• Washers are perforated disks of metal, rubber or plastic used

under the head of a nut or bolt or at a joint to distribute pressure,

prevent leakage, relieve friction or insulate incompatible

materials.

• Lock washers are specially constructed to prevent a nut

from shaking loose

• Load-indicating washers have small projections that are

progressively flattened as a bolt

is tightened, the gap between the

head or nut and the washer

indicating the tension in the bolt.

• Expansion bolts are anchor

bolts having a split casing that

expands mechanically to engage the

sides of a hole drilled in masonry or concrete.

• Molly is a trademark for a brand of expansion bolt having a split,

sleevelike sheath threaded so that turning the bolt draws the ends

of the sheath together and spreads the sides to engage a hole

drilled in masonry or the inner surface of a hollow wall.

• Expansions shields are lead or plastic sleeves inserted into a

predrilled hole and expanded by driving a bolt or screw into it.

• Toggle bolts are used to fasten

materials to plaster, gypsum board and

other thin wall materials. They have

two hinged wings that close against a

spring when passing through a

predrilled hole and open as they emerge

to engage the inner surface of a hollow

wall.