronomy/did-galileo-invent-the-
he used for ‘seeing things far telescope/

away as if they were nearby.’

• The more Galileo looked,
the more he was convinced
of the sun-centered
Copernican model of the
planets.
• Galileo wrote a book • He struck a plea bargain and
"Dialogue Concerning the
Two Chief World Systems,
Ptolemaic and Copernican"
and dedicated it to the
Pope Urban VIII.
• But his ideas were
considered heretical, and
Galileo was called to appear
before the inquisition in
Rome in 1633.
was sentenced to house
arrest, where he continued
to work and write until his
death in 1642.
 • measured the distance
of stars and made the
geoheliocentric model

Tycho Brahe
 • used calculus to form laws and
formulas that also made the
heliocentric model factual
all the planets revolve around the sun
in ellipses
= which describe mathematically
how the planets move through the sky
planets were kept in orbit by a force
emanating from the sun itself
- This radical idea was eventually
Johannes Kepler demonstrated by Isaac Newton later in
the century.
https://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/intro/histocosm-frame.html
Due to fears that the publication
of his theories would lead to
condemnation from the church
he withheld his research until
a year before he died.
It was only in 1543, when he
was near death, that he sent
his treatise to Nuremberg to
be published.
formal, & systematic written discourse
on some subject, generally longer
and greater depth, exposing the
principles of the subject https://www.universetoday.com/33113/heliocentric-model/

Heliocentrism was eventually
accepted by the people, which
was called the birth of modern
astronomy
The shift from an
Earth-centered view to
a Sun-centered view of
the universe is referred
to as the Copernican
Revolution.
Geocentrism Vs. heliocentrism
The major celestial • There are eight planets
objects that orbit the Sun. (Mercury,Venus, Earth,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune) and
the five known dwarf
planets (Ceres, Pluto,
Makemake, Haumea,
and Eris). ***
Pluto was officially reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006.
https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronomy/solar-system/dwarf-planets.asp
Meet the 5 Dwarf Planets
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1evh_uIui-w
 INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

• Copernican Revolution
• Freudian Revolution
• Darwinian Revolution