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Diploma in Geomatics Engineering: Engineering Survey (EG 3201:GE) Unit 5: Site Survey
Diploma in Geomatics Engineering: Engineering Survey (EG 3201:GE) Unit 5: Site Survey
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Activities performed in reconnaissance survey
◦ Available maps and aerial photographs
Collect and use available largest scale contour maps and
aerial photographs of the project area
Enlarge by photogrammetric method the available largest
scale topo map of the project area to 1:10000 scale.
Activities performed in reconnaissance survey
◦ Topographical Survey
If the project is dam type:
Conduct cross-section survey of potential dam sites of
the project area with fixing of bench marks
Conduct survey to prepare contour plan covering
alternate dam, powerhouse and tailrace sites, spillways
areas, river diversion area and pondage impoundment
area
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Activities performed in reconnaissance survey
◦ Topographical Survey
If the project is diversion type:
◦ Conduct longitudinal profile survey of the river stretch to cover
potential alternative weir and powerhouse sites of the project area
showing the confluence point on rivulets/ stream in between
◦ Conduct river cross section surveys of potential weir and powerhouse
sites showing highest flood marks and existing levels. This survey
should be coordinated in a manner to locate the cross sections on the
longitudinal profile of the river.
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Activities performed in reconnaissance survey
◦ Mapping and Plotting
If the project is dam type:
◦ Prepare contour plan in 1:10000 scale with 5 or 10 m contour interval
of the project area including impoundment area
◦ Prepare cross section of potential dam sites
If the project is diversion type:
◦ Plot the river profile, plot cross-sections of potential weir sites
◦ Based on walkover survey, locate approximately the potential
desanding sites and forebay sites, make route alignment for
waterways(canal/tunnel, penstock) using the topo-map enlarged by
photogrammetric method to scale say 1:10000 from existing large
scale contour map. 40
Activities performed in reconnaissance survey
Hydrology
◦ Carry out a discharge measurement at headworks site
during the driest period of the flow
◦ Carry out a cross section survey at intake site
covering the highest flood mark
◦ Asses the peak flood discharge
◦ Determine if there is any glacial lake in the catchment
through map study
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Criteria for selection of reservior location
Area of minimum percolation (process of a liquid slowly passing
through a filter)
Water tight base rock available
Narrow opening of basin
Easily accessible by road and reduced construction cost
Adequate storage without submerging excessive land and other
properties
Area with higher depth attainable in smaller area. Higher depth
lowers submerged area/unit capacity : smaller area reduces loss due
to evaporation
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Criteria for selection of Intake
Should be suitable to accommodate the construction of a weir
downstream of intake mouth
Should be relatively permanent part of stream
River Should not have large gradient upstream of intake
Should be straight both upstream and downstream.
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Selection of canal/tunnel alignment
Path should be stable and not threatened by landslides or
falling rocks
Should not contain obstructions that would hinder
construction, make construction expensive or shorten the
life of canal.
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Selection of penstock alignment
Preferred to minimize penstock length and choose forebay and
powerhouse location accordingly
Should be feasible to layout penstock at the optimum
alignment ( while mild slope increases length, steep slope
reduces stability and raises difficulty in layout
Should be preferably straight, both in plan and elevation
Should have appropriate location at the toe for construction of
power house.
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Activities performed in Prefeasibility Survey
◦ Available maps and aerial photographs
collect and make use of available contour maps of the project area
including those maps/sections/ profiles prepared during
reconnaissance survey.
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Activities performed in Prefeasibility Survey
Topographical Survey
◦ Establish the control points and new benchmarks
◦ Conduct leveling and traverse survey for tying the control
points/benchmarks with triangulation points of the national grid established
by Survey department
◦ Carry out topographical survey of the project area as a whole with 5 m
contour interval and of the location of major structural components with
contour interval of 1 m. At least two promising alternatives should be
covered by topographical survey.
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Activities performed in Prefeasibility Survey
Topographical Survey
◦ Strip survey of water conveyance route (canal, aquaduct,
siphon) with detailed cross sections of cross drainage
lying across the canal route(s) and the penstock route
with coverage of most promising alternatives to produce
maps in 1:2000 scale with 2 m contour interval.
◦ Surveys for setting out boreholes , seismic refraction
lines, test pits, trenches need to be carried out
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Activities performed in Prefeasibility Survey
Topographical Survey
◦ River cross section survey should be carried out both at intake
and tailrace sites covering at least 500 m upstream and
downstream at each side. The interval should be 50 m to 100 m
depending upon river conditions.
◦ High flood marks and existing water levels must be shown in the
cross sections.
◦ The detailed cross-section survey of cross drainage works are
also needed to be carried out.
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Activities performed in Prefeasibility Survey
Mapping and Plotting
Prepare contour plan in 1:5000 with 5 m contour interval of the
whole project area. All the features such as rocky cliff, slide
zones, cultivated land, etc. must be shown in the contour plan
Prepare map in 1:1000 scale with 1 m contour interval of dam/
weir sites, river diversion sites, desanding basin sites, forebay/
pondage basin sites, penstock alignment and powerhouse sites and
of canal/tunnel alignment in 1:2000 scale with 2 to 5 m contour
interval.
The map in 1:1000 scale should include the area of spillway
location of dam type powerhouse, if the spillway location falls in
the terrain outside the main dam. 50
Activities performed in Feasibility Survey
Available maps and aerial photographs
◦ Topographical survey and mapping that are expected to be carried out at
pre-feasibility level correspond to the requirement of feasibility level.
However, some augmentation of survey works for selected alternative may
be needed, e.g.. For setting up additional geo-technical exploration
locations. These additional surveys and mapping should be compatible with
the recommendations made for further survey and investigation by pre-
feasibility level study
◦ Make use of all available maps, aerial photographs, sections/profiles and
maps prepared during previous level of studies particularly of pre-feasibility
level survey.
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Activities performed in Feasibility Survey
Topographical survey
◦ Conduct strip survey of access road alignment with 5 m contour
interval to produce map in 1:5000 scale with fixing of
benchmarks in an interval of 500 m and at major crossing,
drainage locations.
◦ Conduct surveys to cover additional areas if prefeasibility study
has recommended for need of such surveys.
◦ Conduct walkover survey of transmission routes using available
1:25000 scale topo-sheets to compare with socio-environmental
hazards including forested areas to be crossed for potential
alternatives.
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Activities performed in Feasibility Survey
Mapping and Plotting
◦ Additional mapping and plotting will be required only if pre-
feasibility study has recommended for such works.
◦ Prepare access route map in scale of 1:5000 with 5 m contour
interval and cross- section along bridge/culverts lying in the
road alignment. The profile should be plotted in a scale ov V
1:500 and H 1:5000
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Construction Survey: Headworks, Powerhouse
Layout of structures as per design to the ground.
Use of total station for position these days.
Level run along with total station in precise works such as
approach canal and desander.
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