CHAPTER III:

FUELS AND COMBUSTION

1. A bituminous coal has the following compositions:

C= 71.5% O=7.0 % S=3.6 % W=3.4%

H=5.0% N=1.3% Ash=8.2%

Calculate for complete combustion of the theoretical weight of air required in kgair/kgcoal.

a. 9.80 c. 7.80
b. 8.80 d. 6.80

Solution:

 
   
:

 0
   11.5  34.5     4.3!
  8

 7.0%
   11.5"71.5%%  34.5 5.0%    4.33"3.6%%
  8

' -./01
   *. +,
( ) -.23/4

2. Calculate the higher heating value of liquid dodecane fuel. The chemical formula of Dodecane is C12H26.

a. 48, 255 kJ/kg c. 60,221kJ/kg

b. 55,641 kJ/kg d. 35,245 kJ/kg

Solution:

;<
56  13,500   60890  9::
=

:

>   
=:
%  ∗ 100
>   <

12"12%
%  ∗ 100  84.71%
12"12%  1"26%

>   AB :
%  ∗ 100
>   <

1"26%
%  ∗ 100  15.29%
12"12%  1"26%

:;

56  13,500 "0.8471%  60890 ".1529%

;<
56  20,745.93  D+, EFF. ,D -G/-.
=

3. Calculate the minimum volume of day tank of 28°API fuel having a fuel consumption of 1kg/s.
 a. 94.71 m3 c. 91.74 m3
b. 97.41 m3 d. 79.41 m3

Solution:

J
I
K

!L:  B:MA K:

141.5 141.5
!NOP.QR  
°TU  131.5 28  131.5

!NOP.QR  0.887

K  0.887"1000%

V
K  887
JW

:;

V
1
I M 3600M  24 
V 1 B
A
887 W
J

X  *Y. DZ[\

4. It is required to find the theoretical volume of air at 20°C and 100 kPa absolute pressure to burn one kilogram
of Franklin County coal. The ultimate analysis of coal-as-fired is as follows:

C= 65.65% O=18.61 Mois.= 3%

H= 5.87% S=1.51% Ash= 5.36%

a. 9.43 m3air/kgcoal c. 8.43 m3air/kgcoal

b. 7.43 m3air/kgcoal d. 6.43 m3air/kgcoal

Solution:

 
 L<J 
 ]<B:

J^

I
T

!L:  J:

 0
J     11.5  34.5     4.3!
  8

 0.1861
J     11.5"0.6565%  34.5 0.0587    4.3"0.0151%
  8

V _`a
J  8.84
V bc_d

:;
 V _`a Ve
8.84  0.287  "20  273 f%
V bc_d V _`a f
I
Vg
100 h
J

<M;

[\/01
X  Y. D\
-.23/4

5. A 650 BHP diesel engine uses fuel oil of 28° API gravity, fuel consumption is 0.65 lb/BHP-hr. Cost of fuel is P
7.95 per liter. For continuous operation, determine the minimum volume of cubical day tank in cm3, ambient
temperature is 45°C.

a. 4,372,890 cm3 c. 5,291,880 cm3

b. 5,987,909 cm3 d. 7,352,789 cm3

Solution:
J
I
K

!L:  J:

=
J  "0.65%"650%  422.50


!L:  K:

141.5 141.5
!NOP.QR  
°TU  131.5 28  131.5

!NOP.QR  0.887

!NiPR  !NOP.QR j1  0.0007"  15.6%k

!NiPR  0.887j1  0.0007"45  15.6%k

!NiPR  0.869

V V
K  0.869 1000   869 W
JW J

:;

191.61 JW
I  0.220495 ∗ "24
869 
blm
I  5,291,880
n_o

<M;

X34. 3p q/r )/s-  F, E*Z, ++, 2[\

6. A logging firm in Isabela operates a Diesel Electric plant to supply its electric energy requirements. During a 24
hour period, the plant consumed 250 gallons of fuel at 80°F and produced 2700 kw-hrs. Industrial fuel used is
30°API and was purchased at P3.00 per liter at 60°F. Determine the over-all efficiency of the plant.

a. 26.08% c. 29.07%
b. 25.06% d. 30.01%

Solution:

2700 V>  
t<u< 24 
 
U:u< J 56

!L:  56 :

56  41,130  139.6 "°TU%

56  41,130  139.6 "30%

Ve
56  45,318
V

!L:  J:

141.5
!NQvw  !NOP.QR 
°TU  131.5

!NQvw  !NOP.QR  0.876

!Nxvw  !NhQ.QR  0.876j1  0.0007"26.6  15.6%k

V
!Nxvw  !NhQ.QR  0.00952
M

J  KI

1000V 250
 0.003785JW
J  y0.869  z { | }~
JW 24 1


V
J  0.00952
M

:;

2700
 24V>
0.00952"43.318%V>

  ,. E€,+ 31 E€. ,+%

7. A circular fuel tank 45 ft long and 5.5 ft diameter is used for oil storage. Calculate the number of days the
supply tank can hold for continuous operation at the following conditions.

Steam flow= 2000lb/hr

Steam dry and saturated at 200 psia
Feedwater temperature= 230°F
Boiler efficiency=75%
Fuel Oil=34°API
hg at 200 psia =2786.6
hf at 2300F=461.3
 Ve
 200 uM "1.38 T
%: ‚  2786.6
V

Ve
 230w "110R%: ƒ  461.3
V

a. 15.21 days c. 17.57 days

b. 16.23 days d. 19.26 days

Solution:


    <
g.  „
AM 
J
MM  
  <

>ƒ
:
Jƒ

!L:  J:

56  41,130  139.6 "34%

56  45,876.4 Ve/V

J M
J 
=:

Ve
 200 uM "1.38 T
%: ‚  2786.6
V

Ve
 230w "110R%: ƒ  461.3
V

= V
J‚  2000  907.03
 

J‚ †‚  ƒ ‡
… 
Jƒ 56

"907.03%"2789.6  461.3%
0.75 
Jƒ "45,876.4%

V
Jƒ  61.38


!L:  >ƒ :

141.5 141.5
!NOP.QR  
°TU  131.5 34  131.5

!NOP.QR  0.855

V V
Kƒˆ‰d  0.855 1000   855 W
J W J
Š
Iƒˆ‰d  "5.5%h "45%  1069.12  W
4
 V
>ƒˆ‰d  30.27 JW 855 
JW

>ƒˆ‰d  25,880.57 V .

<M;

25,880.5 V
:  421.645 M.
V
61.38


s  ZY. FY q/r‹

8. Liquid Octane (C8H18) fuel is burned with ideal proportion of air. Calculate the ideal air-fuel ration by weight.

a. 13.72 kg air/ kg fuel c. 15.05 kg air/ kg fuel

b. 14.56 kg air/ kg fuel d. 10.69 kg air/ kg fuel

Solution:

 
 
: =: <
:B
:

jx Ox kƒˆ‰d  j0h  3.76

gh kŒ`a → j=th  h 0  3.76gh kŽacnˆb



 ;

: :

: 1"8%  = =  8 V  J

: 1"18%  2"%  9V  J

t: 2
 2=  
 12.5 V  J

g: 3.76
47 V  J

x Ox  12.5 th  47 gh → 8th  9h 0  47gh

<M;

 12.5"32%  47"28% -./01

    ZF. ,F
  1"96%  1"18% -.p4

9. A typical industrial fuel oil, C6H32 with 20% excess air by weight. Assuming complete oxidation of the fuel,
calculate the actual air-fuel ratio by weight.

a. 17.56 kg air/ kg fuel c. 16.75 kg air/ kg fuel

b. 15.76 kg air/ kg fuel d. 17.65 kg air/ kg fuel

Solution:

 
 
: =: <
:B
:

jOQ Wh kƒˆ‰d  j0h  3.76

gh kŒ`a → j=th  h 0  3.76gh kŽacnˆb



 ;

: :

: 16  ="1% =  16 V  J

: 32  2"%  16V  J
t: 2
 2=  
 24 V  J

g: 3.76
90.24 V  J

x Ox  24 th  90.24 gh → 16th  16h 0  90.24gh


<
 
: ]<
:  20%  MM
:

x Ox  Z. E"24 th  90.24 gh % → 16th  16h 0  Z. E"90.24gh %



 ;

:   tA ::

t: 1.2"24%"1%  16"2%  16  2B

B  4.8 V  J


<
 
: ]<
::

jx Ox kƒˆ‰d  j28.08 th  108.28 gh k_`a → j16th  16h 0  4.8th  108.28gh k‘_‚‰cˆ‚ Žacnˆb‚


<

  < 
:

 28.8"32%  108.28"28%
  
 _ 12"16%  1"32%

' -./01
   ZY. €F
( / -.p4

10. The ultimate analysis of coal is given below:

C= 68.5% S= 1.5% Ash= 12.0%

H= 2.5% O=3.5%

Calculate the higher heating value of coal.

a. 25,300 kJ/kg c. 27,300 kJ/kg

b. 28,300 kJ/kg d. 26,300 kJ/kg

Solution:

t
56  33,820   144,212     9,304!
8

0.035
56  33,820"0.685%  144,212 0.025    9,304"0.015%
8

-G
’“  E€, E+,. €\
-.

11. Fuel oil in a day tank for use of an industrial boiler is tested with hydrometer. The hydrometer reading
indicates a S.G. =0.924 when the temperature of the oil in the tank is 35°C. Calculate the higher heating value of
the fuel.

a. 43,852.13 kJ/kg c. 58,352.13 kJ/kg

b. 53, 852.13 kJ/kg d. 48, 352.13 kJ/kg

Solution:
56  41,130  139.6 "°TU%

0.924  !NOP.QR j1  0.0007"35  15.6%k

!NOP.QR  0.937

141.5
°TU   131.5
!N15.6R

141.5
°TU   131.5
0.937

°TU  19.50

<M;

56  41,130  139.6 "19.50%

-G
’“  D\, +FE. Z\
-.

12. A steam generator burns fuel oil with 20% excess air. The fuel oil may be represented by C14H30. The flue gas
leaves the preheater at 0.31 Mpa. Find the minimum stack temperature to avoid condensation.

a. 73°C c. 83°C
b. 63°C d. 53°C

Solution:

 
 
: ]<
:

jx Ox kƒˆ‰d  j0h  3.76

gh kŒ`a → j=th  h 0  3.76gh kŽacnˆb



 ;

: :

: 14  = =  14 V  J

: 30  2"%  15V  J

t: 2
 2=  
 21.5 V  J

g: 3.76
80.84 V  J

Oi Wv  21.5 th  80.84 gh → 14th  15h 0  80.84gh


<
 
: ]<
::

Oi Wv  Z. E"21.5 th  80.84 gh % → 14th  15h 0  Z. E"80.84gh %



 ;

:   tA ::

1.2"21.5%"2%  14"2%  15  2B

B  4.3 V  J

Oi Wv  25.8 th  97 gh → 14th  15h 0  4.3th  97gh

;A „
:  N== ” M•
,  u

 uMM<  
 L
u:
 15
T–—˜  0.31    0.03569 u

14  15  4.3  97

„ u: Ju
< 
‚_ @0.03569 u
 73R

š“ [0s0[[ ‹)/2- )[›1/)1 0‹ Y\°œ

13. A gaseous fuel mixture has a molal analysis:

H2= 14% CH4= 3% CO=27% O2=0.6% CO2=4.5% N2=50.9%

Determine the air-fuel ratio for complete combustion on molal basis.

a. 2.130 c. 1.233
b. 3.230 d. 1.130

Solution:

J
 ^
:  tA ::

0.14h  0.070th → 0.14h t

0.03i  0.060th → 0.03th  0.06h t

0.27t  0.135th → 0.27th


 JM  tA :  "0.070  0.060  0.135%th

 <
 tA : :  uB<   0.265 th  0.0060th  0.259 th

 0.259  0.259"3.76% [34‹/01

    Z. E\\
  1 [34‹p4

14. In a boiler design, it is desirable to have the flue gas exit temperature above the dewpoint. Estimate the dew
point temperature of the flue gas produced by combustion having the gravimetric analysis of:

N2= 71.84% O2=3.61% CO2= 20.35% H2O= 4.20%

Assume that air infiltration and leakage are negligible.

a. 39°C c. 42°C
b. 41°C d. 43°C

Solution:

:L 
LJ
:
AMM :  L<J
:
AMM  L 100 V  <:

71.84V
gh   2.565 V J
28V
V J

20.35V
th   0.4625 V J
44V
V J

3.61V
th   0.1128 V J
32V
V J
 4.2V
h t   0.2333 V J
18V
V J


 JM  2.565  0.4625  0.1128  0.2333  3.3736 V JM

T

 uMM<  
  L
u :  <
M

TŸ †J_‰a ž_Žca ‡ 0.2333

T_‰až_Žca   101.3  
Jc_d 3.3736

T_‰až_Žca  7 fu
 0.007 u

<M;

„ u: Ju
< 
‚_ @0.007 u
 \*R

15. If the theoretical air-fuel ratio is 15, what is the approximate higher heating value in kJ/kgfuel?

a. 46755 kJ/kg c. 45765 kJ/kg

b. 56755 kJ/kg d. 55765 kJ/kg

Solution:

Ve
 56  
V
  
  3117

56
15 
3117
-G
’“  D€YFF
-.

16. There are 20kg of flue gases formed per kg of fuel oil burned in the combustion of a fuel oil C12H26. What is
the excess air in percent?

a. 20.17 b. 26.67
b. 16.56 d. 8.21

Solution:

 J=<M: ]<

:  Oh hQ :

Oh hQ  18.5 th  18.5"3.76% gh → 12th  13h 0  18.5"3.76%gh

 18.5"32%  18.5"3.76%"28% V _`a

    14.94
  2"12%  26"1% V ƒˆ‰d


   20 V
M  1V <
 _

 V _`a
   19
 _ V ƒˆ‰d

:;
  
¡¡ ¢  ¡ ¢ ¢
 _  
%   MM  

¡ ¢
 

19  14.94
%   MM  
14.94

% £¤2‹‹ '01  ,. EYZYF 31 EY. ZYF%

17. A diesel electric plant supplies energy for Meralco. During a 24 hr period, the plant consumed 200 gallons of
fuel at 28°C and produced 3930 kW-hr. Industrial fuel used is 28°API and was purchased at P 5.50 per liter at
15.6°C. What should the cost of fuel be produce one kw-hr?

a. P 1.05 c. P 1.069
b. 1.10 d. P1.00

Solution:

!L:  B:MA

 15.6R:

141.5 141.5
!NOP.QR  
°TU  131.5 28  131.5

!NOP.QR  0.887

1V V
KOP.QR  0.887    0.887
• •

!L:  B:MA

 28°:

!NhxR  !NOP.QR j1  0.0007"  15.6%k

!NhxR  0.887j1  0.0007"28  15.6%k

V
!NhxR  0.879
•

1V V
KhxR  0.879    0.879
• •
5.50
T  u V   T 6.20 u V
0.887

M u V>  :

200
 • V T 6.20
 3.785  0.879   
3930V>  
 • V

œ  ¥ Z. ,F ›1 -¦  “1

18. A fuel oil is burned with 50% excess air. What is the volume rate flow in m3/min of the wet products at a
pressure of 102 kPa and a temperature of 350°C when the fuel is burned at the rate of 45kg/min? Assume that
the combustion requirements of the fuel oil are similar to those of C12H26.

a. 1865 c. 2462
b. 3526 d. 4563
Solution:


<
 
:  50%  MM
:

Oh hQ  Z. F"18.5 th  18.5"3.76% gh % → 12th  13h 0  18.5"3.76%gh

Oh hQ  27.75 th  104.34 gh → 12th  13h 0  9.25 th  104.34gh

 27.75"32%  104.34"28% V _`a

    22.41
  12"12%  26"1% V ƒˆ‰d

45V <
J<:   uB< M  22.41  1  23.41 V _`a /V ƒˆ‰d " %
min
V
J<:   uB< M  1053.45
J:

!L:  

M :M
:    uB< M:

Components No. of mols

CO2 12
H 2O 13
O2 9.25
N2 104.34
138.59
3,979.52 V
  28.71
138.59 V J

8.314 Ve
^  0.2896
28.71 V f

!L:   L<J     uB< M:

TI  J^

102I  1053.45"0.2896%"350  273%

<M;

[\
X  Z+€\. \YF
[0s

19. A fuel gas has the following volumetric analysis:

CH4=68% C2H6=32%

Assume complete combustion with 15% excess air at 101.325 kPa, 21°C wet bulb and 27°C dry bulb. What is the
partial pressure of the water vapour in kPa?

a. 9.62 c. 17.28
b. 12.81 d. 15.94

Solution:

J=<M: 
:  

:

0.68i  0.32h Q  2.48th  2.48"3.76%gh → 1.32th  2.32h t  2.48"3.76%gh

J=<M: 
:  15%  MM
:

0.68i  0.32h Q  Z. ZFj2.48th  2.48"3.76%gh k → 1.32th  2.32h t  2.48"3.76%gh

0.68i  0.32h Q  2.852th  10.72gh → 1.32th  2.32h t  0.37th  10.72gh


 JM : uB< M  1.32  2.32  0.37  10.72  17.73

101.325"2.32%
T

 uMM<  
 L
u 
14.73

¥ª/)1 «/›31  ZF. F*F -¥/

20. The following is an analysis of coal in percent:

C=74 O2=8 S=1

H2=6 N2=1.6 Ash=9.4

If burned in a boiler, the coal produces the following Orsat analysis in percent:

CO2= 12 O2=6.5 CO= 0.1

The refuse contains 0.0008 kg of carbon per kg of coal burned. Determine the percentage of excess air used.

a. 45.6% c. 54.6%
b. 46.5% d. 56.4%

Solution:

 
¡¡ ¢  ¡ ¢ ¢
 _  
%   MM  

¡ ¢
 

 
!L:    &   :
   _

 0 0.08
   11.5  34.5     4.3!  11.5"0.74%  34.5 0.06    4.3"0.01%
  8 8

 V _`a
   10.278
  V bc_d

gh : uB< M  100  "12  0.1  6.5%  81.4%"=A L<J%


 V : uB< M  0.12"144%  0.001"28%  0.065"32%  0.814"28%


 V : uB< M  5.28  0.028  2.08  22.792  30.18 V Žacnˆb‚

V gh 22.792
  0.7552
V uB< M 30.18

…ˆa­‰n
 0.74  0.008  0.732
V bc_d

5.28 0.028
 : uB< M    0.0481 V
30.18"3.67% 30.18"2.33%

g: 1V   2.67 V th  3.76 V th 1V   1.33 V th  2.37 V th

V ®_‚ 1
 0.732    15.218
V bc_d 0.0481

gh ‚ˆŽŽd`‰n 11.493
  14.965
V bc_d 0.768

g: gh M 76.8 "77%%% =A   :

:

<M;

14.965  10.278
%   MM    ,. DF€, 31 DF. €,%
10.278

21. A gaseous mixture has a dew point temperature of 15°C. The total pressure is 143. 27 kPa. Determine the
amount of water vapour present in 100 moles of the mixture.

Note: Saturation pressure at 15°C is 1.7051 kPa

a. 1.10 c. 1.19
b. 2.19 d. 2.0

Solution:

I¯
Tž  T  
I

I¯
1.7051  143.27  
100

<M;

X«  Z. Z* [34‹

22. A coal fired utility boiler has the following characteristics:

Coal Feed Rate=6,940 kg/hr
Electric Power Rating= 50<W
Refuse Removal Rate= 410 kg/hr
Carbon in Refuse= 30%
Ultimate Analysis in percent:
C= 76.56 O2= 7.70 S= 2.44

H2= 5.50 N2= 1.70 Si=6.10

Heating value of coal is 32,773 kJ/kg

If stack gas particle collectors are required to meet the limit of 0.043kg particulates per million kg of fuel set by
Environmental Management Bureau under the jurisdiction of the DENR, what efficiency must the collection
system have? Molecular weight of Si=28.09.

a. 99.999953% c. 79.999953%
b. 89.999953% d. 69.999953%

Solution:
 V
J<:  <:=<:B  ": <M%  "0.30%"410%  123


123 V
J<:  <:=<:B 
 ": <M%   160.66
0.7656 

V !` th "28.09  32%
  2.139
V !` 28.09

g: M M u: u

A !` th :

413.54V
J<:  !` : < =<:B  0.061"6779.3% 


V
J<:  !` th ": <M%  410  160.66  249.34


V
J<:  A
M "u
 <
%
B =A  <
M  884.56  249.34  635.22


6940 V
•JB
J<:  u
 <
 : <
M  0.043  
1,000,000 

63522  0.00029842
 :  : A,  
635.52

  **. ****F\%

23. The dry exhaust gas from oil engine has the following gravimetric analysis:

CO2= 21.6% N2= 74.2% O2=4.2%

Specific heats at constant pressure for each component of the exhaust gas in kCal/kg°C are:

CO2= 0.203 N2= 0.248 O2=0.219

Calculate the specific gravity if the molecular weight of air is 28.97kg/kgmol.

a. 1.055 c. 1.255
b. 1.155 d. 0.958

Solution:

:L  L: 

LJ
:
AMM  L<J
:
AMM:

Ju:: N
LJ I<J
t2 0.216 0.216/44  0.004909
t2 0.042 0.042/32  0.01312
g2 0.742 0.742/28  0.026500
V J


  0.032721
V

:;  J <
  , :

1 V
  30.56
0.032721 V J

<M;

30.56
!N   Z. ,FF
28.97
24. A coal fired steam boiler uses 3000kg of coal per hour. Air required for combustion is 15.5 kg per coal at a
barometric pressure of 98.2 kPaa. The flue gas has a temperature of 285°C and an average molecular weight of
30. Assuming a ash loss of 11% and an allowable gas velocity of 7.5m/s, find the diameter of the chimney.

a. 1.88m c. 2.88m
b. 1.64m d. 2.64m

Solution:

I<J  
  L A  MM  M :



Š„h
I®  | } "I. %
4

!L:  I® :

>  
MM uB< M u V <
MM<J: 11%
M MM:


>n®     1  MMM
 _

V ®_‚
>n®  15  1  0.11  15.89
V bc_d


MM  
 
M u
MM:  J:A:

V
J®  15.89"3000%  47,670


N
M :M
:   <
M:

8.314 8.314 Ve
^   0.277
 30 V  f

I<J  
 
M:

J® ^®
® "47.670%"0.277%"285  273% JW
I®    75032.19
T® 98.2 

JW
I®  20.84
M

<M;

Š„h
20.84  | } "7.5%
4

°  Z. ++ [

25. A certain coal has the following ultimate analysis:

C= 70.5% H=4.5% O2=6% N2=1.0%

S= 3.0% Ash= 11% Moisture= 4%

A stoker fired boiler of 175,000 kg/hr steaming capacity uses this coal as fuel. Calculate the volume of air in m3/hr
with the air at 60°F (15.6°F) and 14.7 psia (101.325 kPa) the coal is burned with 30% excess air. Boiler efficiency
of 70% and factor of evaporation of 1.10.
 a. 212,861.04 m3/hr c. 218,261.04 m3/kg
b. 221,861.04 m3/hr d. 281,261.04 m3/kg

Solution:

J^
J"0.287%"15.6  273%

I 
T 101.325

!L:  J
M M
:

 0
   11.5  34.5     4.3!
  8

 0.06
   11.5"0.705%  34.5 0.045    4.3"0.03%
  8

 V _`a
   9.53
  V bc_d

t
56  33,820   144,212     9,304!
8

0.06
56  33,820 0.705  144,212 0.045    9,304"0.03%
8

Ve
56  29,503.17
V

J‚ †‚  ƒ ‡
  
Jƒ 56

175,000"2482.7%
0.70 
Jƒ "29,530.17%

V bc_d
Jƒ  21,018.335


V bc_d V _`a
J_  21,018.335 12.39 
 V bc_d

V _`a
J_  260,396.15


<M;

"260,396.15%"0.287%"15.6  273%
I_`a 
101.325

[\
X/01  EZE, +€Z. ,D
“1

26. Methane gas burn completely when supplied with 30 percent excess dry air. The gaseous products are cooled
at 32°C and 1 atm pressure. Determine the mass of moisture condensed per kg fuel.

a. 1.302 c. 1.816
b. 1.924 d. 1.614
Solution:

 J=<M: ]<

:  

:

i  2 th  7.52 gh → th  2h 0  7.52gh

 J=<M: ]<

:  30%  MM
:

i  Z. \"2 th  7.52 gh % → th  2h 0  Z. \"7.52gh %

i  2.6 th  9.776 gh → th  0.60h 0  9.776gh

J M
J 
=:

Tž_Žca  4.8 VT

 32R

;A „
:” M •
:

Tž Jž

T 1  Jž  0.60  9.776

4.8 Jž

101.3 Jž  11.36

Jž  0.565 V J L
u

JM JM< :B:MB  2  0.565  1.435 V  J

<M;

V lc`‚ˆa‰ bc­n‰­‚‰n "1.435%"18%

  Z. €ZD
V ƒˆ‰d 12  1"4%

27. A diesel power plant consumed 1m3 of fuel with 30°API at 27°C in 24 hrs. Calculate the fuel rate in kg/hr.

a. 36.21 c. 29.34
b. 26.25 d.39.42

Solution:

J  KI

!L:  B:MA K:

J  KI

!L:  B:MA K:

141.5 141.5
!NOP.QR    0.876
°TU  131.5 30  131.5

!Nh±R  0.876j1  0.0007"27  15.6%k

!Nh±R  0.869

V V
Kƒˆ‰d  0.869 1000   0.869 W
J W J
<M;

V 1JW
J  869  | }
JW 24M

-.
[  \€. EZ
“1

28. A coal has the following ultimate analysis:

C= 60 H2= 6% Ash= 5% S2= 7%

N2= 5% O2= 9% Moisture=8%

Determine the actual air-fuel ratio using 20% excess air.

a. 10.66 kg air/ kg coal c. 12.66 kg air/ kg coal

b. 11.66 kg air/ kg coal d. 9.66 kg air/ kg coal

Solution:

 0
   11.5  34.5     4.3!
  8

 0.09
   11.5"0.6%  34.5 0.06    4.3"0.07%
  8

 V _`a
   8.88
  V bc_d

 
     "1  %  "8.88%"1.20%
 _  

<M;

' -./01
   Z,. €€
( / -.23/4

29. The ultimate analysis of a petroleum fuel is 87.1% carbon and 12.9% hydrogen. A certain test of dry products
of combustion gives the following analysis by volume: 12% CO2; 0.30% CO; 4.6% O2; 83.1% N2. Calculate the
number of atoms of carbon and hydrogen of the hydrocarbon fuel.

a. n=7.26, m=12.90 c. n=8.26, m=13.9

b. n=8.36, m=7.26 d. n=13.90, m=8.26

Solution:

To obtain the no. of atoms of carbon and hydrogen in one mole of the Hydrocarbon fuel (Cn Hm) divide the
individual mass of carbon and hydrogen by their corresponding molecular weight:

87.1
:  Y. E€ /)3[‹ 3p 2/1²3s
12

12.9
J  ZE. *, /)3[‹ 3p “rq13.s
1
30. The analysis of natural gas fuel used in a gas turbine power plant has the following percentages by volume:

CH4= 80% C2H4=5% H2=10% CO=2%

and the remaining non-combustible gases. Find the volume of air supplied per hour if the gas consumption is
20,000 m3/hr assuming 40% excess air.

a. 285,500 m3/hr c. 260,000 m3/hr

b. 348,500 m3/hr d. 360,000 m3/hr

Solution:

 J=<M: ]<

:  

:

0.80i  0.10 h  0.05h i  0.02 t 

th  3.76
gh → =th  h 0  3.76gh



 ;

: :

C: 0.80(1)+0.05(2)+0.020=b b=0.92
H: 0.80(4)+0.10(2)+0.05(4)=2c c=1.80
O: 0.02c+2a=2b+c A=1.81
N: 3.76 (a) 6.8 kgmol

0.80i  0.10 h  0.05h i  0.02 t  1.81th  6.8gh → 0.92th  1.8h 0  6.8gh

 1.81  6.80 8.61 JM J_`a

W
     8.88 W
  0.80  0.10  0.05  .02 0.97 JM Jƒˆ‰d

JW
I<J 
 M<uuB u <  =<: 20,000
:B 40%  MM



J_`a
W
JW J_`a
W
I_`a  8.88 |20,000 } "1.40%  248,536.08 | }
Jƒˆ‰d
W
 

<M;

[\/01
X/01  ED+, F\€. ,+
“1

31. A diesel power plant uses fuel with heating value of 43,000 kJ/kg. What is the density of the fuel at 25°C.?

a. 840 kg/m3 c. 970 kg/m3

b. 873 kg/m3 d. 940 kg/m3

Solution:

Kƒˆ‰d  !Nƒˆ‰d K

!L:  !Nƒˆ‰d @30R:

141.5
!NOP.QR 
°TU  131.5

J:

56  41,130  139.6 "°TU%

43000  41,130  139.6 "°TU%

°TU  13.395

141.5
!NOP.QR   0.98
13.395  131.5

!NhPR  0.98j1  0.0007"25  15.6%k  0.97

<M;

V
Kƒˆ‰d  0.97 1000 
JW

-.
³p4  *Y,
[\

32. Calculate the calorific value of coal which has the following analysis: Carbon 81%, Hydrogen 5%, Oxygen
5.6%, Sulfur 1% and the remainder is ash content.

a. 33,688.35 kJ/kg c. 12,456.34 kJ/kg

b. 32,135.45 kJ/kg d. 32,457.45 kJ/kg

Solution:

t
56  33,820   144,212     9,304!
8

0.056
56  33,820 "0.81%  144,212 0.05    9,304"0.01%
8

-G
’“  \\, €++. \F
-.

33. What is the calorific value and the minimum mass of air required per kilogram of fuel oil which is composed of
85.2% carbon, 12% hydrogen, 1.6% oxygen, 1.2%impurities.

a. 13.87 kg air/kg fuel c. 12.57 kg air/kg fuel

b. 14.55 kg air/kg fuel d. 15.75 kg air/kg fuel

Solution:

t
56  33,820   144,212     9,304!
8

0.016
56  33,820 "0.852%  144,212 0.12    9,304"0%
8

Ve
56  45,831.66
V

 

  < 
:

 0
   11.5  34.5     4.3!
  8

 0.016
   11.5"0.852%  34.5 0.12    4.3"0%
  8
 ' -./01
   Z\. +Y
( ) -.p4

34. A petrol has the following analysis: 85.5% carbon, 14.4% hydrogen, and 0.10% sulphur. Calculate the volume
of air at 1.0 bar and 15°C required for perfect combustion of 1kg of the fuel. Note Rair=0.287 kJ/kg-K.

a. 12.24 m3 air/ kg fuel c. 15.54 m3 air/ kg fuel

b. 13.45 m3 air/ kg fuel d. 14.57 m3 air/ kg fuel

Solution:


!L:    :
 _

 0
   11.5  34.5     4.3!
  8


   11.5"0.855%  34.5"0.144  0%  4.3"0.001%
 

 V _`a
   14.80
  V ƒˆ‰d

:;

"14.80%"0.287%"15  273% [\/01

I  ZE. ED
100 -.p4

35. A fuel used in a boiler contains 86.1% carbon, 12.5% hydrogen, and 0.4 oxygen and 1% sulphur. There are
40% excess air supplied to the furnace and the fuel rate is 400 kg/hr. Calculate the mass of air and the heat
energy transferred to the air per hour if it enters the air heater at 18°C and leaves at 130°C. Note Cp=1.00 kJ/kg.K

a. 7,794.26 kJ/kg, 890,093.12 kJ/kg c. 7,345.35 kJ/kg, 670,035.45 kJ/kg

b. 8678.45 kJ/kg, 980,045.32 kJ/kg d. 8,987.76 kJ/kg, 567,098.57 kJ/kg

Solution:

 ´†400 V ƒˆ‰d ‡µ

.  M<uuA u <   

 _ 


!L:    :
 _

 0.004
   11.5".861%  34.5 0.125    4.3"0.01%
  8

 V _`a
   14.24
  V ƒˆ‰d

 V _`a
   "14.24%"1.40%  19.94
 _ V ƒˆ‰d

-.
J”  "19.94%"400%  Y, *YD. E€
“1

=. 
 : A  LB =A
 
:
5  JŽ ∆

5  7,974.26"1%"130  18%

-G
’  +*,, ,*\. ZE
“1

36. A fuel has the following constituents: Carbon 85%, hydrogen 13%, Oxygen 2%, When burning this fuel in a
boiler furnace the air supply is 50% in excess of the theoretical minimum required for complete combustion, the
inlet temperature of the air being 31°C and funnel temperature is 280°C. Compute its calorific value, air-fuel ratio
and percentage of heat energy supplied:

a. 47,134.03 kJ/kg, 21.26 kg air/kg fuel c. 14,576.24 kJ/kg, 17.27 kg air/kg fuel
b. 35,897.54 kJ/kg, 12.21 kg air/kg fuel d. 45,457.13 kJ/kg, 12.54 kg air/kg fuel

Solution:

. 
 L
<  <:

t
56  33,820   144,212     9,304!
8

0.02
56  33,820 "0.85%  144,212 0.13    9,304"0%
8

-G
’“  DY, Z\D. ,\
-.

=.


  < 
:

 0
   11.5  34.5     4.3!
  8

 0.02
   11.5"0.85%  34.5 0.13    4.3"0%
  8

 V _`a
   14.7
  V ƒˆ‰d

 <

  < 
  V <:

 
     "1  %  "14.17%"1.50%
 _  

' -./01
   EZ. E€
( / -.p4

. T :
  
 : A M<uuB:

5
%  
56

;  

B

A, 5:

-G
5  JŽ ∆
 "21.256  1%"1.005%"280  31%  FFY,. €Z
-.p4

<M;
 -G ' -./01 -G
’“  DY, Z\D. ,\ ;    EZ. E€ ; ’  FFY,. €Z
-. ( / -.p4 -.p4

37. Experiment revealed that the calorific value of an oil fuel by means of a bomb calorimeter, the mass of a
sample fuel was 0.75 gram, the mass of water surrounding the bomb was 1.8kg with some water in the fitting 0.47
kg, and the temperature rises by 3.3°C. Considering that the specific heat of water is 4.2 kJ/kg-K, compute the
calorific value of this oil in Mj/kg

a. 41, 949.6 kJ/kg c. 47,457.23 kJ/kg

b. 35,345.2 kJ/kg d. 31,687.45 kJ/kg

Solution:


 : A ^
MB =A <  
 : A 
:MB  

:B :

Jc`d 5c`d  J_‰a Ž·¸¹º» ∆
_‰a

0.75
  5  "1.8  0.47%"4.2%"3.3%
1000 c`d

-G
’304  DZ, *D*. €
-.

38. A fuel consists of 84% carbon, 13% hydrogen, 2% oxygen, and the remainder incombustible solid matter.
Calculate the calorific value of the theoretical mass air required per kg of fuel and the mass analysis of the flue
gas if 22kg of air are supplied per kg of fuel burned.

a. 46,795.83 kJ/kg, 14.06 kg air/ kg fuel c. 34,576.78 kJ/kg, 14. 75 kg air/ kg fuel
b. 45,787.87 kJ/kg, 15.06 kg air/ kg fuel d. 45,567.78 kJ/kg, 15.67 kg air/ kg fuel

Solution:

. 
 I
<  <:

t
56  33,820   144,212     9,304!
8

. 02
56  33,820 ".84%  144,212 . 13    9,304"0%
8

-G
’“  D€, Y*F. +\
-.

=.

 J
MM 
:

 0
   11.5  34.5     4.3!
  8

 0.02
   11.5"0.84%  34.5 0.13    4.3!
  8

' -./01
   ZD. ,€
( ) -.p4
39. A fuel oil has the following contents: 85.5% carbon, 11.9% hydrogen, 1.6% oxygen, and 1% impurities.
Calculate the percentage CO2 in the flue gas for complete combustion

a. 20.94 % c. 35.5%
b. 30.94% d. 17.56%

Solution:

 0
   11.5  34.5     4.3!
  8

 0.016
   11.5"0.855  34.5 0.119    4.3"0%
  8

 V _`a
   13.77
  V ƒˆ‰d


MM   uB<   J=<M::

J  13.98 V _`a  †1V ƒˆ‰d  0.01 V Ju<M‡

V _`a
J  14.97
V ƒˆ‰d

2
th JB  3 ∗ 0.855
3

<M;

3.125
% th  ∗ 100
14.97

%œ,E  E,. *D %