An Efficient Power Management of Rooftop Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic System Using Micro FACTS Devices

Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 4, 2021, Pages.
2718 – 2735
Received 05 March 2021; Accepted 01 April 2021.
An Efficient Power Management of Rooftop Grid Connected Solar

Photovoltaic System Using Micro FACTS Devices
P.Jenopaul 1, R.Sagayaraj 2 .K.Saravanan 3 ,Subiramoniyan.S 4 Tony George 5M .Sreedevi6

1
Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Adi Shankara Institute of Engineering
and Technology, kalady,kerala India.
2
Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Muthayammal Engineering College,
Namakkal 637408. India.
3
Professor, Department of Information Science and Engineering, New Horizon College of Engineering,
Bengaluru – 560 103, India.
4
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Adi Shankara Institute of
Engineering and Technology, kalady, kerala India.
5
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Adi Shankara Institute of
Engineering and Technology, kalady, kerala India.
6
Research scholar, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering ,Anna university ,Chennai
Tamilnadu ,India
ABSTRACT
Solar rooftop power plants are more popular in India. But the installed capacity
of the rooftop plant is not yet meeting the load demand in practice. Conventional grids
share more heavy loads by using the control switch to meet the load demand; however,
the loads are not constant. Due to this, there is no proper utilization of rooftop solar
Electric Power. Hence, a unique power electronic multilevel converter system called
micro-flexible AC transmission system (M-FACTS) is proposed in this paper. M-FACTS
consist of the multilevel multi-port converter with bi-directional power flow capacity.
Moreover, the DC battery and solar power can be regulated using a bi-directional buck-
boost converter. The main objective of this unique multilevel converter and control is to
improve the better utilization of solar electric power, to reduce the power consumption
from the conventional electrical grid, improve the reactive power support and to store the
excess power in a battery storage system. Matlab-Simulink-based simulation result proved
the effectiveness of the efficient multilevel converter and control system for the effective
utilization of solar electric energy.
Keywords:
Bidirectional Buck-Boost Converter, Multilevel Converter, Conventional Grid, M-
FACTS, Solar Photovoltaic
.
1.INTRODUCTION
Solar photovoltaic power generation has more attention due to less price and more reliable
energy production. So, many rooftop plants are installed and that is connected to grid as well as
autonomous usage(1). The Indian State government also provides a subsidy to install solar panel
based power plant to increase the capacity of the conventional grid. Solar roof top power plant
consists of solar panel array, connecting cables ,maximum power point tracking units(MPPT),
http://annalsofrscb.ro 2718
Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 4, 2021, Pages. 2718 – 2735
and storage system.The harvested electric power is fed to the MPPT units and maximize the
power and fed to the storage system through cables. The stored energy is directly connected to
the inverter like, stand alone or grid connected inverter and connected to the conventional grid
through energy meter as shown in figure 1(2).
In grid-connected mode, the generated power is directly fed to the traditional electric line .In
autonomous mode ,there are two configurations adopted, with energy storage and without
energy storage system. Consider the case of without energy storage system, the installed solar
panel power capacity is not always match with the load(3). Because the load is not constant of all
the times. Due to this, power produced by the panel is neither underutilized nor overloaded. In
the case of, with storage system based rooftop power plant, the battery consumes the power from
solar power for charging is not respect to the load (4). So, the power feed to the load is reduced.
During this time, high consumption equipment like fridge, air conditioner is not able to operate.
Figure 1: Existing grid tied with battery backup system
Literature Review
Many research works were carried out to solve the problem mentioned above. A Fuzzy logic
control based system model for energy management developed to control power flow to be
drawn mainly from PV energy and stored in 80AH battery module and optimizes the sharing of
power from the grid(5). But the drawback of the system is no reactive power control, no control
system is provided for the energy storage system and optimize the power is also not available.
Moreover, their system produced more harmonics due to the traditional converter and control
system used. The intelligent energy distribution management system (6) proposed a user-oriented
method to operate the devices by setting based on the priorities, which increases the efficiency
in the point of the user. The main drawback of the system needs additional wiring and based on
preference, the loads will turn on. So the user can’t get assured service. Efficient Energy
Management System for Solar Energy (7) proposed knowledge-based, self-configurable, smart
controller to use solar energy according to load efficiently. Here also they used electronic
contactors to use to configure the load. So this system also needs additional wiring. User can’t
get assured service. New Energy Management Technique for PV/Wind/Grid Renewable Energy
System (8) concentrated the energy management .but they controlled the power flow to the load
by chopper and used DC supply system .Power Management of Grid operated Micro Grid (9)
Using Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). They used a solar panel with MPPT control system and by
using Fuzzy logic controller (FLC),
Unified Control and Power Management Scheme for PV-Battery-Based power flow (10)is
control by the solar power production. So ,there is no full utilization is achieved in this
technique. Another work Reactive Power Management in Roof –Top Solar with Net Metering
(11) suggested to implementing a passive capacitor to control the reactive power. But if the load
demand is less , then the voltage goes to rise is the main problem of this work. The Impacts of
Rooftop Solar PV Systems on Secondary Distribution System is (12) ,provided the impact of the
power quality problem in roof top power plant and provide hybrid filter to mitigate that. But
these hybrid filters not provide any reactive support or real power support to the system.
Figure 2: Proposed System
To solve this problem, a new Power Electronic Converter is developed called Micro flexible
AC transmission system (M-FACTS) as shown in figure 2. In Conventional system the solar
electric energy is directly fed to the storage system through MPPT controller. But the proposed
system the harvested electric energy is not directly connected to the storage system. It is
connected to the proposed Micro-FACTs controller .The meaning of the term micro is miniature
model of Flexible AC transmission System. Flexible AC transmission System(FACTS) normally
used in AC transmission system(13). It is used to control the real power flow, provide the
reactive power(14) ,control the voltage of line(15), and make the system reliable(16). This
system will control the power flow between two system is by change the impedance of the
line(17) or control the voltage(18) or control the quadrature injection of voltage(19) or change
the phase angle (20). Based on this facts principles some features are taken and miniature
designed a controller and system which is suitable for rooftop solar called MICRO - Flexible
AC transmission System .This Micro FACTS consists of three input ports and one output port.
The first input is fed to the solar -electric power, and the second port is supplied to the energy
storage. The third bidirectional port is connected to a conventional electric grid and the output
port is connected to the load. The main functions of the proposed converter work is, based on the
demand and availability of power in the storage system, the solar -electric power will allow to
charge the battery. Similar to the discharge also, based on the availability of power stored in the
energy storage, the converter control system will decide to discharge the stored energy. Based
on the optimization control algorithm the solar-electric and storage system power is used
correctly to the load and reduce the power consumption form the conventional power system by
using quadrature voltage injection method. The injected voltage will change its phase angle (σ)
.Hence this proposed converter will provide the full utilization of solar rooftop power energy and
uninterruptable power with existing grid.
2. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The Proposed multilevel converter (M-FACTS) consists of 4 ports. The first port has a
Unidirectional input port which is used to feed the electric power which is derived from the solar
panel. The second port is the bi-directional port which is connected to the battery storage .during
the period of maximum demand the converter takes power from battery also.
Figure 3: Detailed diagram of M-FACT converter
During the low demand time, the excess generation is fed to the battery to store the solar electric
energy. The third port is the bi-directional port which is from the proposed inverter .This port is
directly connected to the available primary grid. It is a bi-directional port. The final port is the
local load port, which is unidirectional. This port is used to meet the domestic demand. Figure 3
shows the block diagram of proposed M -FACT control arrangement Topology Description. The
proposed system shows two identical multi-level bidirectional converters which operate the
shunt and series converter to maintain the voltage level constant. Two bi-directional converters
will keep the DC parameters. In contrast, the development of grid-interactive converter the first
concern is power quality issue which is developed by the converter switches. But by using multi-
level converter based, grid-interactive converter produces less harmonic compare to six leg
converters.
The shunt and series converter is prepared by (+vdc, +vdc/2, 0, -vdc/2, -vdc) 5level bi-
directional converter, which will transfer the power bidirectional. The DC input is connected
back to back that is share the real power in between two converter.8 isolating IGBT will isolate
the converter to perform a particular mode of operation. Switch s1 s2 s3 s4, and s’1 s’2 s’3 s’4
are the bi-directional bridge rectifier which is connected shunt and series filer.s5, s6 and s’5, s’6
are the +Vdc/2 voltage feeder switches which will provide the half of the dc voltage to apply the
inverter.c1, and c2 capacitors are used to split the DC voltage into +Vdc/2 voltage. Both shunt
and series converter operated synchronously s7,s8,s9,s10 and s’7,s’8,s’9,s’10 are the isolation
switch which is used to isolate entirely from the circuit.S11 and s12 are the switches which are
used to boost the DC voltage from the solar panel as well as battery
The proposed MFACT converter is operated in various modes of operation
Mode 1: solar panel power is maximum
Mode 2: solar power is medium
Mode 3: solar panel power is less
Mode 4: load demand is high
Mode 5: solar panel power is high, load demand is less
Mode 6: power quality conditioner mode
Mode 1: When solar panel power is maximum

During the mode 1 operation, the converter 1,2 and converter 3 works at the same time.
Converter 2 produces the voltage oppose to the grid voltage .due to this the power from the
existing supply will not enter to the load. So the converter one will take the energy from the solar
panel and fed the power to the multi-level converter. During this operation, the converter 4
isolation switch is isolated, and there is no battery current will flow to the battery for charge.
Figure 4: power flow diagram of load when the solar panel production is high
Mode 2: When solar power is in medium condition

When solar power is half of its rated power capacity, the power demand automatically increases.
So the control system checks the state of charge of the battery bank. If the battery capacity is
sufficient to charge, then the isolation switch isolates the battery power fed to the common dc
link. The load side converter provides adequate power to the load based on the load demand.
Figure5: power flow diagram of load when the solar panel production is medium
Mode 3: When solar panel power is less, battery full

In this case, it may occur at evening and night time. Due to the absence of sunlight, the
rooftop panels will not be capable of producing electric power. But at the same time, the load is
continuously available. To meet the load demand, the first preference is the real power is taken
from the energy storages, which is commonly shared to the dc link. The isolating switch will be
enabled, and the multi-level converter will meet the load demand, as shown in figure 6.
Figure6: power flow diagram of load , when solar panel power is less and battery is full
Mode 4 : When load demand is high

In this case, the load demand increases. When the capacity of the roof top solar panel
exceeds to meet the load demand conditions, the full power of solar plant is fed to the multi level
converter and the remaining power is given to the series converter. In Normal operation, based
on the Switching sequence the current flow opposite to the supply current .So there is no power
flow from conventional grid to the load. But in this mode the switching pulse is turned on to
avoid the flow of power to convention gird supply .
Figure7: power flow diagram of load, when the load demand is high
. Due to this, the addition demand power is fed from the conventional grid to meet the load
demand.
Mode 5: When solar panel power is high, load demand is less
In this condition, the solar panel power is high, so the control system gives the excess
power to the battery. The battery charging current can be control by the end converter of battery.
Once the battery is fully charged the excess power is fed to the conventional grid via a
bidirectional multilevel converter.
Figure8: power flow diagram when the solar panel power is high, load demand is
less
Mode 6: power quality conditioner mode

In this mode, the proposed converter can act as a power quality conditioner. Based on the
control system, the converter 1 and 2 is selected as a shunt active filter and series active filter. At
this time, the load should meet the power from the conventional grid. The solar and battery will
act as a real and reactive power compensation sources.
Figure 9: Power Quality Conditioner Mode
3. CONTROL SYSTEM STRATEGY
Figure 10 : Series converter
A control scheme for the proposed multilevel converter is shown in. Figure 10. This
scheme can be used to eliminate the unwanted ripples from the input side, as well as control the
output voltage due to the modulation .More over the capacitor voltage, also control by providing
the proper switching sequence, the synchronization to the line current is fed to the phase-locked
loop .The phase locked loop provides the θ. This value is instrumental control the power to the
load. So if the solar panel power is less corresponding value can be change by the phase shifter
arrangement. Overall real voltage reference V qRRef + VdcRef (which with the line current
determines the real power exchange for the optional real power compensation of the line and for
keeping the dc capacitor charged to its operating voltage level) are compared to the
corresponding components of the measured compensating voltage uq From the resulting signals
the magnitude of vq and its angle ᴨ/2with respect to (J(identifying the crest of the line current)
are derived. Magnitude Vq and the (θ+ ᴨ) are then used to generate the gate drive signals for the
converter. With sufficient closed-loop bandwidth and suitable instantaneous vector-based signal
processing, this type of control can maintain sinusoidal compensating voltage to the load side—
absorption from the ac system to replenish the converter losses.
Figure 11: DC- DC buck boost converter
A buck boost converter consists of two control loops available as shown in the figure .The outer
control loop is dedicated to control the voltage and the inner loop is responsible to control the
current. PI control is used to control the enter voltage and current as shown in figure.
Figure 12: load side converter

A vector control scheme is used for the shunt converter, as shown by the block diagram. The
scheme generate the reference for the real current and is generated by an outer voltage control
loop, responsible for regulating the load current .The outer voltage loop v1 regulates the AC bus
voltage .v1 is fed to the voltage magnitude block that will measure the ac voltage. This voltage
is compared to the v1 reference say 240 v. so the error signal is given to the error amplifier using
pi controller. The value is limit by the current controller .This output is based on the real power
requirement by the load. So the real power calculator is used to calculate and fed to the
comparator, that error value is add with the phase angle value then fed to the gate logic circuit.
So the phase angle input is taken from conventional grid so as to synchronize the inverter output
voltage
Table 1: Design parameters
Parameter value unit
inductive Passive Filter L1, L2,xx 5.3 mH

Capacitive Passive Filter C1 C2 xx 2.5 mF
Nominal Input Voltage (grid-side) V supply 230 _ 10% V
Total Harmonic Distortion (grid <5%
current)
Nominal DC-link Voltage 385 v
Switching Frequency fsw 20 kHz
Solar panel voltage 300 v
Buck boost converter 200-400 v
4. SIMULATION RESULTS
The performance of the proposed multilevel converter based M -FACTS is verified using
mat lab Simulink software. The proposed converter is working in 6 modes of operation. The
mode 6 operation is the power quality conditioner function. The figure shows the current
harmonics produced by the power electronic load like computer and variable speed motors. The
load current is 23 amperes as shown in figure 13
Figure 13: Current harmonics produced by the load (without compensation)
Figure.14 M- FACT acting as shunt filter (current injection)
Figure 14 shows the effectiveness of the proposed converter mitigates the current harmonics.
From 0 to 0.1 sec the converter is off. Then the converter is turned on and acts as a shunt filter.
So the compensation current injected to the load. The injected current is 8 amperes. Based on the
compensation current inserted, the current harmonics are reduced as shown in figure 15.
Figure 15 M- FACT act as shunt filter before and after compensation
Figure 15 shows the proposed multi level converter act as the voltage compensation function.
The supply voltage is swelling at the time of 0.32s to 0.375 sec by 10 volts. More over the
voltage wave form also distracted from the conventional grid.
Figure 15: Voltage swell condition without M –FACT
Figure 16: compensation voltage sag and voltage harmonics using proposed system
Figure 16 shows the simulation result of multi level converter based MFACT with and without
condition. Up to 0.3 s the MFACT is not enabled. So the voltage harmonics are available at the
load voltage. From 0.3 to 0.4 sec, the MFACT is enabled and that is compensated the voltage
swell and removed the voltage harmonics. The figure 10 shows the compensate voltage injected
Figure 17:MFACT injected compensation voltage
to the Series transformer .At 0.325 second the compensation voltage 20 volt is injected to the
load as shown in the figure. Figure 17 shows the load power is maintained constant even the
solar panel power goes to decreases. The proposed multilevel converter continuously monitor the
load demand. The load demand is supplied to the shunt inverter. If the solar panel power goes to
decreases the second series converter injects the power from conventional grid to the load.
Proportionally as shown in fig from 0.1 sec the solar panel a constant.
Figure 18.Grid power sharing based on the solar power production using MFACT system
Figure 19: load demand shared by the battery
During the Night time the panel power is zero .At that time the shunt converter take the power
from the battery source and meet the load demand as shown in the figure 19.
Figure 20: Conventional 3 leg converter THD
Figure 20 shows the total harmonic distortion of conventional 3 leg inverter. It is found that in
the conventional three leg inverter the fifth and seventh harmonic is high value (10 Volts)
Figure 21: Proposed multi level converter THD
Figure 21 shows the total harmonic distortion of proposed inverter. It is found that in the
proposed multi level converter the fifth and seventh harmonic is low value(2 Volts)
Figure 22: battery charging condition during the low demand
Battery charging when the demand is low shown in the figure 13.Based on the front end buck
boost converter arrangement the voltage is maintained constant to charge the battery effectively.
Up to 0.3 sec the battery is not connected to the dc link. The demand of load is less .The two
IGBT are connecting to the battery and the solar power is fed to the battery to charge as shown in
the figure.
Figure 23: proposed multi level converter output
Figure23 shows the multi level converter output wave form based on the simulation result. It is
very clear the voltage levels are multi level and controlled by the PWM technique.
Figure 24: Dynamic performance of solar panel to battery transition
Dynamic behavior of the dc voltage change is shown in figure 24.If the panel is for any
maintenance, the isolation switches are used to turn on the battery to the dc grid. During this
operation, a small interruption is present at 2.5 sec, as shown in the figure 24. Once the battery
is connected to the isolation switch then the dc voltage continually supplies the power to the
converters.
5. CONCLUSION
Micro - flexible AC transmission system (M-FACTS) is proposed in this paper and verified by
using MatLab/ Simulink model..
 Based on the simulation result, the proposed scheme performs several modes of operation
the gird inverter tie mode, Voltage regulator mode, battery charging, power quality
conditioner, and solar power utilization mode.
 When, the solar panel power decreases, the gird power is supported linearly to the load
.So the solar panel power is fully utilized by the load effectively. Micro - flexible AC
transmission system (M-FACTS) consists of the multi-level multi-port converter with bi-
directional power flow capacity.
 Moreover, the DC battery and solar power can be regulated using a internal high efficient
buck-boost converter. It has been observed less harmonics induced by the present
inverter.
 Roof top electric Power support to store the excess power in a storage system by using
isolation switches and its proved by mat lab Simulink based simulation results.
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Annals of R.S.C.B., ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 4, 2021, Pages.

An Efficient Power Management of Rooftop Grid Connected Solar

P.Jenopaul 1, R.Sagayaraj 2 .K.Saravanan 3 ,Subiramoniyan.S 4 Tony George 5M .Sreedevi6

Figure 1: Existing grid tied with battery backup system

Figure 2: Proposed System

Figure 3: Detailed diagram of M-FACT converter

Mode 1: When solar panel power is maximum

Mode 2: When solar power is in medium condition

Mode 3: When solar panel power is less, battery full

Mode 4 : When load demand is high

Mode 6: power quality conditioner mode

Figure 9: Power Quality Conditioner Mode

3. CONTROL SYSTEM STRATEGY

Figure 10 : Series converter

Figure 11: DC- DC buck boost converter

Figure 12: load side converter

inductive Passive Filter L1, L2,xx 5.3 mH

Figure 13: Current harmonics produced by the load (without compensation)

Figure.14 M- FACT acting as shunt filter (current injection)

Figure 15 M- FACT act as shunt filter before and after compensation

Figure 15: Voltage swell condition without M –FACT

Figure 17:MFACT injected compensation voltage

Figure 19: load demand shared by the battery

Figure 20: Conventional 3 leg converter THD

Figure 21: Proposed multi level converter THD

Figure 22: battery charging condition during the low demand

Figure 23: proposed multi level converter output

Figure 24: Dynamic performance of solar panel to battery transition

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