Tata Motors

Tata Motors Limited is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing company, headquartered in the
city of Mumbai, India which is part of Tata Group. The company produces passenger cars, trucks, vans,
coaches, buses, luxury cars, sports cars, construction equipment. Formerly known as Tata Engineering and
Locomotive Company (TELCO), the company was founded in 1945 as a manufacturer of locomotives. The
company manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in a collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which
ended in 1969. Tata Motors entered the passenger vehicle market in 1988 with the launch of the TataMobile
followed by the Tata Sierra in 1991, becoming the first Indian manufacturer to achieve the capability of
developing a competitive indigenous automobile. In 1998, Tata launched the first fully indigenous Indian
passenger car, the Indica, and in 2008 launched the Tata Nano, the world's most affordable car. Tata Motors
acquired the South Korean truck manufacturer Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company in 2004. Tata
Motors has been the parent company of Jaguar Land Rover since the company established it for the
acquisition of Jaguar Cars and Land Rover from Ford in 2008.

Tata Motors' principal subsidiaries include British premium car maker Jaguar Land Rover (the maker of
Jaguar and Land Rover cars) and the South Korean commercial vehicle manufacturer Tata Daewoo. Tata
Motors has a construction-equipment manufacturing joint venture with Hitachi (Tata Hitachi Construction
Machinery), and a joint venture with Stellantis which manufactures automotive components and Fiat
Chrysler and Tata branded vehicles. On Oct 12, 2021 private equity firm TPG invested $1 billion in Tata
Motors' electric vehicle subsidiary. Tata Motors has auto manufacturing and vehicle plants in Jamshedpur,
Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sanand, Dharwad, and Pune in India, as well as in Argentina, South Africa, the United
Kingdom, and Thailand. It has research and development centres in Pune, Jamshedpur, Lucknow, and
Dharwad, India and South Korea, the United Kingdom, and Spain. Tata Motors is listed on the BSE
(Bombay Stock Exchange), where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, the National Stock
Exchange of India, and the New York Stock Exchange. The company is ranked 265th on the Fortune Global
500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2019.

Toyota

Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota

City, Aichi, Japan. It was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda and incorporated on August 28, 1937. Toyota is one
of the largest automobile manufacturers in the world, producing about 10 million vehicles per year. The
company was originally founded as a spinoff of Toyota Industries, a machine maker started by Sakichi
Toyoda, Kiichiro's father. Both companies are now part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest
conglomerates in the world. While still a department of Toyota Industries, the company developed its first
product, the Type A engine in 1934 and its first passenger car in 1936, the Toyota AA.

After World War II, Toyota benefited from Japan's alliance with the United States to learn from American
automakers and other companies, which would give rise to The Toyota Way (a management philosophy) and
the Toyota Production System (a lean manufacturing practice) that would transform the small company into
a leader in the industry and would be the subject of many academic studies. In the 1960s, Toyota took
advantage of a rapidly growing Japanese economy to sell cars to a growing middle-class, leading to the
development of the Toyota Corolla, which would go on to become the world’s all-time best-selling
automobile. The booming economy also funded an international expansion that would allow Toyota to grow
into one of the largest automakers in the world, the largest company in Japan and the ninth-largest company
in the world by revenue, as of December 2020. Toyota was the world's first automobile manufacturer to
produce more than 10 million vehicles per year, a record set in 2012, when it also reported the production of
its 200 millionth vehicle.

Toyota was praised for being a leader in the development and sales of more fuel-efficient hybrid electric
vehicles, starting with the introduction of the Toyota Prius in 1997. The company now sells more than 40
hybrid vehicle models around the world. However, more recently, the company has also been accused of
greenwashing for its skepticism of all-electric vehicles and its focus on the development of hydrogen fuel
cell vehicles, like the Toyota Mirai, a technology that is costlier and has fallen far behind electric batteries.
Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands: Daihatsu, Hino, Lexus, Ranz and the
namesake Toyota. The company also holds a 20% stake in Subaru Corporation, a 5.1% stake in Mazda, a
4.9% stake in Suzuki, a 4.6% stake in Isuzu, a 3.8% stake in Yamaha Motor Corporation, and a 2.8% stake
in Panasonic, as well as stakes in vehicle manufacturing joint-ventures in China (GAC Toyota and FAW
Toyota), the Czech Republic (TPCA), India (Toyota Kirloskar) and the United States (MTMUS).

Hyundai

The Hyundai Motor Company, commonly referred to as Hyundai, is a South Korean multinational
automobile manufacturer with headquarters in Seoul. In 1967, the Hyundai Motor Company was established.
Currently, the company owns 33.88 percent of Kia Cоrроrаtiоn and entirely owns two marques, including its
luxury саrs subsidiary, Genesis Mоtоr, and its electric vehicle sub-brand, Iоniq. The Hyundai Motor Group
consists of these three brands combined. In Ulsan, South Korea, Hyundai operates the world's largest
integrated automotive manufacturing facility, with an annual production capacity of 1.6 million cars.
Throughout 75,000 people work for the company around the world. Hyundai vehicles are sold through 5,000
dealerships and showrooms in 193 countries. In 1947, Hung Ju-Yung founded the Hyundai Engineering and
Construction Company. The Hyundai Motor Company was founded in 1967, and the company's first model,
the Cortina, was released in 1968 in collaboration with the Ford Motor Company. In February 1974, when
Hyundai wanted to develop their own car, they hired Geоrge Turnbull, the former Managing Director of
Austin Morris at British Leyland. It is a public corporation.

Maruti Suzuki

Maruti Suzuki India Limited, formerly known as Maruti Udyog Limited, is an Indian automobile
manufacturer, based in New Delhi. It was founded in 2001 and owned by the Government of India until
2003, when it was sold to the Japanese automaker Suzuki Motor Corporation. As of February 2022, Maruti
Suzuki has a market share of 44.2 percent in the Indian passenger car market. Maruti Udyog Limited was
founded by the Government of India on 24 Jan 1981 with Suzuki Motor Corporation as a minor partner, only
to become the formal JV partner and license holder of Suzuki in August 2021. The first manufacturing
factory of Maruti was established in Gurugram, Haryana, in the same year. In 1982, a license and joint
venture agreement (JVA) was signed between Maruti Udyog Ltd., and Suzuki of Japan. At first, Maruti
Suzuki was mainly an importer of cars. In India's closed market, Maruti received the right to import 2 fully
built-up Suzuki in the first two years, and even after that, the early goal was to use only 33% indigenous
parts. This upset the local manufacturers considerably. There were some concerns that the Indian market was
too small to absorb the comparatively large production planned by Maruti Suzuki, with the government even
considering adjusting the petrol tax and lowering the excise duty in order to boost sales. Maruti Suzuki has
two manufacturing facilities in Haryana (Gurgaon and Manesar), and one manufacturing complex in Gujarat
wholly-owned by parent company Suzuki which supplies its entire production to Maruti Suzuki. All
manufacturing facilities have a combined production capacity of 2,250,000 vehicles annually (1.5 million
from Maruti Suzuki's two plants and 750,000 from Suzuki Motor Gujarat).

Mahindra

Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M) was established in 1945 as Mahindra & Mohammed. Later on, after the
partition of India, one of the partners - Ghulam Mohammad - returned to Pakistan, where he became
Finance Minister. As a result, the company was renamed to Mahindra & Mahindra in 1948. M&M started
its operation as a manufacturer of general-purpose utility vehicles. It assembled CKD jeeps in 1949. Over
the passing years, the company expanded its business and started manufacturing light commercial vehicles
(LCVs) and agricultural tractors. Apart from agricultural tractors and LCVs, Mahindra & Mahindra also
showed its dexterity in manufacturing army vehicles. Soon, it started its operations abroad, through its
plants set up in China, the United Kingdom and the USA. M&M partnered with companies prominent in the
international market, including Renault SA, International Truck and Engine Corporation, USA, in order to
mark its global presence. M&M also started exporting its products to several countries across the world.
Subsequently, it set up its branches including Mahindra Europe Srl (based in Italy), Mahindra USA Inc.,
Mahindra South Africa and Mahindra (China) Tractor Co. Ltd. At the same time, M&M managed to be the
largest manufacturer of tractors in India, by holding leadership in the market of the country, for around 25
years. The company is an old hand in designing, developing, manufacturing and marketing tractors as well
as farm implements. It made its entry to the passenger car segment in India, with the manufacture of
Logan (mid-size sedan) in April 2007, under the Mahindra Renault collaboration. Soon after the
considerable success of Logan, M&M started launching a wide range of LCVs and three wheelers as well as
SUVs including Scorpio and Bolero. In the present time, Bolero has gained immense popularity in India. It is
one of the most opted vehicles in its.