ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

EEE-121
SABA MUNAWAR
LECTURER ECE DEPARTMENT
CUI WAH CANTT
BOOK : BASIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS BY DAVID IRWIN

CHAPTER#2 RESISTIVE CIRCUITS

Chapter#2 Resistive Circuits

 Ohm’s law
 Kirchhoff’s Laws
 Single-Loop Circuits
 Single-Node-Pair Circuits
 Series and Parallel Resistor Combinations
 Circuits with Series-Parallel Combinations of Resistors
 Wye Δdelta Transformations
 Circuits with Dependent Sources
 Ohm's Law

 Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistance is directly proportional to the current flowing through it.

 The symbol Ω is used to represent ohms, and therefore,

 Conductance, represented by the symbol G, is the reciprocal of resistance
 Power absorbed by the resistance is:
Circuit Parameters

 A Nodes is simply a point of connection of two or more circuit elements.

 A loop is simply any closed path through the circuit in which no node is encountered more than once
 A branch is a portion of a circuit containing only a single element.
 Circuit in figure (a) is redrawn
 This circuit contains 5 nodes,
multiple loops And 8 branches
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

 Kirchhoff’s current law is based on this principle of conservation of charge which states that the algebraic sum
of the currents entering any node is zero.

 assuming the entering currents as –ive

and leaving as +ive we have
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

 Kirchhoff’s voltage law is based on the conservation of energy. Which states that the algebraic sum of the
voltages around any loop is zero. That is,

 Traversing a loop, we encounter the plus sign first for a decrease in energy level and a
negative sign first for an increase in energy level.
 a

Part a: Sum of currents entering in a node must equal Part b: Current entering and leaving the upper node (a) :
to zero :

Part b:Entering currents= Leaving currents

Part a: Entering currents= Leaving currents
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
 For 2 unknowns we need 2 equations
At node a:
At node b:
Put value of in eq---1

⇒
⇒

For traversing loop (adefa)

⇒
For traversing loop (bcdeb)

For traversing loop (bcdb)

d
 Single Loop circuits/Resistance in Series

Single Loop/(Series) Circuit

 Same current flows in a series circuit.
 Apply KVL to find unknown voltages.
 several voltage sources in series can be replaced by one source
whose value is the algebraic sum of the individual sources.
 the equivalent resistance of N resistors in series is simply the sum
of the individual resistances.
 Single Node circuits/Resistance in Parallel

Single Node/(Parallel) Circuit

 Same Voltage across each parallel branch.
 Apply KCL to find unknown branch currents.
 several current sources in parallel can be replaced by one
source whose value is the algebraic sum of the individual
sources.
 the equivalent resistance of N resistors in parallel is simply
the sum of the reciprocals of individual resistances.
 Current and Voltage Division Rules

VDR (Voltage divider rule) CDR (Current divider rule)

 The source voltage is divided between the  The source current is divided between the
series resistors and in direct proportion to parallel resistors and in reverse proportion to
their resistances. their resistances.
Equivalent Circuit:
Reduce the network around resistor
Add two current sources:
Solve Use CDR to find current across:
 Example 2.19 Find the current through load resistor and power absorbed by in figure.

Equivalent Circuit:
Reduce the network around resistor
Add all current sources: Use CDR to find current across :

Solve

⇒
Analyzing Circuits Containing a Single Source and a Series-Parallel
Interconnection of Resistors
E 2.23 Find
E 2.21 Find

𝟔𝒎𝑨

Use CDR to find current in 4k branch

∵
Both 12kΩ and 4kΩ are in parallel with current source.
Use CDR again to find Apply CDR to solve remaining circuit.
Wye ↔ delta Transformations
Example 2.26: Find the current
a

R1 R2

c b
R3
Example 2.26: Find the current To Find
b

R2

a R3

R1

c
Example 2.30: BJT common-emitter amplifier can be modeled by the circuit shown
in Figure. Find an expression for gain of the amplifier which is

∵ Current is entering in negative terminal

⇒
 𝑽𝑺

Applying VDR

• Write all branch currents in the form of node Voltage

• Apply KCL at node
 - +
- +
Given data: L1
a + - b Use branch-by-branch analysis here.
To Find: While traversing loop if signs
+ + are not given then take resistors
L3 L2 voltages as drops i-e Current
- - always enters in –ive terminal
of resistor

KCL at node a:
Applying KVL in L2:
Apply KCL at node a:
Apply KVL in L3: