Chapter: General Organic chemistry

h t'n i 11 r' o r1J °t Or3 an i l Co mpounds .

,,..
.1,1-,

C-0 rY1 pou ncfJ I

Or der -tb
Jv pr,c .J:3sHrr1 o/;
S'~ ff e fY1 rJ-iz R_ fli e I'] Orl l (' c/ c,Ju '1c_
O ry w IL 1
n orr, en c (CA.J u >-e W cv f t'11 f- 1n frO JU U. d.

{)yfJix
W Dr dY oo f-
Suj+x: Pos+- S"uif(x
SCt bJh·h-1 en h 1
'ftJ ma .in cha.)()
(
-frttu-oj-c ~c ~nc./2'ontJ
( poren+ {t]vvi11) bot7c/ ~ro up

l ALw '(Y>d-f ri + rn
'
nam,d ·9

(J J W o Yd ro of - - I+ r{ bo.f,c un i/- 6b Jf,e na m e . J; dt n offyj _;/he C a.h~J

organ ic
Mcu 'r; C a./n L» n9~+ po G ,-ti m ole ~ -
e t 0 11 ·h'n u olt l. Ch a/ n °t) (cu-bt>1 a.Jv mA
(n c/u di?j J:h<. ~fu h d, 'on a) 9rou___p OI n d th e. mLJ.f/ple h ri c/J· O
 (J!) S~·x - Iv._/+ix ri ocJdecJ --+-0 i:he_ word rtJ O·f-- fa irid!(tXTT h whe~,
;)he Ca 1--cb on c/iett'0 is J'a_l-u,--r:rJ-et/ !Jr UYJJet.h!~ .
:Yf iJ also caJl..zcf PYi rnc/1'-J .fuJ!-ix.

I
(Ii J Se w ri cfa rlj ru.g.i '.>o - A- i-e w n c;:fa ry .J'<}fi'K o. cf~ d Jt; (n d 1( Aft ;fh e

h a.+w--e. °tJ f/1 .f f,{ n cHo fJ a../ 9 ro up fl rv PnI- ; '1 Mt_

()r3 an/c Comp ounc/.
 wh ,' le., add in 'J ffie, se loY/ dC( fJ .J' 'r/11 ): ff> )he p'rl rn {,/, h-Jli )( I -fhc_ -frnn t'Y! cJ (-('

6b }he pYl·mOi"j .S~·;r If alroppec/ if /he Je uJY1dary lu.J-h>i ~lrJs wi'/-1

a vvWl I bJ- is re lo. t' rJ ecl iJ -fhe J eLo VJ d ary su.j:h); beg !YiJ w 1+0
eo r'JS ono nf .

(a) Pr/mar'j fM+,x - Wee/ in

difhh3u1Jh ¼ c/r'c f11Jrr1 au;cfr'c w mpoundf
PreJix- --- Uj ( /0 (J-or Ujcl!'c CompoundJj

Cyc!o + Penf + ane - UjlfopmJ-cme. .

( h) f-e UJn cJ ar:1 preJr>~ -

ado&..c/ r'mmee,/1'a.fe!J- be/-orr fae tJotd
ro of- /n
aJ..-p hcJ, Rh cc.) order--- -Jo df fJ tJfe_ fAe. f' 'c/e__
Ch a..inJ or SUbJt/fu1hl- 1
grv~-
 Name he Follroi ng Organc Cpounds

) th '
CH-uH - -(H-H--CH
CHC
ii) 3 H =
CH- CH- lH,- CH-¢H - U
0H

CH- cH , - - CH-Uh
CH-
Citi)

(V -1= CH- CH--CH- CEC-

( --u
OH

(V1)

(vny oH

(Viu) Cn, Cn, Cu, (EC- CH, -

CEC- CH-CHO
 Ive SuPAC name foll owin
() Ch- CH
( ) - sH-C-Ch C

(1 CM, U1-
=
CH C=,
C4,

(iii)

(N)
T

(V)

(Vi)

(Vn)

(V1)
OH
 fHt -en~ -
CJ1=Ll-l2-
- CAf-= Gr/2_ {)rOpt'ne ·

U!J - u--1 = U--f - ,) (3u.J-e ne_ (Ej {l; uJ -:J. ~c rJ

m½Jn {,, - (Jn t1_i Y)-)-)

tf1_U-f ~l

U!J-ui-c :=- CH - Buf-J~e c§_? (?;~e,

/-1 o lo DJ lanu -
( o) f'vl on ohcJocJ kaVJU
 ~/- dlchl oropYopone .

(l) ~) Mc~s - R- Nf
(~) fvt6}11o~~dn'c °!3- 0 H
U:J- cH - u!l
I
6H

rk-CH
~·J '
-w
r i- prVpone_ - i 2 - o/ ,·o-/.
oH 01-f

1) S,/nfrf -0-D-fl-) ()-J- 0 - °} fvt.dho1/ rvtWt£i ;,e l Dim ef'1;rt ,e thw)

0J~o- ~~ ~d e!tian(_ ( -e+N >J
 H- C..trvH ~anoic o.ud (J-or«11·c acJdj
r'-,/k' U1'.1 u1.)- uroh GukJVJo/ C auq

/v1.JJ-h a YJ cc/ { fa rh1 cJd_p h1d.tj

(?/~~e, 6Y t+w;N/

f1ula0- J. r-6rJ~ M~,,

- 3 ~e <;!ft,YI P'vt> 011 bA-n-ri f ·
 f-1~ coc) vV:J~ CJ1 / 6>7'cfe

.C1 Cf£ UJU PrupaVJ o(ff Ch 1fr7 c)e_

CJ12- U) C{ ll:,u.Jwlj ocJ1 C'1 If01 ·cA.(

@)
., 0

/+uJ ftnhydnc!eJ - II
(2/- {, - 0 -
ll
C -- I<

01~~ 0
Hw~o- CD~

J]) ukt1 - /)__-- LlJtJ- lz

/-,/- W1J Uj
CA} WV~

/IA-tf!1ana m, de_
fnpctr"J am ,d.e .
 ®@ (J H'rYl ary ~·Vlu - l?_ ,-/'JJj
2-

U3-"1~ f\M)-h q () a m /ne_

Gf11- C{~-- {\/ J-fJ_ prop Of) - /--am(ne,

®@ .{{' Li) rJ d Of!) lh-n I Y) f,j - Qr- N H~ R I ( ) ~IH ll/10, ~/Ltcf

a1 (/ m , f'/ oJ
C)1L CA!J_ fJH O!J N~~-eMar;arru~~
Cf!J NHCI3 N J14 MAO//l( .

(< I

@ 1€r I-; art-/ mvt/N - R-- "-I

I
- RI; ,

(~N
(Jt C/1 r0 I 0J
-J 2--- '- ~

(0) tJ,·froc;\)/co~ -
CJ!? - N °-2_ N I' f l D ~ vcz

tf!J - Ut - CH cJ rJ r'r/vrJ 611 fa Vvt

A-
~ - 0 -- N 0 h~ rii'fn'-/[

°'3 ~- ONO EJu:tf 11/1',J't,

(1- CN bfhan, r, /fn 'It1

C,1 Ll1 ~l 130--a ne n Jf>i '/u, ·

Ti ,; n i1n·It1 @ {D;-t ba(am ,n121 - r.z- tJ c.

,J oe,y on ,'de (@ rf of) ifn i( . @ ;rt aIYl,/ru.

CA;rr b

t/<f ,'1 o1.tp/1\,/ ·cu @j r1°nt 1n 'le ® 'cJ'i{f c r¼-1 om.t'ru .

ei
IUPAC nomenclature of different
classes of organic compounds
 IUPAC Rulufor BranchLd chain Attane

Ruls CH
ongest thain rule xample h cH CH CH CH-Y3
CH,CH2
Rul for larger num ber
ide thains. e CA-CH CH- U-h-

01) dwest numbtr ru CH

Chh-CH,-CH-M ,

H
lowest / t a n t xul, eg C-ChC-,
CH
Name he bran thed chain alkam
Ch-CH-4, C"

Albhabatica! brden m Siele chans C -CH

1
C%
v)Numbering 4 dfprent altzt wups ar eguivalnt porih'ns

CH Cha

and naminy Same Hky gnup a dirtn pocthons

Vi) Numbtr
CH-CH
h - CH- -

va) Numbtr ing th Coyiux subthhunt-

-4-H - H --

CH
u-ch
 3c-
C cH, CH - H-4N CH C_Ch

() Sam COmp Sulbihtuen OCwn morehan 0Mu n hu

patnl- Chain at aidterent pouitom, pi* bis (fr t), tn's
Cfor thru, tthak Cor tou+), prhtaki (for in) ele anu
ustd,

C U-- CH-H
 Tpe Tlomen dature (
Lpe2 Uhsaturatted Hydo tarbms
Rul
Th pannt chain ust Contain hi mudhpl bmd Hgarclles

thfau tha whihP also den oles h e /mses

ConhnAous ChAd'n Carbn atoms

C c -¢=
CH,
Lowst l0 Cant Rule

Chh =CH--LeC C- -

prefered ove
4 tme is cholu Wumbthing, the double bod he
the mpu bond
(BeLmse o AtphebaHea ordu

CHE C - H= Ch
 In Some Caser allhe dvuble Ond ipu bmd pestn
in moul nnot be in clueled in
in thu loget Chan
Chain.
In suth Cases, ht followig a t uaud f r dube ahd

tmpl bomded gwups

de than
CM, M lnu
Ch H elidene hylne

- i n 6 eheny
CHEL eHhy
xupla Ch= H- CHCH- C - CECH CH, CH
= C- CH
 Compounds ntaning hunchiomal Jrup,
p , muh
mlhpk
nds and Subchtwnts Y
prionhy ordu
>Bond Tpe>uung
Partht chatn Sele+ he lmats possibu Chain Carbon

adomd Containin th funthimal gmup and h

Maxtmum humbt
Carih
Mulhpl bonds as the patht cha
withoutLArse hthy iE t a ttnphaH
on ofes
/mgst Chan

hot.

CH, OH

CH
C co cA CH-C
Dwest lotant to fun chma roup (Eh f it vitaty the
ovest locant rule).

H-C-i-M- C- - ¢y-C
-OH
Ch-0-H= CH-CH-CEC- 3
Ch ( -

- CE CH.

CH-CH-
funchmat goup is Carbm Cmbaininy.(-vn, -CN-m0-to

Awa i unth'ma p numbt

br o
CM-C Ch, C H-C-0 GHr C-CH= H-CH-o4
O

NC-CH= CH-(N hoOC-CoDH.

 Nomenclotur o
Poly-funtbonal Ompoundr
Rule Selechion 6 nupal funchonal oup
gowp
One fun thona! gmup i Seleted a he prinuipal funthonal gnup
while other unhonal 9oups Callud as
Seuondary funchone) gnp
txattd as sushhtnts.
renu order-(Accovding to A Guide to TuPAC Nomen cdatux)
brganic compounds
Sulphonic aud (-so4)> Carboryic aud m) > Andwdes -2-o-
EHrS -coD-)> Aru'd omides
(-tONM,))> nihiles -CN)
ouyanides -NE) > Hodahydes-CHo) > Ketones E-)>
PHccnots (-oH)> Phenols ) > Thios (-s) > caminul-NH
 O

exapu Ch--ch-CH-H,-DH

C CH- CoDH
CoN

=-u-Cu-

Ch- CH-odH
Ch NH-CH- ,1
EoNH CHO
 Noninclaur Compounds Contoining MDH an twd ike
Canbon Con-taining tunchona! 3roups

Rle ACCordng latts Convenhons

th organfc Compoune
hamed as derivahve othe parrnt akane whih d s n ' t
indude the Carbun atoms the funehionad 9oups
EN
NEC-CH-CH-- CEN

oDH
CH- CoDH

bh

0H-H- CH=Ch-cHo
But if aty he it oup an not lit unkecd to thi unbranchd
i goups a
Indud1d n Matn chain
CArbon Chain, th
treatd as prinupal tunhjnal gnupP rest a sukditurnt

C_CHO
OHC-CH,-4- Cu -mCHO

CH,
CH-H- C

Ch-C wDH
H-CH- -oBH
0o C- CH,- d4,-
 Noming Aliyclic Compounds

Rul Peix cydo aded beyore wordo

A L
Cytl opopane Cyelopentene Cydohexene
Ru wwest locant Rul and Numberi according *o alphabehtn
Ord

Afn
Rule (a) chain has lus
aTCarbm
or eua han Cycic
Cycli chain,
,C-GhH-4-
H-HUH-4-U

have
() u'nn Chain more Carbn abm than eyu hain

CH-CH
 (C) innn Chain tontains funthenat gup or mwh'p
bond thn Cyclic chain teabed as Cushhnut

attached to
al cytic ing I
a
() mort than onne
Suskttn
Subs*tuent
atud as
Tings are
Single chain
chain
hin

Ca
Cnc
Ruu Iv 1 thun is mulhple bond in i n than Suloshtun tun
Car bon
Car atvms he wlhpl bond
e, lotantt and 2
Rultv the ing
ning contains mubple bond bu innn chain Contoi-
unthonal gup han inM Centai t i d a Sudoshhuent
C-CHC4-0

-CH=-CbH
N- - CHH-H- NH-U,

oM
- d-CH-4 OHC CH-T,1-HO

N
 O
OH

L -ol

ali
an
ydic ing ring i
diry attathed to
a Cabom Containim unthonal 9mup, Bu the Cao
het gup not includd in ea ring twn
Thun D{fmnk

ixes and Sudixes art d for thoie oups.

UHD
CHO

O O

cooH
1. Give the 1UPAC names of the following compounds:
HC CHCHO
() (i) (ii) -CH=CH-CH-CH,CH3
CH3
O
COoCH3
CH3 CH3
COCH3 -OCHs
(iv) () (vi)

OH
CoOCHs
(vii) (vii) (ix) ) =c=o
coocHs
CH3
O
CoOH (xin
-CONHCHs (xiin)
(xi)
OHC
CO CO
NH (rviy
(xiv) CH3-CH- -CH,CH2C1 (rv)
CO CO
CI
 4. Hydroxy derivatives. The nuclear hydroxy deri vatives are called phenols while the side chain
substituted hydroxy derivati ves are called aromatic alcohols.
(i) Phenols

OH OH OH OH OH

\,
©
Phenol
\
~

2-Methylphenol
(o -Cresol)
2 CH3

~
3-Methylphenol
(m-Cresol)
CHi
~OH

Benzene- I , 2-diol
(Cateclw{)
4-Methylphenol
(p-Creso/)

OH OH OH OH

©z
I
\i c6t:OH OH

OH 3 OH
Benz.ene-1 , 3-diol OH OH
(Resorcinol) Benzene- I, 2, 3-triol Benzene- I, 4-triol
Benzene- I , 4-diol
(Hydroquinone or Quinol) (Pyrogallol) (Hydroquino[)

(ii) Aroma.tic alcohols

~CH3
©0/
2 I 2 1

~-OH

Phenylmethanol 2-Phenylethan-1-ol l-Phenylethan-1-ol

(Benzyl alcohol) (~-Phenylethyl alcohol) (a.-Phenylethyl alcohol)

S. Aromatic ethers

c6H2CH3
Anisole or Methoxybenzene
@-o-0 ~/
Ethoxybenzene Phenoxybenzene
(Anisole or Methyl phenyl ether) (Phenetole or Ethyl phenyl ether) (Dipheny l ether)

6. Aldehydes

3 2 I
CHO
'
5~H2C
©
Benzaldehyde• or
Benzenecarbaldehyde*
02 /
2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde
(Saltcyladehyde)
2-Phenylethanal
(Pheny/acetaldehyde)
3-Phenylpropanal
(~-Phenylpropiona/dehyde)
 6CH3\ /
I 2

1-Phenyl ethan- 1-onc 1-Phenyl propan- 1-one 1-Phenylbutan~I-one D1phenylmethanooe

or Acetophe none (Propiophenon<' or (B11tyrophenone or Pherryl (Berrzopltenone or
(Acetoph enone or Methyl pheny l ketone) Ethy l phenyl ketone) n-propyl ketone) Dipltoryl utone)
8. Nitro compo unds
N0 2

~N02
N itrobenzene I, 3-Dinitrobenzene
(m-Dinitrobenzene) N02
2, 4, 6- Trinitrop henol
(PJcric acid)
NH2

9. Amines (i) Ary/amines

Aniline or Benzenamine
(Aniline) CH 3
4-Methylbenzenamine
or 4-Methylaniline

-52-:::-NH2
(p-Toluidine 4-Methylaniline)
1

(ii) Aralkylamines
(62/ 0

Phenylmethan~ine 2-Phenylethanamine
(Benzylamine) (J3-Phenylethylamine)

10. Carboxylic acids

COOH COOH

©(81/
COOH COOH

©
~O H/
LSJ~ V

2-Methylbenzoic acid 2-Hydroxybcnzoic acid 2-Aminobenzoic acid

Benzoic acid Salicylic acid (Anthranilic acid
or Benzenecarboxylic acid (o-Toluic acid
or o-Methylbenzoic acid) or o-Hy roxy enzoic aci' or o-Aminobenzoic acid)
(Benzoic acid)

COOH / COOH

~co /
COOH
1

~CO OH 4
Benzene-I, 2-dicarboxylic acid Benzene-I, 3-dicarboxylic acid COOH
(Phthalic acid) (Jsophtha/ic acid)
Benzene- I, 4-dicarboxylic acid
( Terephthalic acid)
 11. Acid derivatives

coJ
cooc6tl

6~
00CC H3

©
Benzen ecarbo nyl chloride Benzamide
©
Methyl benzoat e
Pheny2~oare
(Pheny l acetate )
Phenylbenzoate

--
(Benzoy l chloride)
- --

N-Methylbenzamide
N-Phenylethanamide , N-Phenylbenzamide
(N-Phe ny lacetam ide (N-Phenylbenzamide
or Acetanilide) or Benzanilide) .
Benzoi c anhydride
/
12. Sulphonic acids

2 3
~H
CH 3V S0 3H
Benzene- I, 3-disulphonic acid 4-Toluenesulphonic acid
Benzen esulpho nic acid
(m-B~nzenedisulphonine acid) (p-To/uenesulphonic acid)

13. Cyanides and isocyanides

N=!C

Benzenecarbonitrile Phenylethancnitrile Phenylisocyanide or

or Benzonitrile (Benzy / cyanid e or Pheny la,t,yla mine
(Benzonitrile or Phenyl acetonitrile)
Phenyl cyanide)

14. Arenediazonium salts

@ -N =N ff CHr- @ - N=NHS04
Benzenediazonium 4-Tolu enedia zonium hydrogen sul hate
chloride (p-To/uenediazonium hydrogen sul:ha te)
 COOH OH CN

lVJ2 2
~NH

~COCH3
N02 2-Aminophenol 3-( 1-0xoethyl)benzenecarbonitrile or
( OH is the principal functional group 3-Acetylbenzonitrile
4-Nitrobenzoic acid while NH2 is the substituent group) ( CN is the principal functional group
(COOH is the principal functional group while COCH3 is the substiuent group)
while N02 is the substituent group)

OH CHO

Br OCH3

I OH OH
4-Iodo-2-methylphenol 3-Bromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde*
(OH is the principal functional group) (-COOH is the principal functional group) (-CHO is the principal functional group)
(ii) If all the functional groups present in the benzene ring are such which are normally treated as
substituent groups, the various groups are arranged in alphabetical order with the group named first in the
alphabetical order getting the lowest locant provided it does not violate the lowest locant rule for all the
substituents. For example,
Br Cl
~Br

~Cl Cl ~Cl
1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene I-Chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene CH 3 2-Bromo-l, 3-
(not l-chloro-3-bromobenzene) ( not Ahchloro- l ,3-dinitrobenzene) 2-Chloro- l-methyl-4-nitrobenzene dichlorobenzene
(not l-bromo-2, 6-
(not 3-chloro-4-methyl-
dichlorobenzene)
l-nitrobenzene)

(iii) When a substituent is such which when taken together with the benzene ring gives a special name
to the molecule, then it is named as a derivative of that molecule with the substituent at position 1. For example,
NO 2 OMe OH NH 2
Cl

1 Cl CH3
CH3 CH3 C2Hs
2-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene 2-Chloro-4-methylanisole 3, 4-Dimethylphenol 4-Ethyl-2-methylaniline
(iv) When a benzene ·ring is attached to an aliphatic chain having a functional group, it is named as
phenyl derivative of that aliphatic compound. For example,
Br
OH
5
IN.._ 4 31 2 1
~CH2-CH-CH2-CHO

2, 3-Dibromo-1-phenylpentane 4-Phenyl-3-hydroxybutanal
 (I) 2 - (hloYDhP JrOrJL

(_VJ~ /,u,X-3- tn- I-Die__ au'cf

( i,) Pen+ - Lf - eh -:2-n

( i iJ 3 - n i-Jrv 01~ loh1;ra n~

 Fundamenta Conceph Oganic Rtachon Mechanism

Aftackin
Organic moleude Intrmediati mdutk + By Pmduk
(Subsha &)
RLAgent
) anih on tai

Reachon Mechanism A segwthal auount O each Shp descibig

details 5 elechon motment, energete duning
bond cleavage ond bond formahon and rakes tantformahsn
uactanh into produch (kinehu) is talled the reachon mrkanim
Some Basic ternt-

O Elechophilet-Theae are eleronoving chemitas speies. Their

athachon elecons i duuto he pnsrnu ehhon
cusiient om in hem. Thue may be +vely Charged Y nubal
otve uChloro nium 1on) b,T, No NO (hitnsonim
Rt (Carbocaken) ek
(i) Neuha
BFa Au,
AHUa ku2, y R. (fe
Radi'al)CR, {lakenes)
ehc
Elechophles Behaves as wis auds.
Elecsphles alway atack
the Subshak moltuls at si highest+ tleho deni
den i
NHu, Nat Cat t,ot
Ch Can hok au as eltchphil
an thty have Complt OCHet

(Nucleophiles Nuctu oving sptties. Nuliophils aH elechon

rich Spe us Contining at luast one /Ohe pair e
These ma
may be hegah vel chaged or neutral,
() Nagahi* p(Hydridt) BH lBonhydide io), u, B , 01, OR, N N
(ii) Neuhel Nlp, RzN:, RoR, oR ét. Ck.

Nudeophiles Behaves a lewis baser and attack Subsat at lsuwest°dentibsi

#Pission a Covalent Bond-

Homdyte (mmtricad) Hssin Lads to gtnerahm F r a Radiccls

()
Homolsi A t
A u Raditals.
A and B apprximekly having Came eleuntg akuiy .

(u) Hekrolythic ( Unsymmehotcl) Fsin Rads to gnerah m Cakmt

and nions

. Rtroysis A
A B
than A
Bmore decone9 ahus

HOmolysis Pavourd in hon polar solunts

Hekrblyi FavouHd iy polar SolvenH
 SS&Jt SSH· St+- J+ J-
,C 4 S S+ -+ c, -1'" X ( X ==- £/ecbn wt'/i-,drawi':} ~Uf)
e.dq - F- I - Lf/ - f3r -e.. f-c .
JJJJ- fJJ- ~- J- t+ ( y ..= Elec.fnry dol{)u-AYj 9ntf J
C 4 ~ c3 -+ S + c_, y
e J -N 1 - ut1 1 - Gff:;., w3 -e+c .

Dr'~ p/()u n,e11J-- If} a- e l echon.r a/o1 SA--lu i--o.1--ec{ Ca-,.bm c I, N't,
W~ ei, evoi Ori eJe_ Uron wi Hi clr c, w,VVJ or e/e chvn o(o,-, a.:li °"') J >o"'--P if
J>i-e.1 en f- oJ- fn e e17 cl 6J Jn e. c.l1t<..1Y) (J cc.lI-u( '!Jnd u c1i·ve.. e,Ue cJ- ti) -lri<
I - ef6 ,c.1- . ( 1f iJ 0- ft y tn ane//)+ .ef;t..ecr) .

Jj C $$1! iii J ibitGi

(~) f /( ~f Y1 frt l £1:/;eu- -
 /hr flow 1 . eftcfr,,111 1,v>n Oh( parf- °t ;Me_ 11t3k"'J -Iv fk...

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