DEVILLA,JEJE I

BSED 3A SOCIAL STUDIES

URBAN GEOGRAPHY

LESSON 3 .

III.COURSE OUTCOME

1. Explain the different theories of urban growth.

 There are 4 different theories of urban growth the Chicago School's Ecological Theory/
Monocentric City Concentric Zone Hypothesis: This theory is essentially based on
Chicago's growth pattern identified by Burgess (1925), a sociologist at University of
Chicago. He theorized that there were five concentric zones in a city, which were
determined by spatial competition. The Sector Theory this theory is essentially a
critique of the Concentric Zone Hypothesis proposed by Hoyt (1939). Hoyt proposed
that spatial competition is not the only source of a city's growth; other factors like
prestigious locations (hills, waterfronts), social kinship and affinity also play a role. Thus
cities grow in sectors, rather than in concentric zones. Polycentric City Again, a variation
over the concentric zone hypothesis. As a city grows outward, other (smaller) CBDs
come up near the newly growing areas. Businesses relocate to these newer CBDs
because of lower rent and less problems in comparison to city centre (e.g.
overcrowding, heavy traffic). Polycentric cities thus have more than one CBD.
Transportation patterns are more complex in a polycentric city as compared to a
monocentric city, since there is significant traffic between the secondary CBDs (in a
monocentric city, there is traffic only between the residential districts and the single
CBD). Multiple Nuclei Theory this theory advanced by Harris and Ullman (1945) argues
that there are distinctive districts where activities are concentrated. The difference with
the Concentric Zone Hypothesis is the following: While the Concentric Zone Hypothesis
proposed that cities grow in zones from the center out, the Multiple Nuclei Theory
proposes that these are not necessarily zones, but that similar activities are grouped
together in certain districts. Thus we have Central Business District, Residential
Districts, Light manufacturing Districts, Low-income Districts, Red light Districts,
Suburban Districts, etc. The spatial distribution of these districts is more complex than
that of the monocentric city.

2. Discuss the scope of geography .

 Scope of Urban Geography is also called as urban settlement this name is showing its
scope geographers had tried to give the scope of urban geography .

3. Give the concept of rural-urban fringe

 Urban as a mixture of a land uses rural-rural and classified into a series of better surrounding
the city by the analysis of land use characteristics ,such area is full of serious and complex
problem and needs proper planning for solution. The rural-urban fringe may defined as the area
of transition bet well recognized urban land uses and the area denoted to agriculture.

4. Differentiate residential area and functional area .

 Residential area helps in the availability of place of living and facilities .Residential area
land use the biggest and importance land use of any town but from the functional
importance point of view it comes C.B.D .It is not necessary that the all land use types
are available in that entire town but the residential area is a very necessary factor.

5. Discuss the basic and non-basic function of town

 The main element of urban definition was its function due to which town comes in
exist . All the works in town are non primary manufacturing trade ,transport
communication and other services with this non primary activities we can make the
difference between urban areas and rural areas. Towns are not surviving because of the
slum while they also give services to the surrounding areas this concept was explained
at the time reneuetion of Hiroshima and Naga Saki.

6. Explain the theories of urban morphology .

 Urban morphology is considered as the study of urban tissue, or fabric, as a means of

discerning the environmental level normally associated with urban design. Tissue
comprises coherent neighborhood morphology (open spaces, building) and functions
(human activity). Neighborhood exhibit recognizable patterns in the ordering of
buildings, spaces and functions (themes), variations within which nevertheless conform
to an organizing set of principles. This approach challenges the common perception of
unplanned environments as chaotic or vaguely organic through understanding the
structures and processes embedded in urbanisation. Complexity science has provided
further explanations showing how urban structures emerge from the uncoordinated
action of multiple individuals in highly regular ways. Amongst other things this is
associated with permanent energy and material flows to maintain these structures.

IV. ENGAGEMENT

DIRECTION: Read and analyze the following (See attachment )

1.Urban growth theories

- Urban Growth Theories explain the internal demographic, spatial, and economic growth of
cities. These three features of a city's growth are not entirely separable, however. All three are
interlinked. In this lecture, we talked about the demographic and spatial growth of cities.
2.Meaning, scope and importance of urban geography .
- Urban geography is the subdiscipline of geography that derives from a study of cities and
urban processes. Urban geographers and urban examine various aspects of urban life and the
built environment. The scope of urban geography has extended and now basically includes the
areal association of activities within urban places; the economic base of cities; patterns of
distribution of the cities over the earth surface; distribution of different geographical
phenomenon within the city. The study of urban geography can help us have a better
appreciation of the economics of what goes on within cities and recognize the inter-
dependencies involved in local, national, and international economic development in an
increasingly globalized world.

V. ACTIVITIES: Answer the following .Ten (10) points each.

1. Define the distinct theories of urban growth

 Chicago School's Ecological Theory/ Monocentric City
Concentric Zone Hypothesis: This theory is essentially based on Chicago's growth
pattern identified by Burgess (1925), a sociologist at University of Chicago. He theorized
that there were five concentric zones in a city, which were determined by spatial
competition.
The Sector Theory
This theory is essentially a critique of the Concentric Zone Hypothesis proposed by
Hoyt (1939). Hoyt proposed that spatial competition is not the only source of a city's
growth; other factors like prestigious locations (hills, waterfronts), social kinship and
affinity also play a role. Thus cities grow in sectors, rather than in concentric zones.
Polycentric City
Again, a variation over the concentric zone hypothesis. As a city grows outward, other
(smaller) CBDs come up near the newly growing areas. Businesses relocate to these
newer CBDs because of lower rent and less problems in comparison to city centre (e.g.
overcrowding, heavy traffic). Polycentric cities thus have more than one CBD.
Transportation patterns are more complex in a polycentric city as compared to a
Monocentric city, since there is significant traffic between the secondary CBDs (in a
Monocentric city, there is traffic only between the residential districts and the single
CBD).
Multiple Nuclei Theory
This theory advanced by Harris and Ullman (1945) argues that there are distinctive
districts where activities are concentrated. The difference with the Concentric Zone
Hypothesis is the following: While the Concentric Zone Hypothesis proposed that cities
grow in zones from the center out, the Multiple Nuclei Theory proposes that these are
not necessarily zones, but that similar activities are grouped together in certain districts.
Thus we have Central Business District, Residential Districts, Light manufacturing
Districts, Low-income Districts, Red light Districts, Suburban Districts, etc. The spatial
distribution of these districts is more complex than that of the Monocentric city.

2. Explain the scope of urban geography as to nobility

  Importance of town attested by the roads of the town .Many of words are coming out
from the town shows its nobility .The maximum number of roads coming outside are of
which level and National Highway or state High way.
3. Discuss the concept of rural –urban fringe
 Rural –urban fringe the nation of the fringe as a distinctive physical area or region of the
city, primarily designated by characteristics land –use ,associations. The nation of the
fringe as that area where urbanization impinges on reality and therefore ,where the
process envisaged by worth ,can best be observed and indeed should be in
operation .The rural-urban continuous should most effectively be studied within the
confines of this geographical area.
 Rural –urban fringe may be defined as the area of transition bet well recognized urban
land uses and area denoted to agriculture by Wehrwein.
 They consider the urban fringe as the zone bet ,country and the city by R.R .Mayers
4. Give the meaning of conurbation
 A conurbation is an area occupied by a continuous series of dwelling factories and
other building harbors and docks ,urban parks and playing fields etc, which are no
separated from each other from rural land ,through in many cases in this country
such an area in clouds enclosures of rural land which is still in agricultural
occupation.
5. Differentiate the metropolis and megalopolis .
 Metropolis developed from Greek word which means mother town In Greek the
town developed with this base only .Presently 10 Lakh and above population made
metropolis by census n India .In the metropolis along with increase population
regional activities also centralized ,there business and commercial activities
developed more. For the development of evolution of metropolis transport facilities
is very much essential with the agglomeration of surrounding towers the metropolis
is prepared with the increase in size, problem is also increasing . presently the
condition is that the problem is new become the characteristic of metropolis cities.
Megalopolis firstly in 20th century the association of metropolis megalopolis was
originated .It is the Greek word which a large town .It the last stage of the
development of town .It is the 4th stage urban development and last stage of urban
increasing after the town degradation starts by Mumford .
6. Cite the stages of urban development according to Griffith Taylor
Griffith Taylor 7 Stages of a City
1. Sub-infantile stage
2. Infantile stage
3. Juvenile stage
4. Adolescent stage
5. Mature stage
6. Late Mature Stage
7. Semile Stage

7 ..Discuss the residential area of town and functional area of town .

  Town is a multi functional in various elements are included –classifying functional
C.D Harris had taken the area of various building which are engaged in various
activities .Dickinson had taken functional area and land use in use .
 A.E Smells had taken geography structure ,location and series of building along
which functional areas for this theory base .
Residential area land use the biggest and importance land use of any town but from
the functional importance point of view it comes C.B.D .

8. Define the concept of umland

Firstly the word umland is used by Andre Alice in 1914 This word is originated from the
German word which means city surrounding area . And according to Griffith Taylor
umland is that surrounding area of any towns and cultural relation with that town .
9. Explain the basic and non-basic functions of towns.
 Towns are in the form of nuclei or centrality due to which town development an
umland around its surrounding areas. This production of commodity not only
fulfill the requirements of towns but also helps in fulfilling the needs of
surrounding areas ,due to this the economic and non basic and basic concepts
are important in the study of Urban Geography from the study point of view.

10. Discuss the internal structure of town in concentric zones.

 The internal structure town is developed in 5 concentric zone.

1.C.B.D –Central Business District , Bergis has shown 2 parts of C.B.D.

2. Zone transition –this is the area of residential degradation slums are found here.
This is area vice here characteristiics of two zones are connected .

3. Zone of Independent working men house -the pupils of 2 nd zone shifted from their
place to 3rd zones. These are the residence of those who are labours so that they can easily go to
their working place and so that there is no more expenditure spend conveyance .In the two
stories building the house owners and land lords resides upwards and the resides down wards.

4. Zone of the better Residence –Middle class people lines here single familiar mostly
resides in these areas . All the person doing middle work resides here Conventional shops are
developed in this zone .this is called sub-coomercial-center.

5. The Commuter Zone- this is the high class residence in the outer part of the city Industrialist
lived in their areas. Highly administrative lived here ,these people tolerate the expenditure of
conveyance due to healthy environment and open area .