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CPMK 2 : Mahasiswa mampu memahami kaidah struktur kalimat
dan gramatikal dan mengaplikasikannya untuk tujuan
instruksional.

1 CAUSE AND EFFECT

The relationship between two things when one thing causes
another to happen is known as cause and effect.

I was very tired as a result of working late, for example. The

“cause” is working late; the “effect” is very tired. There could be
multiple causes and multiple effects.

A simple human drive is to figure out why things happen

(cause/effect). As a result, understanding the cause-and-effect text
structure is critical to discovering the fundamentals of how the world
works. This text structure is used by writers to demonstrate order,
educate, speculate, and alter actions. This text structure employs a
method for systematically identifying possible causes of a problem or
question. It's also used in social studies and science classes.

• Cause
• Because, since, as, as long as are followed by a clause with
subject and verb.
Example :
- We didn’t go to the beach as the weather was bad.
- Joe got sick because he went outside without a coat.

• Because of, due to, as a result of, on account of, from are
followed by a noun and gerund.
- We didn’t go to the beach on account of the bad
weather.
- Joe got sick from going outside without a coat.

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 • Effect
• So, therefore, consequently are followed by a clause with subject
and verb.
Example :
- John spent all his money, so he couldn’t buy new
motorcycle.
- I didn’t study: consequently, I didn’t do well on the
test.

Practice
Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence!

1. Several trees fell down last night … the strong wind.

A. because
B. because of
C. since
D. so

2. I walked to work today … my car had broken down.

A. because of
B. from
C. because
D. due to

3. John forgot to bring an umbrella … he got very wet.

A. so
B. because of
C. as long as
D. from

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 4. Richard didn’t get much sleep last night, … he was vey tired at work
today.
A. since
B. due to
C. as a result of
D. so

5. Florida is a good place to live … the nice weather.

A. as long as
B. because of
C. so
D. since

Identify the underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or

rewritten!

1. The registration process took many hours because of the line is

A B C D
long.

2. The report needed to be completed. However, the workers stayed

A B C
late every night for a week.
D

3. They failed to meet the deadline, because they didn’t get the bonus.
A B C D

4. As long as the bad weather, the match was cancelled.

A B C D

5. Mr. White hasn’t slept in four days because his illness.

A B C D

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2 PARALLEL STRUCTURE
The repetition of a chosen grammatical form within a sentence is
known as parallel structure (also known as parallelism). A parallel
construction is created by following the same grammatical pattern for
each compared item or concept in your sentence.
If a sentence contains two or more numbers of items, the
grammatical form of the first item must be used to convey the remaining
ideas. Multiple pieces of information are normally linked in a parallel
system by coordinating conjunctions. In different sentences, a parallel
structure can be built at the expression, phrase, or clause level.

• With Coordinating Conjunction

Using parallel structure when connecting two or more clauses
or phrases with a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, yet, or,
still, or so).
Examples :
Not parallel : My hobbies are collecting motorcycles and to modify
sports cars.
Parallel : My hobbies are collecting motorcycles and modifying
sports cars.

• With Correlative Conjunction

Using parallel structure when connecting two clauses or
phrases with a correlative conjunction (not only...but also,
either...or, neither...nor, if...then, etc.).
Not parallel : He’s not only funny but also he likes football.
Parallel : He’s not only funny but also smart.

SETP FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | UMS 2021

• With Phrases or Clauses of Comparison
Using parallel structure when connecting two clauses or
phrases with a comparison word, such as, than or as.
Not parallel : I would rather pay for my education than financial
aid.
Parallel : I would rather pay for my education than receive
financial aid.

• With Lists
Using parallel structure when you want to link two clauses or
phrases with a reference term like than or as.
Not parallel : John Taylor & Gatto criticize public schools because
they are compulsory, funded by the government,
and destroy students' humanity.
Parallel : John Taylor & Gatto criticize public schools because they
are compulsory, governmentfunded, and
normalizing.
I Like swimming, skiing, and reading.

Practice
Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence!

1. We enjoy swimming every summer and … every winter.

A. To ski
B. Skiing
C. Skis
D. Skied
2. That train ride was uncomfortable but ….
A. Cheap
B. Cheaply
C. Cheapens
D. Cheapen

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 3. Do your work slowly and ….
A. Care
B. Carefully
C. Careful
D. Cared

4. The mechanics went to my office and … my motorcycle.

A. Repair
B. Repairs
C. Repairing
D. Repaired

5. I never ride the bus or ….

A. slow
B. the subway
C. drove
D. taking the rain

Identify the underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or

rewritten!

1. The students read each chapter, take a lot of notes, and memorizing
A B C D
the material.

2. A Mechanic is responsible for repairing vehicles, machinery, and

A B C
check light trucks.
D

3. I want to leave work early and ate dinner downtown.

A B C D

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 4. To get to this office, you should go through this door, turn to the
A B C
left, and continual down the hall.
D

5. All day long during the trip, they were skiing, sledding, and played in
A B C

the snow.
D

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 Midterm Preparation
Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence!
1. Mr. Albert, the owner of the cigarette factory, is…man in this city.
A. richer
B. richest
C. the most richest
D. the richest

2. The man standing at the corner is handsome, …?

A. don’t he
B. aren’t he
C. isn’t he
D. doesn’t he

3. This machine will work if you … the button.

A. presses
B. pressed
C. press
D. had pressed

4. The manager requested two … of the monthly report.

A. copy
B. copied
C. copies
D. copying

5. The water … too hot so I cannot drink it.

A. are
B. isn’t
C. is
D. were

6. My parents … in London for three years.

A. lives
B. lived
C. has lived
D. have lived

7. Our emails must be … by the secretary before the end of this month. (be + v3)
A. receiving
B. received
C. receive
D. receives

8. My car …. last week, so I could not attend the meeting.

A. broken
B. break
C. broke
D. breaking

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9. The shop was closed … COVID-19 pandemic.
A. because
B. because of
C. so
D. since

10. I will … to your new apartment next week.

A. coming
B. comes
C. to come
D. come

Identify the underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or

rewritten!

11. Please repair my car careful! It is very expensive.

A B C D

12. I decided going to London after the conference.

A B C D

13. If the delivery is late, we would have paid the shipping charges. Type 1 (will pay)
A B C D

14. They were very romantic couple this year, wasn’t they?
A B C D

15. I has been staying here for three hours. Have

A B C D

16. Mr. Andi and Mrs. Milla was at the restaurant to meet their customers last week.
A B C D

17. I think you must finished your homework first!

A B C D

18. The man is very creative, smart, and having charisma.

A B C D

19. Each people should be aware of the cleanliness of their environment.

A B C D

20. He was reading a book when I coming home last night. came
A B C D

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References
LPIDB. 2018. Introduction to Standardized English Test. Surakarta: LPIDB
UMS.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/

https://www.evergreen.edu/

https://www.learngrammar.net

SETP FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING | UMS 2021