Kegiatan Ekstramural

Tanggal Pelaksanaan
FKH 524
(24/1/2022-19/2/2022)
PKL Kesehatan Unggas

LAPORAN PRAKTIK KERJA LAPANG KESEHATAN UNGGAS

EMINENT FARM SDN. BHD., SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

Oleh:

Kelompok I
PPDH Periode II Tahun Ajaran 2020/2021

Vinieysha A/P Loganathan, SKH B9404211813

PROGRAM PENDIDIKAN PROFESI DOKTER HEWAN

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN HEWAN
INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
BOGOR
2022
 Kegiatan Ekstramural
Tanggal Pelaksanaan
FKH 524
(24/1/2022-19/02/2022)
PKL Kesehatan Unggas

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

Judul Laporan : Laporan Praktik Kerja Lapang Kesehatan Unggas

Nama (NIM) : Vinieysha A/P Loganathan, SKH (B9404211813)

Disetujui oleh
Pembimbing
Drh Arifin Budiman Nugraha, MSi, PhD.
19880404 2014 04 1 001

Diketahui oleh

Koordinator Mata Kuliah

Praktik Kerja Lapang Kerumahsakitan
Dr. drh. Okti Nadia Poetri, M.Sc, M.SiNIP
19801027 200501 2 003

Wakil Dekan FKH IPB

Bidang Akademik dan Kemahasiswaan
Prof Drh Ni Wayan Kurniani Karja, MP, PhDNIP.
19690207 199601 2 001

Tanggal Pengesahan:
 FOREWARD

Praise to God Almighty, for the abundance of His grace and blessings so that
the compulsory field practice of poultry health and this report in the framework of the
Veterinary Professional Education (PPDH) program for the extramural stage was
completed successfully and on according to schedule. This report was prepared as a
result of an internship that was carried out on 24 January – 15 February 2022 at Eminent
Farm Sdn. Bhd. The author would like to thank:
1. Drh Arifin Budiman Nugraha, M.Si PhD, as the on-campus supervisor
for poultry health field practical who has provided guidance and input
for the entireprocess.
2. Dr Patmanaban A/L Saminathan, DVM for allowing me to carry out our
internship at the farm and for his guidance and sharing his knowledge and
experience in the field.
3. Dr. drh. Okti Nadia Poetri, M.Sc, M.Si as the PPDH Program Coordinator
for poultry health practical.
4. The management of Veterinary Professional Education Program (PPDH),
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and all staff members who participated in
the implementation of this activity.

The author is aware that this report is far from perfect, so the author is open to
suggestions for improvement. May this activity report be useful for readers as well.

Selangor, February 2022

Vinieysha A/P Loganathan

B9404211813
 I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
The poultry industry in Malaysia has shown rapid progress compared with other
livestock industries. Hashim (2015) reported that poultry production in Malaysia exceeded
local demand and was capable of being exported to another country. According to the
Federation of Livestock Farmers’ Associations of Malaysia (FLFAM, 2016) poultry meat
(including chicken and duck meat) had a total output of RM10.26 billion. In Malaysia, the
poultry (chicken) industry is divided into two major productions: broiler production and eggs
production. As of now there are four grandparent (GP) and 22 parent stock (PS) farms for
broiler production and five layers of PS companies for eggs production in Peninsular Malaysia
(FLFAM, 2016).
1.2 Aim
The aim of this practice is to improve the skills and knowledge of students in health and farm
management of poultry, mainly in housing, nutritional management, vaccine programmes as
well as welfare of poultry in the field. The importance of field work and communication
among field workers are also considered important to learn.

1.3 Benefits
The benefits of this study is to learn the core structure of poultry management with depth to
understanding the principles of managements with welfare approach.

II ACTIVITIES

2.1 Time and Place

The duration of the field practice was from 24 January – 15 February 2022 . It
was held four days a week on Mondays to Thursdays, from 9.00 am to 5.00 pm. The
location ofthe practice was at Eminent Farm Sdn. Bhd., Selangor, Malaysia.

2.2 Procedures for Field Practice

The student was scheduled to carry out her filed practice in the hatchery for a
week and on the farm for two weeks. The student was required to follow the daily
activities as directed by the supervisors. Daily activities at the hatchery included
vaccinations, sexing and candling. Daily activities on the farm included observation of
farm activities and collection, transportation and selection of eggs. Discussions were
also carried out whenever the veterinarian in charge or supervisors were available.
 III DISCUSSION

3.1 Housing
The house is built from wood with wire mesh for walls and zinc roofs. The total number
of chickens on the farm is 70,000 whereby one flock has 14,000 chickens. There are 12 houses
in total but only 10 are in production. A closed house system is used in all the houses. Each
house has a population of about 7000 chickens with a male to female ratio of 1:10. There is a
silo and two water tanks outside each house. One water tank supply drinking water and the
other supplies water for the cooler pads. Each house is equipped with three feed lines, four
nipple feeder lines, cooler pads, eight fans,lights, 70 nests and litter. Each house measures 400
ft by 40 ft equivalent to 16,000 sq.ft therefore 2.28 ft of space is allocated for each chicken.
Floor space is important to prevent overcrowding and overheating which leads to stress which
effects on the growth, health, welfare status and immune system (Hosseini et al. 2017). The
house floors are slatted with wood or plastic. Litter consisting of sawdust is laid at a height of
four inches. The litter is removed if it hardens and is replaced with new litter. Litterenables
chickens to perform natural behaviors such as scratching, foraging and dust bathing. This in
turn reduces stress for them which affects growth (Zaboli et al. 2019).The nests are raised and
layered with wood shavings or hay to act as a cushion for eggs.

Figure 1) Silo with water tanks. 2) The inside of the house

The occurrence of floor eggs is low. This shows that the number or nest prepared in the
house is adequate and the design of nests is preferable. Hens are motivated to lay eggs in the
nest that provides seclusion (Stämpfli et al. 2012), and small numbers of floor eggs could
indicate good housing and welfare. Temperature, lighting and ventilation are detected by
sensors and controlled automatically by a system. Temperature is regulated by cooling pads
and ventilated by fans and wire mesh walls. Lights are turned on from 6 am- 10 pm daily.
Ventilation helps with releasing heat trapped in poultry house to prevent heat stress which
will help with weight gain, better feed conversion and better meat quality (Oloyo and Ojerinde
2019).

Figure 3a) Fans, 3b) nest, 3c) plastic and wooden slats
3.2 Nutritional and Feed Management
Both hens and roosters are fed once a day in the morning from 6 am-10 am. However,
the feeding system for male and female chickens are separated. The hens are fed using a chain
feeding system whereas roosters are fed manually. Each house has a chain feeding system
with three lines. The system is turned on and feed is poured into the feed machine which is
distributed evenly throughout the three lines. Uneven feed distribution may result in lowered
performance, increased scratching damage associated with competition at feeders and
increased feed spillage (Aviagen 2018). There is a row of feeders in the middle of the house
that are raised for feeding the roosters. The feeders are raised to prevent the hens from eating
from them. The systems are separated as both are given different amounts of feed. Besides that,
the chain system requires time to fill up all the lines and can only hold a certain amount of
feed. It is then rested and started again to continue filling the lines. This system requires a
longertime to feed all the hens so it is built in such a way to prevent roosters from eating from
them. The roosters are too big and cannot fit their heads into the chain system to eat from it.
The feed given is in crumble form and its ingredients mainly consists of yellow corn, wheat,
dehulled soybean meal, wheat pollard and feed additives. The nutritional value consists of
metabolic energy of 2850 kcal/kg, minimum 16% crude protein, minimum 3% calcium and
minimum 0.42% AV phosphorus.

Water is given at all times unlimitedly through automatic nipple feeders. Each house is
equipped with four nipple feeder lines. Each line has 100 nipples and each nipple provides for
18 birds. These nipple feeders are checked daily to ensure continuous access of water. Water
consumption is monitored daily by checking the water meters to ensure water flow. There are
4 lines in each house. The height of these lines is adjusted as the chicken ages which is 3 cm
from the level of the chickens’ heads. The pipe lines are cleaned weekly by running water
through them till the water flowing through comes out clean.

Supplements in the form of vitamins are given 3 times a week mixed in the drinking water.
The vitamins given acts as a supplementary of multivitamins complex. It is aimed to improve
performance during peak growth, sequelae of infectious disease, to complement for stress,
heat and disease stress. In order to supply vitamin supplement in drinking water (DW), water
should be dechlorinated. A type of powder is added to the tanks to dechlorinate the water
source.

The weight of the chickens is measured once a week. A total of 2% or 50 hens and 10% of
roosters are weighed. This is to measure the growth rate of chickens and calculate the amount
of feed needed.

Figure 4a) Feed, 4b) Chain feeding system 4c) Pan feeding system 4d) Nipple drinkers
3.3 Health Management
At the hatchery, DOC that are healthy with no defects are chosen to be broilers.The DOC are
examined for defects such as bleeding, crooked beaks, wounded feet, loss of feathers or
splay/spraddle feet. These defected DOC are culled. On the farm, the birds are monitored daily
to identify any sick birds. Monitoring is done by listening to vocalization, respiratory sounds
and mechanical sounds (feed systems, fans) of the house and by sight through observation of
the distribution of the birds, number of birds feeding, drinking and resting, litter quality and
also the birds’ condition. Besides that, monitoring through smell is also done by noticing the
smells in the environment (stuffy,ammonia levels) and feel by handling the birds to check their
general condition (Aviagen 2018). Birds that are sick are isolated from the main house and
kept in a separated shed inside the house. The sick birds are treated accordingly. Once they
are healthy, they will be placed into the main flock again but if they show no signs of
improvement, they will be culled. Dead birds are also removed from the house daily. Carcases
are burned in incinerator or buried within a dump pit.
There were no occurrences of diseases or outbreaks since the establishment ofthe farm. There
was a national outbreak of Newcastle Disease which originated from farms in Melaka but
Eminent Farm was not affected. The farm took precautions by ensuring that vaccination
programs were properly carried out. Biosecurity measures were also taken to prevent any
outbreaks.

Figure 5 Shed for sick/overweight chickens

3.4 Vaccination
Poultry vaccines are widely applied to prevent and control contagious poultry diseases. Their
use in poultry production is aimed at avoiding or minimising the emergence of clinical disease
at farm level, thus increasing production (Marangon danBusani 2007). Vaccines are intended
to stimulate the immune mechanism of an animal to produce antibodies, which will inactivate
pathogens and also produce minimal harm.The vaccination program at the hatchery includes
vaccinations against Infectious Bronchitis (IB), Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) and
Newcastle Disease (ND) for all DOC before transportation to broiler farms. ND killed and
live vaccines along with IBD vaccines are injected into the necks of DOC. ND and IB vaccines
are then sprayedonto these chicks. The following is the vaccination program carried out on
the farm:
 Figure 6a) Vaccination via SC for DOC, 6b) Spray Vaccination

Figure 7 Vaccination via IM for Week 19 old chickens

Table 1: Vaccination program for farms birds

Day Week Type of Vaccine Method
IBD live Spray
0 ND+IB (live) Spray
SE+ST live Spray
D4-D6 ND killed IM
D3 Cocci live DW
Reo live SC
10 IB 1/96 ED
ND lasota+IB live ED
14 IBD live DW
FP MG WW
18 MG live ED
E. coli MD
32 4.5 ND Lasota+IB live DW
ND+IB+Cor ABC IM
35 5 ILT IM
ED
53 7.5 SE+ST live DW
Reo kill IM
56 8 IM
63 9 CIAV DW
 ND+IB+Cor ABC IM
IB 1/96 ED
70 10
ND Lasota+IB live ED
FP+AE WW
98 14 FC oil IM
ND IB EDS+Coryza+SE IM
ND, IB, IBD, Reo IM
112 16
ND Lasota+IB live ED
E. coli ED
123 17.5 SE+ST live DW
ND kill IM
133 19 FC oil IM
ILT ED
MG kill IM
ND, IB, IBD, Reo IM
147 21
ND Lasota+IB live ED
E. coli ED
199 monthly ND lasota+IB Mass (3774)/ Avipro ND IB Soh ND+IB live DW
229 monthly ND lasota+IB Mass (3774)/ Avipro ND IB Soh ND+IB live DW
260 monthly ND lasota+IB Mass (3774)/ Avipro ND IB Soh ND+IB live DW
291 monthly ND lasota+IB Mass (3774)/ Avipro ND IB Soh ND+IB live DW

3.5 Biosecurity
The farm has a basic biosecurity program. There is only one entrance in and out of the farm.
Vehicles entering the farm are disinfected by dipping and misting. Outside vehicles and
visitors are prohibited from entering the hatchery or production area. Toilets, shower rooms
and disinfecting shower rooms are also provided for the workers and staff. Workers are
prohibited from bringing home their attires and footwear which are washed daily on the farm
premises. Workers are required to wear boots and disinfect them prior to entering a house by
feet dipping. Workers than have entered houses housing older birds are not allowed into
houses with younger aged birds. Farm premises are disinfected weekly. Application of
standard biosecurity measures is vitalin protecting poultry birds from any disease (Dorea et
al. 2010).

Before the arrival of a new flock, the old flock is cleared out. The litter is cleaned out and the
manure is processed into fertiliser. The slats are removed. Plastic slats are washed and
disinfected while wooden ones are repaired, cleaned then disinfected. Nests are also removed,
repaired, cleaned and disinfected. The feeders and tools are cleaned and disinfected as well.
The empty houses are disinfected with seven different disinfectants after the previous one has
dried off. The new litter is then laid. Disinfectant and chalk is spread onto the litter. There is
a one-day rest period before the new flock is placed into the houses. The cleaning of the
housing area should be done after the batch of birds are moved out or sold. Removal of litter
and other waste products followed by disinfection of shed and tools (Singh 2020). These
practices ensure that the new batch of chicks would not be infected or get sick due to the
farm’s surroundings. The whole process of cleaning and disinfecting the houses takes about
three weeks which syncs with the arrival date of the new flock.
 Figure 8a) Vehicle dipping and misting system, 8b) Facilities provided for staff and workers,
8c) Disinfecting room, 8d) Foot dip prior to entering house

IV CONCLUSION
The management of broiler breeder farms involves the management of various aspects
such as nutrition, ventilation, temperature, floor spacing, humidity, lighting and health. Besides
that, vaccination programs and biosecurity also play a role. These aspects are important to
ensure smooth and proper growth of chickens. Data recording is also important to achieve
proper management systems or implement improvements to maximize profits.

REFERENCES

Aviagen. 2018. Ross Final Stock Management Handbook [internet]. [accessed on 25

April 2021]. [available at https://www.aviagen.com].
Dorea FC, Berghaus R, Hofacre C and Cole DJ. 2010. Survey of biosecurity protocols
and practices adopted by growers on commercial poultry farms in Georgia,
U.S.A. Avian Diseases. 54: 1007-1015.
Hosseini SM, Farhangfar H, Nourmohammadi R. 2017. Effects of a blend of essential
oils and overcrowding stress on the growth performance, meat quality, and heat
shock protein gene expression of broilers. Br Poult Sci. 59(1): 92-99.
Marangon S, Busani L. 2007. The use of vaccination in poultry production. Rev Sci
Tech. 26(1): 265-74.
Oloyo A, Ojerinde A. 2019. Poultry housing and management [Internet]. [Accessed on:
2021 July 07] Available at:. https://www.intechopen.com/books/poultry- an-
advanced-learning/poultry-housing-and-management.
Stämpfli K, Buchwalder T, Fröhlich EKF, Roth BA. 2012. Influence of front curtain
design on nest choice by laying hens. British Poultry Science. 53: 553–560.
Zaboli G, Huang X, Feng X, Ahn DU. 2019. How can heat stress affect chicken meat
quality? - a review. Poult Sci. 98(3): 1551-155.
 APPENDIX

JURNAL MINGGUAN
KEGIATAN EKSTRAMURAL
PKL PERUNGGASAN
PPDH PERIODE I SEMESTER 2 TAHUN 2021/2022

Nama: Vinieysha A/P Loganathan

NIM: B9404211813

Tempat kegiatan: Lay Hong Berhad, Kuala Selangor, Selangor, Malaysia.

Dokter hewan bertugas: Dr Patmanaban A/L Saminathan, DVM.
Minggu 1 Hatchery

Tanggal Waktu Kegiatan

24/1/2022 09.00 -12.30 Diskusi dan briefing dengan dokter di lapangan
Sexing
14.00 -17.00 Sexing
Proses pemindahan telur dari setter ke hatcher
25/1/2022 09.00 – 17.00 Vaccination
Candling
26/1/2022 09.00 – 17.00 Candling
Proses pemindahan dan seleksi telur
27/1/2022 09.00 – 17.00 Vaccination
Candling
Proses pemindahan dan seleksi telur

Dokumentasi kegiatan:

Gambar 1: Telur sampai ke setor setelah seleksi

Gambar 2: Telur dimasukkan ke Cool room
 Gamber 3: Vaksinasi DOC, Gambar 4 : Candling teleur pada H-9

Gambar 5: Proses pemindahan telur dari setter ke hatcher

Minggu 2

Tanggal Waktu Kegiatan

31/1/2022 09.00 -17.00 • Seleksi dan packing DOC ke dalam tray
• Spray vaccination dan loading DOC dalam truk
• Tour dan diksusi Bersama dokter hewan di farm houses
3/2/2022 09.00 – 17.00 • Diskusi di farm house
• Pengumpulan data vaksinasi dan berat badan setiap flock
di 10 farm houses
 • Observasi proses pembersihan dan penyediaan flock baru
di farm house 11 dan 12.

Dokumentasi kegiatan:

Gambar 1 dan 2 : Tour di sekitar farm house

Gambar 3 dan 4: Spray vaksinasi dan loading ke truk

Minggu 3

Tanggal Waktu Kegiatan

7/2/2022 09.00 -17.00 • Pengumpulan data vaksinasi dan berat badan setiap flock
di 10 farm houses
• Observasi proses pembersihan dan penyediaan flock baru
di farm house 11 dan 12.
8/2/2022 09.00 – 17.00 • Pengumpulan data vaksinasi dan berat badan setiap flock
di 10 farm houses
• Observasi proses pembersihan dan penyediaan flock baru
di farm house 11 dan 12.
9/2/2022 09.00 -17.00 • Observasi proses pembersihan dan penyediaan flock baru
di farm house 11 dan 12.

10/2/2022 09.00 -17.00 • Koleksi, Seleksi dan Transportasi telur ke Hatchery.

Dokumentasi kegiatan:

Gambar 1 dan 2 Koleksi, Seleksi dan Transportasi Telur

Minggu 4

Tanggal Waktu Kegiatan

14/2/2022 09.00 -17.00 • Kegiatan vaksinasi IM untuk ayam minggu 19.

15/2/2022 09.00 – 17.00 • Trial debeaking

Dokumentasi kegiatan:
Gambar 1 dan 2 Debeaking trial, gambar 3 Vaksinasi IM