Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi

KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CENG ENGINEERING IN SOCIETY (CENG 291) PROJECT REPORT ON
BAD NATURE OF ROADS AT MANSO AMENFI-AKU NKWANTA COMMUNITY

WRITTEN BY FRANK ODURO
INDEX NUMBER: 2884420
DECEMBER 2021
ENGINEERING IN SOCIETY (CENG 291) PROJECT REPORT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, I will thank the Almighty God for the strength and wisdom given to me to make this
project successful one. My sincere gratitude also goes to the CENG society for bringing this
course to help students to appreciate their choice of studies and my honor and gratitude goes to
our supervisor Dr. Essandoh for spending her time with us through the identification of the
problem to the writing of the report, thank you for showing us motherhood care.
I also thank all my friends who helps me in the process most especially our senior course mate.
I also acknowledge the contribution of the GESA association for assisting us in carry out the
project.
ii
ABSTRACT
This project sought to investigate the bad nature of roads at Manso Amenfi-Aku Nkwanta
community. Both primary and secondary method are used in the identification of the problem.
The primary method involved distribution of questionnaire to the citizen of the community. The
information obtained showed that bad nature of roads had effect on transportation system as this
brought about breakdown of vehicle, spoilage of farm product, road accident and maintenance
cost of vehicle. It is recommended that government should formulate a good road policy that will
enhance the sustainability of road infrastructure and should encourage public participation in
road infrastructure provision and maintenance to accelerate development of the district.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. iii
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 1
WHY ENGINEERING IN SOCIETY (CENG 291)?.......................................................................................... 1
AIM AND OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................................ 1
CONTENT OF THE REPORT........................................................................................................................ 2
METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................... 3
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM ......................................................................................................... 3
RESEARCH APPROACH.......................................................................................................................... 3
COLLECTION OF DATA .......................................................................................................................... 3
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA (MY COMMUNITY) ............................................ 5
DESCRIPTION OF THE IDENTIFIED PROBLEM ............................................................... 6
NATURE OF THE IDENTIFEID PROBLEM ................................................................................................... 6
DESCRIPTION AND NATURE OF THE MAIN ROAD ............................................................................... 6
BAD NATURE/CONDITIONS IDENTIFIED ON THE MAIN ROAD ........................................................... 7
DESCRIPTION AND NATURE OF THE BUSH ROAD ................................................................................... 8
BAD NATURE /CONDITION IDENTIFIED ON THE BUSH ROAD ............................................................. 9
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF BAD NATURE OF ROADS ................................................... 11
CAUSES.................................................................................................................................................... 11
EFFECT ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
ABOUT CIVIL ENGINEERING .............................................................................................. 14
BRANCHES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING ........................................................................................................ 14
SOLUTION TO THE BAD NATURE OF ROADS ................................................................ 16
LAYERS OF ROAD .................................................................................................................................... 16
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................ 18
CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 18
RECOMMENDATION............................................................................................................................... 18
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 19
APPENDICE ............................................................................................................................... 20
LETTER OF INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 20
QUESTIONNAIRE..................................................................................................................................... 21
iv
LIST OF TABLE AND FIGURES
Table 1-showing problem that need immediate attention .......................................................................... 4

Table 2-showing the response of how the people feel on travelling on the road ..................................... 12
Table 3-showing the response of the people on how the bad roads affect productivity .......................... 12
Table 4- showing the response of the people on how the conditions of the road causes road accident .. 13
Table 5-showing the response of the people on how the conditions affect maintenance and cost of
vehicles........................................................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 1 - identification of problem by the inhabitant of the community ............................................... 4

Figure 2- google earth showing the study area ............................................................................................ 5
Figure 3- showing part of the main road and its nature ............................................................................... 6
Figure 4- showing portion of road with potholes filled with water .............................................................. 7
Figure 5- a stream of gutter formed on the road ......................................................................................... 7
Figure 6- showing the bush road .................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 7- showing narrow size of road.......................................................................................................... 9
Figure 8- illustrating road filled with rainwater .......................................................................................... 10
Figure 9- showing layers of a paved road ................................................................................................... 17
Figure 10- showing construction of a road and a well paved flexible road ................................................ 17
v
INTRODUCTION
WHY ENGINEERING IN SOCIETY (CENG 291)?
Most student pursue engineering course because they have the perception that , there are a lot of
money in the engineering field, others also perceive it is a very good career and others were
encourage to do because a family member is in one of the engineering implies that one will get
job easy..
Whatever reason one had in towards pursue engineering, shows that most have missed the real
essence of engineering and are in the misleading path.
This then introduced us to this course CENG 291. This is a course introduced under the initiative
of the provost of the college of engineering, taken by all first year engineering students of the
Kwame Nkrumah of Science and Technology to enable students who are in engineering field in
solving societal problems. In real fact engineers role is to benefit the present and future of the
participant in the community. This course is aimed at encouraging students early in their
programmed of study to draw a connection between their chosen of engineering and societal
problems, and the application of this field to the issues that confront the day-to-day lives of
people.
At the end of the course student will be able to develop interest for their chosen field of studies
and are able to know much about their area of study and how to apply it in solving any problem.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE

My project specifically seeks to deal with the bad nature of roads at my community and to alert
my community the adverse effect of this menace on the community. It will also deals with how
to solve this problem either by government support or by the contribution of the community. In
addition, how to use my field of studies to solve this problem to make the life feel better for the
populace of my community.
The project will also help students to appreciate the course CENG 291, which will help them to
use their field of study in solving problem.
1
CONTENT OF THE REPORT

This report consists of;
 Identification of the problem
 Description of my community and a map showing the community
 Description of the problem; causes and its effect
 Nature of the identified problem; figures showing the condition of the problem
 A brief about the course of study; civil engineering
 Approach in solving the problem
 Conclusion and recommendation
 References
 appendix
2
METHODOLOGY
This section comprises of methodology and the study area. The methodology involves the
process used in the identification of the problem, which deal with research approach and
collection of data. The following gives detail of the methodology,
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM

RESEARCH APPROACH
In this approach, research was made on related problem facing the community, and many
journals was read on issues related to civil engineering. This research were able to help in
identifying some challenges facing the community, most of them were not related to civil
engineering so the concerned was based on the civil engineering only. Since the problem must be
the concerned of the citizen so there was no conclusion about the problem identify in the
research approach, this then lead to another approach, which helps in identifying the major
challenges facing the community. This approach is the collection of data method.
COLLECTION OF DATA
This method was the final method, which helps in the problem identification of the community.
In this approach questionnaire were used which were distributed to the citizen of the community
to filled and issue identified in the research approach were included in the questionnaire to allow
participant to select among them, the one which need immediate attention. The questionnaire
were very helpful in the identification process, it really helps in making respondent to opt for
their choice. Apart from the questionnaire, one on one interview with the citizen was also
ensured. The interview too was gear towards some specific problem and its effect on the citizen.
The data collected through the questionnaire and the interview were analyze to identify the major
problem, which needs immediate attention. The following are the problem identify in the
questionnaire and the interview corresponding to the number of participant choice.
The table below indicate the problem identify in the questionnaire process and the number
of people who were concerned of the problem;
3
PROBLEM Poor Bad Improper Lack of Effect of

IDENTIFY infrastructure conditions planning storage unsafe
facilities of roads of facilities drinking
settlement water
NUMBER OF 8 10 6 4 3
PARTICIPANT
Table 1-showing problem that need immediate attention at Aku nkwanta
The table above indicate the problems identified by the respondent in the questionnaire process
and the number of people who went for that problem. The data collected were then indicated on a
bar chart to show the most concern one.
BAR CHART SHOWING THE NUMBER OF INHABITANT AND THEIR PROBLEM

THAT NEEDS IMMEDIATE ATTENTION
14
12
10
number of participant
0
poor infrastructure bad condition of effect of unsafe lack of storage improper planning of
facilities roads drinking water facilities setttlement
Figure 1 - identification of problem by the inhabitant of Aku Nkwanta
the graph above indicate that bad condition of roads was the majority concerned and the one that
need immediate attention, before talking about the problem there will be a brief description of
community.
4
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA (MY COMMUNITY)

Aku Nkwanta is the name of the study area; it is located at Manso Amenfi in western north
region of Ghana. It comprises of different ethnic group, the major spoken language are Asante
Twi, Fante and Wassa. There is peace and harmony among themselves in the community. The
community is a village with about a population of hundred (100) peoples excluding children. The
community has a few social amenities which include electricity, public school etc. The major
occupation of the inhabitant is farming, majority are into cocoa farming and few into rubber
plantation. The only source of food for the community is product from their farm. The map
below shows where the community located:
Figure 2- google earth showing the study area
5
DESCRIPTION OF THE IDENTIFIED PROBLEM

This section comprises of the nature of the identified problem with figures illustrating them, also
the effect of this menace base on the inhabitant respondent, and how to alleviate this problem
NATURE OF THE IDENTIFEID PROBLEM

Transportation is the major part of the country productivity or deal with the movement of people.
Transportation is in different form that is; air transportation, water transportation and road
transportation. In this article, the concerned will be based on the road transportation since the
problem identified relate to road. According to the word web dictionary, Road can be described
as an open way (generally public) for travel or transportation. In this community, there are two
main road they are;
 Main road
 Bush road
DESCRIPTION AND NATURE OF THE MAIN ROAD

The main road is the one mostly used by the inhabitant, where many goods are transported and
many vehicles pass. The road lead to the district capital (Manso Amenfi). The road is untarred,
which contains many gravels; it is also dusty in nature. The figure below illustrate the main
road;
Figure 3- showing part of the main road and its nature
6
BAD NATURE/CONDITIONS IDENTIFIED ON THE MAIN ROAD

The nature or characteristic identified on the main road include the following;
 POTHOLES: it is a small circular hole formed within the road, which makes the road loose it
natural quality. The figure illustrate a portion of road with a pothole;
Figure 4- showing portion of road with potholes filled with water at Aku nkwanta
 CRACKING: the cracking mostly result from erosion, it occurs when the surface of the road is
being wash away by rainfall or human activities, continues rainfall or human activities generate
a stream of interconnected gutters which served as a passage of water. These natures
deteriorate the nature of the road making the road becomes bad. The cracking makes the road
become narrow at a certain portion. The figure below indicate the cracking on the road;
Figure 5- a stream of gutter formed on the road at Aku nkwanta
7
o DUSTY NATURE OF THE ROAD: since the road is untarred and it is in it natural form,
there are a lot of dust on the road especially in the dry season. These natures affect
plant growth and the inhabitant.
DESCRIPTION AND NATURE OF THE BUSH ROAD

This road connect to the main road, it is mostly used by the farmers in transporting their goods,
some of the good transported on the road are cocoa, rubber, cassava, plantain, charcoal etc.
Since the bush road is relevant to the inhabitant, they included as part of the road issue facing
the community due to that research was done on the road to check the bad nature of it or the
reason why they need attention on that road. The figure below shows the bush road;
Figure 6- showing the bush road at Aku nkwanta
8
BAD NATURE /CONDITION IDENTIFIED ON THE BUSH ROAD

 NARROW SIZE: the width of the road is very small to the extent that only one vehicle can pass
at a time, this then results in a lot of accident on the road. The figure shows the narrow size of
the road;
Figure 7- showing narrow size of road at Aku nkwanta
9
ROAD FILLED WITH WATER: there is a big gutter created on the road, which has, be filled with rainwater
since there is no proper channel for the water to pass, it has become stagnant on the road, to ensure
the passage of vehicles/motors there is a slab of wood placed within the water. Even though it is not the
best option but no one, seem to care. The figure below illustrate the nature of that portion of the road
Figure 8- illustrating road filled with rainwater at Aku nkwanta
10
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF BAD NATURE OF ROADS

Research was made on the causes and effect of these menaces in the community. In finding out
the causes and the effect interview were made to check the main sources and the effect of the
problem. Based on the interview the following were the outcome of the causes and the effects of
the problem, starting with the causes;
CAUSES
 The first causes of the problem base on the interview was the human activities on the
road. It was realized that many of the inhabitant gathered the gravels on the road for
building purposes, the continue usage of these gravel results in gradual deterioration of
the road.
 Another causes was due to heavy rainfall, the heavy rainfall washes the surface of the
road which in tend create a channel of gutter on the road. It was found that it rains a lot
in the community even during dry season and rain has effect on erosion.
 In addition, another cause of the problem was the inhabitant refused to attend communal
labor. The community has set aside a particular day for community labor which is on
every Tuesday, they used this day to helps to shape the community to be in proper
condition. During this special day majority of the citizen refused to attend labor when it
happened in this way they have to cancel the labor, for the road they work on the bushes
on the roadside and helps to fill any potholes on the way. The problem will be
unattended due to the attitude of the inhabitant.
EFFECT
The bad nature of the roads affect the community negatively, the negative effect was
suggested by the inhabitant. The details below shows the effect indicated by the citizen;
The inhabitant was asked how they feel on travelling on the road; majority of them
representing 96% claimed that they do not feel comfortable travelling on the road due to the
potholes, strip of rumbles and dust. They continued to add travelling on the road results in
body pain on returning home and the dust too affect them especially those who are asthmatic
11
patients. The table below shows the response of the inhabitant when asked how they feel on
travelling on the road;
RESPONSE NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE

INHABITANT (%)
They feel safe 60 96
travelling on the road
They do not feel safe 2 3
travelling on the road
Table 2-showing the response of how the people feel on travelling on the road
Table 3 shows the response of how the bad nature of the roads affect productivity, about 98% of
the respondent showed that the nature of the road affect productivity. The goods, which are
expected to be transported and bring income to most of the farmers, are not transported because
most vehicles refused to work on the road, a lot of the goods are perishable and when they are
not market on time all of them destroy. Therefore, the farmers do not get money to expand their
farm or even buy tools/materials to work.
RESPONSE NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE (%)

INHABITANT
Bad nature of the road affect 65 98
productivity
Bad nature of road do not 1 2
affect productivity
Table 3-showing the response of the people on how the bad roads affect productivity
12
Table 4 showing the response of the inhabitant that bad nature of the road causes a lot of road
accident. Majority of the respondent agreed with this effect, there are a lot of occurrence of car
and motor accident, being a victim of motor accident I agreed with them in this effect. My father
and I had motor accident on the road when we were about to dodge a pothole on the way. Apart
from my incident, I have witnessed most of the accident on the road.

INHABITANT
The conditions of the road do 0 0
not any road accident
The bad conditions of the 60 100
road causes road accident
Table 4- showing the response of the people on how the conditions of the road causes road
accident
Table 5 shows the response given by the inhabitant on how the condition affect maintenance and
cost of vehicles. Most drivers and riders complained about this effect, they claimed that they
always send their car for maintenance and this cost many drivers since they spent the money they
have worked for on maintenance instance of saving and used others for other important things.

INHABITANT
There is increased in 50 96
maintenance and cost of
vehicles
There is no increased in 2 4
maintenance and cost of
vehicles
Table 5-showing the response of the people on how the conditions affect maintenance and cost
of vehicles
13
ABOUT CIVIL ENGINEERING

Engineering is the profession that put scientific knowledge into practical use i.e.
Engineering is applied science. In general, the field of engineering includes a wide variety of
activities. Engineering project from the construction of huge dams to the design of tiny
electronics circuit. Engineers helps in producing a lot of scientific equipment and design of
structures, making of robot etc. to assist humanity in their course of work. Out of all the branches
of engineering, civil engineering is the one that concerns the welfare of the society. The motto of
civil engineering is the “making the world habitable”. The term civil in civil engineering refers to
the discipline involvement in public works including government building, military base, and
mass transit (i.e. Highway, railways, airports and waterways), water treatment works, waste
management, irrigation etc. In ancient times, there was no formal engineering education. The
earliest engineers built structures and developed tools by experience and by methods, which are
empirical in nature. However, the present day engineering activities are based on sound
theoretical knowledge, guided by theory and past experience.
BRANCHES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

The scope of civil engineering is very vast and it has many diversified fields, which help in the
total development of any civilization. Various subdivision that come under civil engineering
branch are listed below;
 Surveying
 Geotechnical engineering
 Structural engineering
 Water resources engineering
 Transportation engineering
 Environmental engineering etc.
SURVEYING
This involves the measurement of certain dimensions that occur on or near the surface of
the earth. Equipment such as levels and theodolites are used for accurate measurement of
angular deviation, horizontal, vertical and slope distances. With computerization,
electronic distance measurements, total stations, GPS surveying and laser scanning have
largely supplanted traditional instrument. Data collection by survey measurement is
converted into a graphical representation of the Earth’s surface in the form of a map,
which is used by the engineer to design. Although surveying is a distinct profession, civil
14
engineers are trained in the basics of surveying and mapping, as well as geographic
information systems.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Structural engineering is concerned with the structural design and structural analysis of
buildings, bridges, towers, flyovers, tunnels, off shore structures like oil and gas fields in
the sea, and other structures. It involves identifying the loads, which act upon a structure
and the forces, and stresses which arise within that structure due to those loads, and then
designing the structure to successfully support and resist those loads.
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Transportation engineering is concerned with moving people and goods efficiently,
safely, and in a manner conducive to a vibrant community. This involves specifying,
designing, constructing, and maintaining transportation infrastructure, which includes
streets, canals, highways, rail system, ports, airports and mass transit. It includes areas
such as transportation design, transportation planning, traffic engineering.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Environmental engineering deals with the treatment of chemical, biological, and/or
thermal waste, the purification of water and air, and the remediation of contaminated
sites, due to prior waste disposal or accidental contamination. Among the topics covered
by environmental engineering are pollutant transport, water purification, waste water
treatment, air pollution, solid waste treatment and hazardous waste management.
15
SOLUTION TO THE BAD NATURE OF ROADS

In solving these problems, there should be a consideration of the type of roads. In the description
of the problem we realized that the type or nature of road was gravel road which implies it
has not be paved, for the road to be in good condition i.e. to avoid potholes, dust, erosion on
the road etc. the only way is to ensured that the road is paved i.e. construction of the road
However, before the road is constructed the idea of geotechnical engineer must be consider, he
ought to check for the properties and strength of the soil. After knowledge on the soil, we
moved on surveying for the road and then proceed on construction of the road. A well-paved
or constructed road must have the following layers;
LAYERS OF ROAD
SURFACE COURSE
Surface course is the layer directly in touch with traffic loads and typically contains superior
quality materials. They are usually constructed with dense graded asphalt concrete.
BINDER COURSE
This layer presents the majority of the asphalt concrete structure. Its main purpose is to distribute
load to the base course.
BASE COURSE
The base course is the layer of material immediately below the surface of binder course and it
gives extra and contributes to the sub-surface drainage. It may be composed of crushed stone,
crushed slag etc.
SUB-BASE COURSE
The sub-base course is the layer of material beneath the base course and the primary functions
are to provide structure support, improve drainage, and reduce the intrusion of fines from the
sub-grade in the pavement structure. If the base course is open graded, then the sub-base course
with more fines can serve as a filler between sub-grade and the base course.
16
SUB-GRADE
The topsoil or sub-grade is a layer of natural soil prepared to acquire the stresses from layers
above. It is critical that at no time soil sub-grade is overstressed. It should be compacted to the
appropriate density, close to the ideal moisture content.
Figure 9- showing layers of a paved road
To conclude the best solution to alleviate these problems is construction of the road, the figure
shows a construction of a road and a well-paved road
Figure 100- showing construction of a road and a well paved flexible road
17
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

CONCLUSION
From the analysis, it can be concluded that the study find evidence of the bad nature of
roads at the community. We were able to come out with some negative effect of these bad roads,
which proves that the roads are indeed not in a good shaped. The negative effect indicate that the
road must be well constructed to ensure good condition and avoid these negative these negative
effect on the road because good roads ensures easily transportation and timely delivery of goods
and services, good roads ensures high productivity and reduce untimely death caused by road
accident.
RECOMMENDATION
Based on the conclusion, the following recommendation are made in order to ensure
proper roads in Ghana to help the local communities in the district. Effective implementation of
road infrastructure policies and projects in the districts will bring growth in the communities.
The government needs to train selected teams well to be able to successfully face the challenges
of implementing road infrastructure policies. A well responsible team should carry it out. In the
construction, the government ought to ensure the work is given to a well-constructed engineers
and it must be regularly check if the project is successfully done. When the road is properly
constructed, it will bring development in the district.
18
REFERENCES
1. An article on the effect of roads 3928- Article tExt-11620-1-10-20180226
https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:75efc6c5-9713-
4647-90de-8e6fffb03296,
Element of civil engineering by Dr. K. Prakash professor & head
https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:1fbcee81-de45-
4672-9281-c5917cd567b6,
The map of the study area obtained from google earth,
Introduction to pavement structure design
https://documentcloud.adobe.com/link/review?uri=urn:aaid:scds:US:c09e7d07-3ca7-
4fb6-b4ce-3e15f542512e, images of layers of road, construction of road, a well paved
flexible road, college of engineering obtained from google search
19
APPENDICE
LETTER OF INTRODUCTION
20
QUESTIONNAIRE
KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND GEOTECHNICAL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
KINDLY SPARE FEW MINUTES OF YOUR TIME TO FILL THIS QUESTIONAIRE ON CHALLENGES/ PEOBLEMS
FACING THIS COMMUNITY;
1. NAME OF THE PERSON: …………………………………………………………..
2. SEX: MALE FEMALE
Tick one of the box,
3. AGE: 15-25 YEARS 26-45 YEARS 46 AND ABOVE
4. OCCUPATION: …………….......................................
5. Marriage status: Single married divorce
6. Number of children: None One and above
7. How long have you being at this community ……………………………………
21
8. List some challenges or social problem facing this community
1 ……………………………………………………………………….
2 ………………………………………………………………………
3 ………………………………………………………………………..
4 ………………………………………………………………………..
5 ………………………………………………………………………
9. Which of the problem listed above is the major concern of the community?
………………………………………………………………………..
10. Does the problem affect productivity? Yes No
11. Can the problem been solved without government support?
Yes can be solved No cannot be solved
12. What will the community do if government fail to support in solving this menace?
…………………………………………………………………………….
22

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KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, KUMASI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BAD NATURE OF ROADS AT MANSO AMENFI-AKU NKWANTA COMMUNITY

LIST OF TABLE AND FIGURES

Table 1-showing problem that need immediate attention .......................................................................... 4

Figure 1 - identification of problem by the inhabitant of the community ............................................... 4

AIM AND OBJECTIVE

CONTENT OF THE REPORT

IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM

PROBLEM Poor Bad Improper Lack of Effect of

BAR CHART SHOWING THE NUMBER OF INHABITANT AND THEIR PROBLEM

Figure 1 - identification of problem by the inhabitant of Aku Nkwanta

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA (MY COMMUNITY)

Figure 2- google earth showing the study area

DESCRIPTION OF THE IDENTIFIED PROBLEM

NATURE OF THE IDENTIFEID PROBLEM

DESCRIPTION AND NATURE OF THE MAIN ROAD

Figure 3- showing part of the main road and its nature

BAD NATURE/CONDITIONS IDENTIFIED ON THE MAIN ROAD

Figure 5- a stream of gutter formed on the road at Aku nkwanta

DESCRIPTION AND NATURE OF THE BUSH ROAD

Figure 6- showing the bush road at Aku nkwanta

BAD NATURE /CONDITION IDENTIFIED ON THE BUSH ROAD

Figure 7- showing narrow size of road at Aku nkwanta

Figure 8- illustrating road filled with rainwater at Aku nkwanta

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF BAD NATURE OF ROADS

RESPONSE NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONSE NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE (%)

RESPONSE NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE

RESPONSE NUMBER OF PERCENTAGE

ABOUT CIVIL ENGINEERING

BRANCHES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SOLUTION TO THE BAD NATURE OF ROADS

Figure 9- showing layers of a paved road

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND GEOTECHNICAL

FACING THIS COMMUNITY;

1. NAME OF THE PERSON: …………………………………………………………..

2. SEX: MALE FEMALE

Tick one of the box,

3. AGE: 15-25 YEARS 26-45 YEARS 46 AND ABOVE

5. Marriage status: Single married divorce

6. Number of children: None One and above

7. How long have you being at this community ……………………………………

8. List some challenges or social problem facing this community

10. Does the problem affect productivity? Yes No

11. Can the problem been solved without government support?

Yes can be solved No cannot be solved

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