electronics

Article
Design and Dynamic Modelling of PV-Battery Hybrid
Systems for Custom Electromagnetic
Transient Simulation
Seok-Il Go and Joon-Ho Choi *
Department of Electrical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
riseisgood@nate.com
* Correspondence: joono@chonnam.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-62-530-1742; Fax: +82-62-530-1749




Received: 1 September 2020; Accepted: 4 October 2020; Published: 11 October 2020


Abstract: Battery energy storage systems (BESS) can alleviate the unstable effects of intermittent
renewable energy systems, such as solar and wind power systems. In addition, a BESS can level the
load of the existing utility grid. The penetration rate of this type of system is expected to increase
in the future power grid, i.e., the microgrid. In this paper, a modeling technique is proposed that
allows users to customize the photovoltaic (PV) battery hybrid systems. A dynamic power system
computer-aided design/electromagnetic transients including DC system (PSCAD/EMTDC) model
of a PV battery hybrid system is presented in this paper. Dynamic modeling of PV arrays, BESS,
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms, and bidirectional converters are provided as
well. The PV model, battery model, and MPPT control model are designed using a user-defined
model (UDM) for custom electromagnetic transient simulation. A control method for stabilizing
the output of the PV battery hybrid system is proposed. Finally, a PSCAD/EMTDC simulation is
conducted to verify the effectiveness of the operating algorithm.

Keywords: distributed generations; PV system; BESS; PSCAD/EMTDC; custom electromagnetic

transient simulation; microgrid

1. Introduction
A photovoltaic (PV) generation system is a type of technology that uses solar cells to convert
solar energy into electrical energy. Due to its abundant resources, easy exploitation, cleanliness,
and renewable properties, PV generation is developing more and more rapidly as a renewable energy
source. When the PV generation systems are interconnected to a distribution system, the existing
passive grid is changed to an active grid. In an active grid, electrical energy can flow in both directions,
so the demand side can also contribute to electricity generation [1,2]. This can achieve substantial
technical and economic benefits for both utility companies and customers. Loss reduction, voltage
improvement, and frequency control are a few examples of accomplishing this goal. The technical
impact of PV systems can be assessed through power system studies such as steady-state or dynamic
analysis [3]. Steady states are basic investigations that can evaluate the flow of power and fault currents
when PV is interconnected to the system. These studies are important for determining a reasonable
location for and the generation capacity of a solar power plant [4,5]. Further, dynamic studies are
needed to evaluate the overall grid continuity and to design powerful control systems [6–8].
However, the disadvantage of PV generation is that it occurs intermittently depending on the
weather conditions. Therefore, energy storage elements are needed to obtain stable and reliable output
from the PV generation system and to improve the steady-state and dynamic behavior of power
generation systems [9]. A battery energy storage system (BESS) can be integrated into a PV generation

Electronics 2020, 9, 1651; doi:10.3390/electronics9101651 www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics

Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 2 of 25

system to form a more stable PV battery hybrid system. BESS can alleviate the unstable effects of
intermittent renewable energy. The system can also level load fluctuations in the existing utility grid.
The PV battery hybrid system consists of a PV array, battery, power electronic converter, controller,
and utility grid [10].
Three basic types of battery models have been reported in the literature: those based on experiments,
electrochemistry, and electrical circuits. Experimental and electrochemical models are not suitable for
representing the cell dynamic for estimating the state of charge (SOC) of a battery pack. However,
electrical circuit-based models can be useful for indicating the electrical characteristics of a battery.
The simplest electrical model consists of an ideal voltage source connected in series with the internal
resistance [11]. However, this model does not consider the battery SOC. There is another model based
on the so-called Warburg impedance and open-circuit voltage connected in series with parallel RC
circuits [12]. Shepherd developed an equation that directly describes the electrochemical behavior
of a battery, and this model applies to both discharge and charge [13]. A modified version of the
Shepherd model is used in [14]—this modification consists of using a polarization voltage instead
of a polarization resistance to eliminate algebraic loop problems. This model represents the voltage
behavior using only the battery SOC as a state variable.
In a recent study, various control strategies were proposed for the management of PV battery
hybrid systems. Several approaches to the development of fuzzy logic energy management strategies
have been described [15]. Many studies have examined the management of renewable energy systems.
Most of these studies have focused on hybrid PV/wind/battery systems where wind energy is a source
other than PV [16–18]. In these hybrid systems, PV and wind energy complement each other, and the
role of the battery is less important than that of the PV/wind. Some studies have modeled PV battery
hybrid systems and proposed control techniques [19–21]. These studies have focused on modeling PV
battery hybrid systems.
However, in this paper, a modeling technique is proposed that allows users to customize the PV
battery hybrid systems as a simulation of electromagnetic transient. The simulation of electromagnetic
transient is widely used for testing control and protections for analyzing power system in modern
power systems [22,23]. Simulation tools or methods for electromagnetic transients fall under the
category of EMTP (Electromagnetic Transient Program) type tools. These tools are designed to study
power system at a very high level of precision by attempting to reproduce real time domain waveforms
of state variable at any location in the power system. Electromagnetic analysis technology is also
used for defect detection for sub-surface by the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) method [24]. It is the
proposed technique that allow users to develop an optimal model by modifying and upgrading the
characteristics of the system model.
This paper describes in detail the model of a PV battery hybrid system developed through user
customization. The PV generator is connected to the utility grid through a converter and a DC/AC
inverter. Further, the battery is connected to a common DC bus through a bidirectional DC/DC
converter. Detailed models of PV systems, BESS, and control systems are implemented in a power
system computer-aided design/electromagnetic transients including DC system (PSCAD/EMTDC).
PV models and battery models are implemented with Fortran code using the user-defined model
(UDM) from PSCAD/EMTDC [25]. The PV model has developed a UDM model that allows the
output characteristics to be determined by the PV parameters. The battery model has developed a
model that determines the charge and discharge characteristic of the battery based on the extracted
parameters from the discharge characteristic curve. In addition, a converter and inverter control
method is developed using UDM. The PV model, battery model, and MPPT control model are designed
for custom electromagnetic transient simulation. The effectiveness of the operation of the PV battery
hybrid system is verified through simulation.
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 3 of 25

2. Modeling of PV and Battery Characteristics

This2020,
Electronics paper9, x proposes a development
FOR PEER REVIEW technique for a battery and PV model. It is a technique3 of
that
25
allows users to develop an optimal model by modifying and supplementing the characteristics of the
The PV
model. The PV and
and battery
battery model
model is
is developed
developed using UDM from PSCAD. The output characteristics
of the PV and battery are expressed mathematically and programmed
programmed using
using Fortran
Fortran code.
code.

2.1. PV
2.1. PV Array
Array Modeling
Modeling
The basic
The basic operating
operating principle
principle of
of aa PV
PV array
array is
is the
the photoelectric effect of
photoelectric effect of aa semiconductor
semiconductor PNPN
junction. The physical phenomenon of the PV module can be represented by an equivalent
junction. The physical phenomenon of the PV module can be represented by an equivalent electrical electrical
circuit, as
circuit, as shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 1. The load
1. The load current
current is
is expressed
expressed by
by Equation
Equation (1)
(1) [26].
[26].

Isc I
RS +
ID ISH
RSH V
Solar
Module _

Figure
Figure 1.
1. Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic (PV)
(PV) module
module equivalent
equivalent electrical
electrical circuit.
circuit.

𝐼 = 𝐼 − 𝐼  − 𝐼 
  V + I·RS  V + I·R
S
I = ISC − ID − ISH = ISC − I0 ·exp   − 1 − (1)

𝑉 + 𝐼 ∙ 𝑅 n·m
  k·T
𝑉+𝐼∙𝑅  RSH (1)
=𝐼 − 𝐼 ∙ 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −1 q
−
𝑘∙𝑇 𝑅
where, 𝑛∙𝑚 𝑞
I: Output terminal current
where,
I : Short-circuit Current (A)
𝐼:SCOutput terminal current
R : Intrinsic shunt resistance (Ω)
I SH: Short-circuit Current (A)
R : Intrinsic series resistance (Ω)
R S : Intrinsic shunt resistance (Ω)
I : Diode saturation current (A)
R0 : Intrinsic series resistance (Ω)
V: Terminal voltage of a module (V)
𝐼 : Diode saturation current (A)
n: Ideal constant of diode
𝑉: Terminal voltage of a module (V)
k: Boltzmann constant (1.38e−23(J/K))
𝑛: Ideal constant of diode
T: Cell temperature (K)
𝑘: Boltzmann constant (1.38e−23(J/K))
q: Electron Charge (1.6 × 10−19 (◦ C))
𝑇: Cell temperature (K)
m: The number of cells in series in a module
𝑞: Electron Charge (1.6e−19(℃))
𝑚: The The currentofsource
number can
cells in be obtained
series by solar radiation quantity and temperature.
in a module
The current source can be obtained by solar  radiation
S
 quantity and temperature.
ISC = ISC(ref) · + J · (T − Tref ) (2)
𝑆
1000
I =𝐼 ( )∙ + 𝐽 ∙ (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) (2)
where, 1000
where,
S: Solar radiation quantity
𝑆:
T: Solar (◦quantity
radiation
Temperature C)
𝑇: Temperature (℃)
The characteristics of the PV module are non-linear and each curve only has one maximum power
point.The characteristics
In addition, of thecurrent
the output PV module are module
of the PV non-linear and each
is mainly curve
affected byonly has one maximum
the irradiation variation,
power point. In addition, the output current of the PV module is mainly affected by the irradiation
variation, while the output voltage of the PV module is mainly affected by the temperature variation.
However, because the variable range of output power at different temperatures is small, irradiation
variation is a major factor in the output power of the PV array.
PSCAD/EMTDC is an industry-standard simulation tool for studying the transient behavior of
electrical devices and networks. The graphical user interface allows users to graphically organize
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 4 of 25

while the output voltage of the PV module is mainly affected by the temperature variation. However,
because the variable range of output power at different temperatures is small, irradiation variation is a
major factor in the output power of the PV array.
PSCAD/EMTDC is an industry-standard simulation tool for studying the transient behavior of
Electronics
Electronics 2020,
2020, 9,
9, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW The graphical user interface allows users to graphically organize 44 of
of 25
25
electrical devices and networks.
circuits and
circuits run simulations. It also allows usersusers
to analyze results and manage data in a fully integrated
circuits and
graphical and run
run simulations.
environmentsimulations.
[25].
It
It also
also allows
allows users to to analyze
analyze results
results and
and manage
manage datadata inin aa fully
fully
integrated
integrated graphical
graphical environment
environment [25].
[25].
The user-friendly
The user-friendly interface
interface allows
allows the user
user to
to enter
enter the required
required parameters
parameters of of the
the component.
The user-friendly
User-defined components interface
can be allows the
created the user
using the enter the
tocomponent
the required
wizard parameters
as a function of the component.
ofPSCAD.component.
Figure 2
User-defined
User-defined components
components can can be
be created
created using
using the
the component
component wizard
wizard as
as aa function
function of
of PSCAD.
PSCAD. Figure
Figure
shows
22 shows the components of the PV array model created using the component wizard.
shows the the components
components of of the
the PV
PV array
array model
model created
created using
using the
the component
component wizard.
wizard.

Figure 2. The
Figure 2. The component
component of
of the
the PV
PV array
array model.
model.

Figure
Figure 333 shows
shows the
showsthe creation
creationofof
thecreation ofanan input
aninput window
inputwindow
window where
where thethe
where user
user
the cancan
user enter
enter
can thethe
enter characteristics
characteristics
the of
of the
characteristics of
the
PV PV array
array model.
model. The The
user user
can can
enter enter
the the required
required parameters
parameters in the in the
input input parameter
parameter window
the PV array model. The user can enter the required parameters in the input parameter window as window
as shownas
shown
in in
Figure
shown Figure
Figure 3.
in 3. 3.

Figure
Figure 3.
3. Creation
Creation of PV array parameter input window.
Figure 3. Creation of
of PV
PV array
array parameter
parameter input
input window.
window.

The key
The key essential
key essential parameters
essentialparameters used
parametersused for
usedfor PV
forPV array
PVarray are
arrayare shown
showninin
areshown Figure
inFigure
Figure 44 along
along
4 along with
thethe
with
with the data
data
data used
used
used in
in this
in this
this paper.
paper.
paper.
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 5 of 25
Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 25

Figure
Figure 4.
4. PV
PV array
array parameter
parameter input.
input.

The main function is represented using the Fortran

Fortran language
language in
in UDM
UDM with
with reference
reference to
to PSCAD,
PSCAD,
as shown in Figures 5 and 6. Figure 5 shows the Fortran code employed to determine the terminal
voltage of the PV array using the ‘VDC’, an internal function of PSCAD.
PSCAD.

Figure 5. Fortran code for the terminal voltage and initialization of the PV model.
Figure 5. Fortran code for the terminal voltage and initialization of the PV model.

As shown in Figure 6, the magnitude of the output current is determined by using the
characteristic variable and constant variable of the PV array model. In this part, the model of the PV
module can be determined by reflecting the characteristics of PV module. If the user wants to change
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 6 of 25

As shown in Figure 6, the magnitude of the output current is determined by using the characteristic
variable and
Electronics2020,
constant
2020,9,9,xxFOR
FORPEER
variable
PEERREVIEW
REVIEW
of the PV array model. In this part, the model of the PV module can 6 of
be
of25
25
Electronics
determined by reflecting the characteristics of PV module. If the user wants to change the characteristics
of the
the
the PV module,of
characteristics
characteristics the
of theuser
the PVcan
PV modify
module,
module, thethis
the part
user
user canto
can reflectthis
modify
modify the part
this desired
partto characteristics
toreflect
reflect of characteristics
thedesired
the desired the PV module.
characteristics
In addition,
ofthe
of thePV PVmodule.Figure
module.In 6 shows
Inaddition, the Fortran
addition,Figure code
Figure66shows employed
showsthetheFortran to determine
Fortrancode
codeemployedthe
employedto terminal current
todetermine
determinethetheof the PV
terminal
terminal
array using
current
current ofthe
of thethe
PVPV‘CCIN’,
array an internal
arrayusing
using function
the‘CCIN’,
the ‘CCIN’, of PSCAD.
aninternal
an internal functionof
function ofPSCAD.
PSCAD.

Figure6.6.Fortran
Figure Fortran code
Fortrancode forPV
codefor PVmodule
modulecharacteristics
characteristicsand
andterminal
terminalcurrent.
current.

Figure77isisdesigned
Figure designedas
asaatest
testcircuit
circuitto
toverify
verifythe
theperformance
performance of
performanceof the
ofthe PV
thePV array
PVarray model.
arraymodel.
model.

Figure 7.
Figure The test
7. The test circuit
circuit of
of the
the PV
PV array.
array.
Figure 7. The test circuit of the PV array.

Figure88shows
Figure showsthe
theoutput
outputcharacteristics
characteristicsof
ofthe
thePV
PVarray
arrayasasaafunction
functionof
ofinsolation
insolationfrom
fromthethetest
test
circuit. The simulation results are found to be identical to the actual output characteristics of the
circuit. The simulation results are found to be identical to the actual output characteristics of the PV PV
arrayoutput.
array output.
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 7 of 25

Figure 8 shows the output characteristics of the PV array as a function of insolation from the test
Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 25
circuit. The simulation results are
found to be identical to the actual output characteristics of the
Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW
PV
7 of 25
array output.
60
60

1000(W/m2)
50 1000(W/m2)
50

40 800(W/m2)
40 800(W/m2)
Power(W)

600(W/m2)
Power(W)

30 600(W/m2)
30 400(W/m2)
400(W/m2)
20
20

10
10

0
00 5 10 15 20 25
0 5 10Voltage(V) 15 20 25
Voltage(V)

Figure
Figure8.8.The
Theoutput
outputcharacteristics
characteristicsofofthe
thePV
PVarray.
array.
Figure 8. The output characteristics of the PV array.
2.2.Battery
2.2. BatteryModeling
Modeling
2.2. Battery Modeling
Figure99shows
Figure showsthe
thetypical
typicaldischarge
dischargecharacteristics
characteristicsofofa anickel–metal
nickel–metalhydride
hydride(Ni-MH)
(Ni-MH) battery
battery cell.
cell.
Figure 9 shows the typical discharge characteristics of a nickel–metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery cell.
Vfu ll
Vfu ll
Fully charged voltage
V Vexp Fully charged voltage
OV Vexp
LOVVnom

TL nom

End of exponential
AT End ofzone
exponential
GA zone
EG
(V)E End of nominal
(V) Endzone
of nominal
zone
Qexp Qnom
Qexp Capacity(Ah) Qnom
Capacity(Ah)
Thetypical
Figure9.9.The
Figure typicaldischarge
dischargecharacteristics
characteristicsof
ofnickel–metal
nickel–metalhydride
hydride(Ni-MH).
(Ni-MH).
Figure 9. The typical discharge characteristics of nickel–metal hydride (Ni-MH).
The conventional
The conventional discharge
dischargemodel
model is similar
is similarto the
toShepherd
the Shepherdmodel,model,
but it can
butaccurately represent
it can accurately
The
the voltage
represent conventional
thedynamics discharge
when the when
voltage dynamics model
currentthe is similar
variation
current and to the Shepherd
the open-circuit
variation model, but
voltage (OCV)
and the open-circuit it can accurately
are considered
voltage (OCV) are
represent
as functionstheofvoltage
the dynamics
state of charge when
(SOC) the current
[13]. To variation
better and
represent the
OCVopen-circuit
considered as functions of the state of charge (SOC) [13]. To better represent OCV behavior, behavior, voltage
terms (OCV)
related
terms are
to
considered
polarization as functions
voltage are of
added.the state
In of
addition,charge
the (SOC)
term [13].
related To
to better represent
polarization OCV
resistance
related to polarization voltage are added. In addition, the term related to polarization resistance has behavior,
has been terms
slightly
related
modified.
been toThe
polarization
slightly voltage
obtainedThe
modified. battery are added.
voltage
obtained Involtage
is given
battery addition,
by [27]: the term
is given related to polarization resistance has
by [27]:
been slightly modified. The obtained battery voltage is given by [27]:
QQ ∗∗
=E
VVbatt = E0 −
−RR ·∙ ii +
+KK ∙· Q ∙ ·(I(Is++i i))++Exp(t)
Exp(t) (3)(3)
V = E − R ∙ i + K ∙Q −IIs ∙ (I + i∗ ) + Exp(t)
Q − (3)
Q−I
where,
where,
where,
𝐸 : Battery constant voltage (V)
𝐾:𝐸Polarization
: Battery constant voltage
constant (V/Ah)(V)or polarization resistance (Ω)
𝑄:𝐾:Battery
Polarization
capacityconstant
(Ah) (V/Ah) or polarization resistance (Ω)
𝑄: Battery capacity
𝐼 : Actual battery charge(Ah)(Ah)
𝐼 : Actual battery charge (Ah)
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 8 of 25

E0 : Battery constant voltage (V)

K: Polarization constant (V/Ah) or polarization resistance (Ω)Q: Battery capacity (Ah)
Is : Actual
Electronics battery
2020, charge
9, x FOR PEER (Ah)
REVIEW 8 of 25
R: Internal resistance (Ω)
𝑅:
i: Battery
Internalcurrent (A) (Ω)
resistance
∗
𝑖:
i :Battery
Filteredcurrent
current(A)(A)
∗
𝑖Exp (t): Exponential
: Filtered current (A) zone voltage (V)
𝐸𝑥𝑝(𝑡): Exponential zone voltage (V)
The exponential area of Equation (3) is valid for Ni-MH batteries. Hysteresis occurs between
charging and discharging
The exponential area regardless
of Equationof(3)
theisSOC
validoffor
theNi-MH
battery:batteries.
this onlyHysteresis
occurs in occurs
the exponential
between
domain. This
charging and phenomenon can be represented
discharging regardless of the SOC by ofa nonlinear dynamic
the battery: system
this only [27]:
occurs in the exponential
domain. This phenomenon can be represented  by a nonlinear dynamic system [27]:
Exp0 (t) = B · i(t) · (−Exp(t) + A · u(t)) (4)
𝐸𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝐵 ∙ |𝑖(𝑡)| ∙ (−𝐸𝑥𝑝(𝑡) + 𝐴 ∙ 𝑢(𝑡)) (4)
where,
where,
B: Exponential −1
𝐵: Exponential zone zone time
time constant
constant inverse
inverse (Ah
(Ah−1))
i(t): Battery
𝑖(𝑡): Battery current
current (A)
(A)
A: Exponential zone amplitude (V)
𝐴: Exponential zone amplitude (V)
u ( t ) : Charge and discharge
𝑢(𝑡): Charge and discharge mode mode
The exponential
The exponential voltage
voltage depends
depends on
on the
the charge
charge or
or discharge
discharge mode.
mode. A
A complete
complete discharge
discharge model
model
system is shown in Figure 10.
system is shown in Figure 10.

t
it
 idt
0
G
i(t)
1 + sT

i(t) i (t )
Exp(t ) = B⋅ | i (t ) | ⋅(− Exp (t ) + A ⋅ u (t ) R

i (t )

 Ebatt Vbatt

Figure
Figure 10.
10. Discharge
Discharge Ni-MH
Ni-MH battery
battery model.
model.

The battery charge characteristics

characteristics ofof the
the existing
existing model
model are
are as follows.
follows. The
The charging
charging behavior,
behavior,
particularly
particularly the
theend
endofofcharge
charge(EOC)
(EOC)characteristics,
characteristics, differs andand
differs depends on the
depends on type of battery.
the type The
of battery.
Ni-MH type has special action in EOC. When the battery reaches the full charge voltage,
The Ni-MH type has special action in EOC. When the battery reaches the full charge voltage, the voltage the voltage
slowly decreases with the current amplitude. This This isis very
very important
important forfor modeling
modeling because
because the
the battery
battery
charger monitors
monitorsthe the charge
charge stopstop value.
value. This behavior
This behavior is expressed
is expressed by modifying
by modifying the charge
the charge polarization
polarization resistance.
resistance. When When the
the battery battery
is fully is fully(Icharged
charged s = 0), the(𝐼 =voltage
0), the begins
voltagetobegins
drop.toAt
drop.
thisAt this
point,
point, the charger
the charger continues continues to overcharge
to overcharge the battery the < 0) and( 𝐼the
(Is battery < voltage
0 ) and decreases.
the voltage decreases.
This phenomenonThis
phenomenon can by
can be manifested be reducing
manifested by reducingresistance
the polarization the polarization
when the resistance when the battery
battery is overcharged is
using the
overcharged
absolute valueusing thecharge
of the absolute
(Is ):value of the charge (𝐼 ):
Q
𝑄
K= (t)) (5)
K = |Is | − 0.1 · Q (𝑡)) (5)
|𝐼 | − 0.1 ∙ 𝑄
The battery model can accurately represent the behavior of the battery using well-determined
The battery model can accurately represent the behavior of the battery using well-determined
parameters. An important feature of the battery model is the extraction of parameters from the
parameters. An important feature of the battery model is the extraction of parameters from the
manufacturer’s discharge curve. Figure 11 shows the real discharge characteristics of a 1.2 V 100 Ah
manufacturer’s discharge curve. Figure 11 shows the real discharge characteristics of a 1.2 V 100 Ah
Ni-MH battery cell (GMH 100) [28]. The real discharge curve shows the discharge test data from the
actual manufacturer. The discharge curve shows the voltage characteristics during discharging with
a constant current of 20 A (0.2 C rate).
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 9 of 25

Ni-MH battery cell (GMH 100) [28]. The real discharge curve shows the discharge test data from the
actual manufacturer. The discharge curve shows the voltage characteristics during discharging with a
Electronics
constant2020,
Electronics 2020, 9,
9, xx FOR
current PEER
of 20
FOR REVIEW
A (0.2
PEER C rate).
REVIEW 99 of
of 25
25

1.45
1.45 Discharge
Discharge curve
curve
1.4
1.4
1.35
1.35
1.3
1.3
(V)
VOLTAGE(V)

1.25
1.25
VOLTAGE

1.2
1.2
1.15
1.15
1.1
1.1
1.05
1.05
11
00 20
20 40
40 60
60 80
80 100
100 120
120
CAPACITY
CAPACITY (Ah)
(Ah)
Figure
Figure 11.
11. Discharge
Discharge curve
curve (GMH
(GMH 100)
100) [28].
[28].

The parameters
The parameters
parametersareare extracted
areextracted from
extractedfrom 0.2
from0.2 CC
0.2 data
data
C using
using
data thethe
using curve
curve
the fitting
fitting
curve function
function
fitting of
of MATLAB,
of MATLAB,
function MATLAB, and
and they
and
they are
are listed
they listed in
in Table
are listed Table
in 1Table 1 [29].
[29]. 1Figure Figure 12
12 shows
[29]. Figure shows
12ashows a comparison
comparison of the
of the original
a comparison original
of thedata data
and the
original data and the
extracted extracted
and theparameter
extracted
parameter
data [30]. data
parameter data [30].
[30].

Table 1. Parameter
Table 1.
Table Parameter from
from 0.2
0.2 C
C discharge
discharge curve.
curve.
Parameter
Parameter
Parameter Value
Value
Value
𝐸
𝐸0
E 1.253
1.253 (V)
(V)
1.253 (V)
𝑅
𝑅
R 2.296 × 10
2.296 ×× 10
2.296
7 (Ω)
1077 (Ω )
(Ω)
𝐾
K
𝐾 1.204
1.204 ×
1.204 × 10
× 44 (V/Ah)
104 (V/Ah)
(V/Ah)
𝐴
A
𝐴
0.1154 (V)
0.1154
0.1154 (V) (V)
B
𝐵 0.1108
0.1108 (Ah−1 ))
𝐵 0.1108 (Ah(Ah )
1.45
1.45 Discharge
Discharge curve
curve
1.4 Curve
Curve fitting
fitting
1.4
1.35
1.35
1.3
1.3
(V)
VOLTAGE(V)

1.25
1.25
VOLTAGE

1.2
1.2
1.15
1.15
1.1
1.1
1.05
1.05
11
00 20
20 40
40 60
60 80
80 100
100 120
120
CAPACITY
CAPACITY (Ah)
(Ah)
Figure
Figure 12.
12. Curve
Curve fitting
Curve fitting for
fitting for 0.2
for 0.2 C
0.2 C discharge
C discharge curve.
discharge curve.

However, the obtained parameters

parameters did notnot fit the
the other discharge
discharge curves (1, (1, 2, and
and 5 C curves).
curves).
However, the obtained
obtained parameters diddid not fitfit the other
other discharge curves
curves (1, 2,
2, and 55 C
C curves).
Analyzing the
the results
resultsofofthe
theobtained
obtainedparameters
parametersshowed showedthatthatthe
the curve shape was similar, but the
Analyzing the results of the obtained parameters showed that the curve curve shape
shape was
was similar,
similar, but
but the
the y-
y-
y-intercept
intercept was
was different.The
different. Theparameters
parameters(𝐸(E,0𝑅)
, R)related
relatedtotothe
they-intercept
y-interceptwere
wererecalculated.
recalculated. These
These two
intercept was different. The parameters (𝐸 , 𝑅) related to the y-intercept were recalculated. These two
parameters
parameters were
were calculated
calculated using
using the
the relationship
relationship between
between current
current and
and y-intercept
y-intercept asas shown
shown in in
Equation (6).
Equation (6).
𝑦
𝑦 =
=𝐸𝐸 −
−𝑅𝑅 ∙∙ 𝑖𝑖 (6)
(6)
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 10 of 25

parameters were calculated using the relationship between current and y-intercept as shown in
Equation (6).
Electronics 2020,
Electronics 2020, 9,
9, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW yinter = E0 − R · i of(6)
10 of
10 25
25

The two parameters are again derived using the curve fitting of MATLAB, with the results
The two
The two parameters
parameters are
are again
again derived
derived using
using the
the curve
curve fitting
fitting of
of MATLAB,
MATLAB, with
with the
the results
results
presented in Table 2 and Figure 13.
presented in Table 2 and Figure 13.
presented in Table 2 and Figure 13.
Table 2. Parameter from 0.2 C discharge curve.
Table 2.
Table 2. Parameter
Parameter from
from 0.2
0.2 C
C discharge
discharge curve.
curve.
Parameter Value
Parameter
Parameter Value
Value
E𝐸0 1.26 (V)
1.26 (V)
𝐸 1.26 (V)
R
𝑅 4.576 × 10444 (Ω)
𝑅 4.576 ×× 10
4.576 (Ω)
10 (Ω)

1.25
1.25 Y-intercept
Y-intercept
Curve fitting
Curve fitting

1.2
1.2
(V)
VOLTAGE(V)
VOLTAGE

1.15
1.15

1.1
1.1

1.05
1.05
50
50 100
100 150
150 200
200 250
250 300
300 350
350 400
400 450
450 500
500
CURRENT (A)
CURRENT (A)

Figure 13.
Figure Curve fitting
13. Curve
Curve fitting for
fitting for Y-intercept vs. i.
Y-intercept vs. i.

Figure 14
Figure shows
shows the
14 shows the components
components of
of aaa battery
battery model
model created
created using
using the
the component
component wizard.
wizard.
Figure 14 the components of battery model created using the component wizard.

Figure 14. The

Figure The components of
of a battery model.
model.
Figure 14.
14. The components
components of aa battery
battery model.

Figure 15
Figure 15 shows
shows the
the creation
creation of
of an
an input
input window
window where
where the
the user
user can
can enter
enter the
the characteristics
characteristics of
of
the Ni-MH
the Ni-MH battery
battery model.
model.
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Figure 15. Creation

Figure 15.
15. of
Creation of the
of the battery
the battery parameter
battery parameter input
parameter input window.
input window.
window.
Figure Creation

The obtained parameters from curve fitting are entered as the required parameters, as shown in
The obtained parameters from curve fitting are entered as the required parameters, as shown in
Figure 16.
Figure 16.

Figure 16. Battery parameter input window.

Figure
Figure 16.
16. Battery
Battery parameter
parameter input
input window.
window.
As shown in Figure 17, the battery model is implemented using the Fortran language in UDM
As shown in
As shown in Figure
Figure 17,
17,the
thebattery
batterymodel
model isimplemented
implementedusing using the Fortran language in in UDM
of PSCAD. The user can then visualize the isdischarge curve withthe theFortran language
obtained parameters UDM of
and
of PSCAD.
PSCAD. The user can then visualize the discharge curve with the obtained parameters and
compareThe them user canthe
with then visualize the discharge
manufacturer’s discharge curve
curve.with the obtained
In Figure parameters
17, the initial and
state of thecompare
battery
compare
them withthem
the with the manufacturer’s
manufacturer’s discharge discharge
curve. curve.
In FigureIn 17,
Figure
the 17, thestate
initial initial
of state
the of the battery
battery model
model is defined. The magnitude of the output voltage is determined using the characteristic variable
model
is is defined.
defined. The The magnitude
magnitude of the ofoutput
the output voltage
voltage is is determined
determined using
using the the characteristic
characteristic variable
variable of
of the battery model. In this part, the model of the Ni-MH battery can be determined by reflecting the
of
thethe battery model.
battery model. In this
In battery.part, the
this part,If the model of the Ni-MH battery can be determined by reflecting the
characteristics of the themodel of thetoNi-MH
user wants changebattery can be determined
the characteristics by reflecting
of the battery, the
the user
characteristics of the battery. If the user wants to change the characteristics of the battery, the user
can modify this part to reflect the desired characteristics of the battery.
can modify this part to reflect the desired characteristics of the battery.
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 12 of 25

characteristics of the battery. If the user wants to change the characteristics of the battery, the user can
modify
Electronicsthis
2020,part to reflect
9, x FOR the desired characteristics of the battery.
PEER REVIEW 12 of 25

Figure 17. Fortran code for battery model characteristics.

Figures
Figures 18–21
18–21 show
show the
the results
results of
of the
the battery
battery discharge
discharge simulation: 0.2, 1,
simulation: 0.2, 1, 2,
2, and
and 55 C.
C. The
The profile
profile
of
of the experimental data is compared to that of the model data. The experimental data are the actual
the experimental data is compared to that of the model data. The experimental data are the actual
battery
battery discharge
dischargedata measured
data measuredby the
bymanufacturer throughthrough
the manufacturer the Ni-MHthebattery
Ni-MH discharge
batteryexperiment.
discharge
Regardless
experiment.of the discharge
Regardless of thecurrent, thecurrent,
discharge results indicate that
the results the obtained
indicate that theparameters can correctly
obtained parameters can
represent the Ni-MH battery model. Therefore, it can be seen that the battery model is
correctly represent the Ni-MH battery model. Therefore, it can be seen that the battery model is almost the same
as the actual
almost model
the same characteristics.
as the actual model characteristics.
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 13 of 25
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9, x FOR PEER
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25

Experimental Curve
1.4 Experimental
Experimental Curve
1.4
1.4 Model Curve Curve
Model
Model Curve
Curve
1.3
1.3
1.3
(V)
1.2
(V)
1.2
(V)

1.2
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE

1.1
1.1
1.1

1
11

0.9
0.9
0.9

0.8
0.8
0.800 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 20
20 40
40 60
60 (Ah)
CAPACITY 80
80 100
100 120
120
CAPACITY
CAPACITY (Ah)
(Ah)
Figure 18.
Figure 18. Discharge curve
curve (0.2 C).
C).
Figure 18. Discharge
Discharge curve (0.2
(0.2 C).

Experimental Curve
1.4 Experimental
Experimental Curve
1.4
1.4 Model Curve Curve
Model
Model Curve
Curve

1.3
1.3
1.3
(V)

1.2
(V)

1.2
(V)

1.2
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE

1.1
1.1
1.1

1
11

0.9
0.9
0.9

0.8
0.8
0.800 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 20
20 40
40 60
60 (Ah)
CAPACITY 80
80 100
100 120
120
CAPACITY
CAPACITY (Ah)
(Ah)
Figure 19.
Figure 19.
Figure Discharge curve
Dischargecurve
19. Discharge (1
curve (1 C).
(1 C).
C).
Figure 19. Discharge curve (1 C).

Experimental Curve
1.4 Experimental
Experimental Curve
1.4
1.4 Model Curve Curve
Model
Model Curve
Curve
1.3
1.3
1.3
(V)

1.2
(V)

1.2
(V)

1.2
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE

1.1
1.1
1.1

1
11

0.9
0.9
0.9

0.8
0.8
0.800 20 40 60 80 100 120
0 20
20 40
40 60
60 (Ah)
CAPACITY 80
80 100
100 120
120
CAPACITY
CAPACITY (Ah)
(Ah)
Figure
Figure 20.
Figure 20. Discharge
Discharge curve
curve (2
(2 C).
C).
Figure 20.
20. Discharge
Discharge curve
curve (2
(2 C).
C).
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 14 of 25
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Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 25

Experimental Curve
1.4 Model Curve
Experimental Curve
1.4 Model Curve
1.3

1.3
VOLTAGE (V)

1.2
VOLTAGE (V)

1.2
1.1
1.1
1
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.8 CAPACITY
0 20 40 60 (Ah) 80 100 120
CAPACITY (Ah)
Figure 21. Discharge
Discharge curve
curve (5 C).
Figure 21. Discharge curve (5 C).
3. PV
3. PV Battery
Battery Hybrid
Hybrid Systems
Systems
3. PV Battery Hybrid Systems
The control
The control method
methodofofthe theconverter
converter and and inverter
inverter is developed
is developed using using
UDM UDMfromfrom PSCAD.
PSCAD. The
The The control
converter controlmethod of theapplied
technique converter theand
MPPTinverter is developed
technique to usingthe
maximize UDM fromofPSCAD.
output the PV The
system.
converter control technique applied the MPPT technique to maximize the output of the PV system.
Theconverter
invertercontrol
control technique
technology applied the MPPT technique tooutput
maximize the output of thehybrid
PV system.
The inverter control technology isisapplied
applied toto control
control thethe
output of the
of the PV battery
PV battery hybrid system. system.
It is
It The
is inverter
developed control
so that technology
the user is
can applied
easily to control
modify thethe output
control of the
technique PV ofbattery
the hybrid
converter system.
and It is
inverter.
developed
developedsosothat thatthe
theuserusercancan easily
easily modify
modify thethe control
controltechnique
techniqueofofthe theconverter
converter andand inverter.
inverter.
Therefore, it
Therefore, is possible
possible to to check
check the the performance
performance by by applying
applying various
various techniques
techniques and and can
can be
be used
used for
Therefore, it is possible to check the performance by applying various techniques and can be used forfor
it is
new technique
new technique development.
new techniquedevelopment.
development.
Figure
Figure 22 shows
shows the the configuration of of a PV
PV battery hybrid system. TheThe PV PV array
array andand the
the battery
battery
Figure 22 shows theconfiguration
22 configuration of aa PV batteryhybrid
battery hybridsystem.
system. The PV array and the battery
are each
areare
each connected
connected to a common DC bus through a DC/DC converter. Then, they are interconnected to
each connectedtotoaacommoncommonDC DC bus
bus through
through aa DC/DC
DC/DCconverter.
converter.Then,
Then,theytheyareare interconnected
interconnected
theto
to AC
the AC
the grid
ACgridthrough
grid through a common
through aacommon
common DC/AC DC/AC
DC/AC inverter. BESS
inverter.
inverter. cancan
BESS
BESS balance
canbalance between
balance between
between PVPV generation
PV and
generation
generation andload
and
demands
load
loaddemandsthrough
demandsthrough charging
through charging and
charging anddischarging. The
and discharging. PV
discharging. The system
The PV is intended
PV system to
systemisisintendedmaximize PV
intendedto tomaximizegeneration
maximize PVPV
output.
generation Theoutput.
generation BESS
output.isThe
used
TheBESSto control
BESS isisused
used theto
toDC link voltage.
control the DC
the The
DClink inverter
linkvoltage.
voltage.Theaims to control
Theinverter
inverter thetosystem
aims
aims to output.
control
control thethe
The
systemPV
system system, BESS,
output.The
output. ThePV and inverter
PVsystem,
system, BESS, each
BESS, and have independent
and inverter
inverter each control
each have objects,
haveindependent and
independentcontrolthe whole
control system
objects,
objects,and
andworks
thethe
safely
whole
whole through
system the
systemworksworkscontrol
safely
safely ofthrough
each of the
through its
theparts.
control ofof each
eachofofits
itsparts.
parts.

DC/DC
DC/DC
Converter CCdcdc
Converter
vabc
vabc Grid
PV Grid
PV
Array Load
Array DC/AC Load
DC/AC
Inverter
S2
Inverter
S2

ib Lb
ib Lb Bi-directional
Ni-MH S1
Bi-directional
DC/DC Converter
Battery S1
Ni-MH DC/DC Converter
Battery

Figure 22. Configuration

Figure22. ofPV
Configuration of PVbattery
batteryhybrid
hybridsystems.
systems.

3.1. PV Generation SystemFigure 22. Configuration of PV battery hybrid systems.

3.1. PV Generation System
When
3.1. PV the PV
Generation
When the source
sourceis isinterconnected
System
PV interconnectedtotothe
thegrid,
grid,ititisisnecessary
necessarytotoconvert
convertthe
theDC
DCpower
powerinto
intoAC
power
ACWhenusingusing
power electronics. Further, to improve the efficiency ofof
the
thePV
PVpower generation system,itit is
the PV electronics. Further,
source is interconnected to improve
to thethe efficiency
grid, it is necessary power
to generation
convert the DCsystem,
power into
AC power using electronics. Further, to improve the efficiency of the PV power generation system, it
Electronics 2020,
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is also necessary to control the PV array to generate maximum power in a specific environment. For
also necessary
the PV system, to control
maximum the PV arraypoint
power to generate
tracking maximum
(MPPT) power in a specific
is realized environment.
by controlling For the
the DC/DC
PV system,
converter. maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is realized by controlling the DC/DC converter.
MPPT
MPPT aims
aims to operate the
to operate the PV
PV generation
generation at at the
the maximum
maximum power power point
point using
using aa control
control algorithm.
algorithm.
Many MPPT algorithms can be used, including the constant voltage tracking
Many MPPT algorithms can be used, including the constant voltage tracking method, perturbation method, perturbation
and
and observation
observation (P&O)
(P&O) method,
method, INC-CON
INC-CON method, method, and and variable
variable step
step size
size method.
method. Of Of these
these methods,
methods,
the P&O method
the P&O methodisisselected
selectedbecause
because it does
it does notnot require
require more more reliable
reliable measurements
measurements thanother
than the the
other methods.
methods.
The
The P&O
P&O algorithm
algorithmworks worksby bycontinuously
continuouslymeasuring
measuring thethe
terminal
terminalvoltage
voltage andand
current of the
current PV
of the
array, then adding a small disturbance to constantly disturb the voltage, and
PV array, then adding a small disturbance to constantly disturb the voltage, and observing the change observing the change in
output power to determine the next control signal. If the power increases, the
in output power to determine the next control signal. If the power increases, the fluctuation continues fluctuation continues
in
in the
the same
same direction
direction in in the
the next
next step:
step: otherwise,
otherwise, the the fluctuation direction is
fluctuation direction is reversed
reversed as as shown
shown in in
Figure 23. For the P&O algorithm, large perturbations can be used to quickly
Figure 23. For the P&O algorithm, large perturbations can be used to quickly track the maximum track the maximum power
point,
powerbut the resulting
point, accuracyaccuracy
but the resulting is low. Conversely, using smallusing
is low. Conversely, perturbations increase theincrease
small perturbations accuracytheof
the algorithm,
accuracy butalgorithm,
of the it takes a long
but time to track
it takes the maximum
a long time to track power thepoint. In the characteristic
maximum power point.curve of
In the
the PV generation, the power increment and the voltage increment have the
characteristic curve of the PV generation, the power increment and the voltage increment have the following relationship [31]:
following relationship [31]:
dP
At the left of MPP : >0 (7)
At the left of MPP: dV >0 (7)
dP
AtAtthe
theright
rightofofMPP
MPP:
: <<00 (8)
(8)
dV
At the MPP: dP = 0 (9)
At the MPP : = 0 (9)
dV

START

Measure V(n), I(n)

dP=P(n)-P(n-1)
dV=V(n)-V(n-1)

dP=0
YES
NO

dP>0

dV>0 dV<0
YES NO NO YES

Vref=Vref-dV Vref=Vref+dV Vref=Vref+dV Vref=Vref-dV

Return

Figure 23. Perturbation and observation (P&O) algorithm flowchart.

Figure 23. Perturbation and observation (P&O) algorithm flowchart.
As shown in Figure 24, the MPPT algorithm is implemented in the Fortran language in the UDM
As shown in Figure 24, the MPPT algorithm is implemented in the Fortran language in the UDM
of PSCAD. In this part, the MPPT algorithm code is shown while excluding the initialization part and
of PSCAD. In this part, the MPPT algorithm code is shown while excluding the initialization part and
the variable definition part. If this part is modified with the other algorithm, it is possible to verify the
the variable definition part. If this part is modified with the other algorithm, it is possible to verify
other algorithm.
the other algorithm.
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 16 of 25
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Figure
Figure
Figure 24.
24.
24. Maximumpower
Maximum
Maximum powerpoint
power point tracking
point tracking (MPPT)
tracking (MPPT)modeling
(MPPT) modelingof
modeling ofFortran
of Fortran
Fortran language.
language.
language.

ForFor
PVPVgeneration
generation systems,
systems,aabuck
buckchopper
chopper circuit is
is usedasas a DC/DCconverter.
converter. Due to the high
For PV generation systems, a buck chopper circuit is used
used as aa DC/DC
DC/DC converter.Due Duetotothe
thehigh
high
output
output voltage
voltage of of thePV
the PVcell
cellseries,
series, aa buck
buck circuit
circuit can
can be
be used
used totoconvert
convert a high
a voltage
high voltagePV PVarray.
array.
output voltage of the PV cell series, a buck circuit can be used to convert a high voltage PV array.
Capacitors are
Capacitors commonly connectedbetween between the PVPV array
arrayandandthethebuck
buckcircuit, and these areare
used
Capacitorsare
arecommonly
commonlyconnected
connected between the PV array and the buck circuit,
circuit, and
and these
these used
are used
to reduce
toto
reduce high-frequencyharmonics.
high-frequency harmonics. Figure
Figure 25
25 shows
shows the
the configuration
configuration ofofthe buck
the buckcircuit andand
circuit its its
reduce high-frequency harmonics. Figure 25 shows the configuration of the buck circuit and its
control
control system.
system.
control system.

I pv L I
I pv L I
+ L dc +
+ L dc +
PV Vpv Cdc Vdc
Cpv Cdc Vdc
PV Vpv Cpv
- Buck -
- Buck -
PWM
Ipv Vpv PWM
Ipv Vpv
- P
MPPT + - P
MPPT V+dc,ref I
Vdc,ref I Controller
Controller
Figure 25. Buck circuit and control system.
Figure25.
Figure 25. Buck
Buck circuit
circuit and
and control
control system.
system.
The duty cycle D can be adjusted to control the PV generation to operate it at its maximum power
TheThe
point. dutycycle
duty cycle
Control DDcan
caninclude
schemes beadjusted
be adjusted to control
to control
PI control. PVshows
the26
Figure generation
generationto
tooperate
the DC/DC operateititatatitsits
converter maximum
maximum
control power
schemepower
in
point.
point. Control
Control
PSCAD. schemes
schemes include
include PI
PI control.
control. Figure
Figure26 shows
26 showsthe DC/DC
the DC/DCconverter
converter control scheme
control in
scheme
inPSCAD.
PSCAD.
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Figure 26. DC/DC

DC/DC Converter control scheme in power system computer-aided design (PSCAD).

3.2. Battery
3.2. Battery Energy
Energy Storage
Storage System
System
The BESS
The BESSconsists
consistsofofa battery, a bidirectional
a battery, DC/DC
a bidirectional converter,
DC/DC and a and
converter, control system.system.
a control The system
The
system can work in two directions. The battery can be charged to store additional energy,itand
can work in two directions. The battery can be charged to store additional energy, and canitalso
can
release
also energy
release into the
energy grid.
into theIngrid.
this paper,
In thisthe BESSthe
paper, is connected to the DC bus
BESS is connected through
to the DC bus a bidirectional
through a
DC/DC converter
bidirectional DC/DCin PSCAD, as shown
converter in Figure
in PSCAD, 27. The
as shown in battery actsThe
Figure 27. as abattery
power source
acts as to meet the
a power load
source
demands that cannot be fully met by the PV system, particularly during solar fluctuations.
to meet the load demands that cannot be fully met by the PV system, particularly during solar The battery
is designed toThe
fluctuations. complement the PV system
battery is designed output. the PV system output.
to complement

Figure
Figure 27.
27. Battery
Battery and in PSCAD.
and bidirectional DC/DC Converter in PSCAD.
Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 25
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Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 25
The main purpose of the battery converter is to control the DC link voltage. As shown in Figure
28, theThe
factors that determine
mainpurpose
purpose the reference valueis(𝑃to control
) forthe
this controller are the
AsDC linkinvoltage
The main ofof the
the battery
battery converter
converter ,
is to control the DCDC linklink voltage.
voltage. shown
As shown Figure
in Figure 28,
(𝐸
the ), grid
28,factors power
the factors (𝑃
that determine ),
that determine and PV
, the referencepower
the reference(𝑃 ).
value (𝑃) for, this
value (P ) for this controller
controller are link
are the DC the DC link (E
voltage voltage
),
BAT,ref Cap
(𝐸 power
grid ), grid(Ppower (𝑃 ), and PV power (𝑃 ).
SYS,ref ), and, PV power (PPV ).
PSYS ,ref
P PSYS ,ref
P
ECap,ref PBAT ,ref
ECap,ref PBAT ,ref
I
ECap I PPV
ECap PPV
Figure 28. Control DC link voltage.
Figure 28.Control
Figure28. ControlDC
DClink
linkvoltage.
voltage.
The mode of operation for the BESS is determined by the calculated reference (𝑃 , ).
The
Themode
Charge ofofoperation
mode:
mode for
forthe
theBESS
If the reference
operation value
BESS 𝑃 , ) isbyby
isisdetermined
(determined the
thecalculated
negative, switch
calculated reference (P(𝑃
BAT,ref ). ).
D1 is activated
reference ,
and the
Charge
converter mode:
acts as a If the
boost reference
circuit. value
Figure (P
29 shows
BAT,ref ) is negative,
how to switch
control theD1 is activated
Charge mode: If the reference value ( 𝑃 , ) is negative, switch D1 is activated and the
charge mode and
of a the converter
bidirectional
acts as a boost
converter.
converter actscircuit. Figure
as a boost 29 shows
circuit. how
Figure 29 to control
shows howthetocharge
controlmode of a bidirectional
the charge converter.
mode of a bidirectional
converter.
Charge mode
PBAT ,ref <0 Charge mode
PBAT ,ref <0
AND D1
P
AND D1
PBAT P PWM
signal
PBAT I PWM
PBAT ,ref signal
PBAT ,ref I
Figure 29. Control of the charge mode.
Figure 29.
Figure 29. Control of the charge mode.
Discharge
Discharge mode: When the
mode: When the reference
reference value
value (𝑃
(PBAT,ref
, )) is
is positive, switch D2
positive, switch D2 is
is activated
activated and
and the
the
converter
converter operates
operates
Discharge as a buck
as a buck
mode: circuit.
Whencircuit. Figure 30
Figure 30
the reference shows
shows
value the discharge
(𝑃 the discharge mode
mode
) is positive, of a bidirectional
of a bidirectional
switch converter.
converter.
D2 is activated and the
,
converter operates as a buck circuit. Figure 30 shows the discharge mode of a bidirectional converter.
Discharge mode
PBAT ,ref >0
Discharge mode
PBAT ,ref >0
AND D2
P
AND D2
PBAT ,ref P PWM
signal
PBAT ,ref I PWM
signal
PBAT
I
PBAT Figure Control of
of the
the discharge
discharge mode.
Figure 30.
30. Control mode.
Figure 30. Control of the discharge mode.
The
The charge
charge and
and discharge
discharge control
control scheme
scheme is
is modeled
modeled by
by PSCAD
PSCAD in
in Figure
Figure31.
31.
The charge and discharge control scheme is modeled by PSCAD in Figure 31.
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 19 of 25
Electronics 2020,
Electronics 2020, 9,
9, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 19 of
19 of 25
25

Figure
Figure 31. Charge
Figure 31. Charge and
Charge and discharge
and discharge control
discharge control in PSCAD.
control in PSCAD.

3.3. Control of
3.3. Control
Control of Grid-Connected
of Grid-Connected Inverter
Grid-Connected Inverter
The PV
The PV array
PV arrayand
array andthe
and thethebattery
battery
battery are
are
are connected
connected
connected to the
to the
to the ACAC
AC gridgrid
grid via aavia
via a common
common
common DC/AC
DC/ACDC/AC inverter.
inverter.
inverter. The
The
The purpose
purpose of of
the the inverter
inverter is is
to to control
control thethe system
system output
output power
power regardless
regardless of
purpose of the inverter is to control the system output power regardless of the output of the PVof the
the output
output of
of the
the PV
generation. AA vector
vector control
control scheme
scheme with
with a
a reference
reference frame along the grid voltage
generation. A vector control scheme with a reference frame along the grid voltage vector position is vector position is
used to
used to independently
to independentlycontrol
independently control
control thethe
active
the andand
active
active reactive
and power
reactive
reactive flowing
power
power between
flowing
flowing the grid
between
between and
the
the the and
grid
grid inverter.
and the
the
The converter
inverter. The is regulated
converter is by a direct
regulated by axis
a current
direct axis used to
current regulate
used to the actual
regulate the power
actual
inverter. The converter is regulated by a direct axis current used to regulate the actual power (system (system
power output
(system
power)power)
output
output and a quadrature
power) and axis current
and aa quadrature
quadrature axis used toused
axis current
current regulate
used the reactive
to regulate
to regulate power. power.
the reactive
the reactive Figure 32
power. shows
Figure
Figure 32ashows
32 control
shows aa
diagramdiagram
control
control of the inverter.
diagram of the
of the inverter.
inverter.

Ecap
E cap

PP SS YY SS
-- **
PPSYS
SYS ,,ref
ref +
+ II ds
ds +
+ Vds''
V --
Vds**
V
PI
PI PI ds ds
dq αβ
--
PI
+
+
dq αβ
PWM
** PWM
II qs + Vqs'' -- Vqs**
PI Vqs V αβ
qs +
PI qs αβ abc
abc
-- --

θθee Voltage
Voltage
Angle
ωe L
ω L Angle
Calculation
e Calculation
Vas
Vas
+
+
dq
dq αβ
αβ Vbs
V bs
+ αβ Vcs
V
+ αβ abc
abc cs

ωe L
ω L
e

II ds
ds II as
as

dq
dq αβ
αβ II bs
bs
II qs
IIcscs
qs
αβ
αβ abc
abc

Grid
Figure
Figure 32.
Figure 32. Vector-control
32. Vector-control structure
Vector-control structure for
structure for an
for an inverter.
an inverter.
inverter.

The controller
The controller of
of the
the inverter
inverter is
is modeled
modeled using
using the
the UDM
UDM ofof PSCAD.
PSCAD. AA portion
portion of
of the
the Fortran
Fortran
code is shown in Figure 33. The program is configured to determine the output voltage
code is shown in Figure 33. The program is configured to determine the output voltage and theand the
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 20 of 25

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 25

The controller of the inverter is modeled using the UDM of PSCAD. A portion of the Fortran code
current using
Electronics 2020,the
9, xinternal
FOR PEERfunction
REVIEW of PSCAD. The required parameters for the inverter are 20entered
of 25
is shown in Figure 33. The program is configured to determine the output voltage and the current
as shown in Figure 34.
using the internal
current using the function
internalof PSCAD.
function ofThe required
PSCAD. parameters
The required for the inverter
parameters are entered
for the inverter as shown
are entered
in Figure 34.
as shown in Figure 34.

Figure
Figure33.
Figure 33.Inverter
33. Invertercontrol
Inverter control modeling
control for
modeling for
modeling Fortran
forFortran language.
Fortranlanguage.
language.

Figure 34. Inverter parameter input.

Figure 34. Inverter

Inverter parameter
parameter input.
Figure 35 shows the DC/ACFigure 34.modeled
inverter by PSCAD.input.

Figure 35 shows the DC/AC inverter modeled by PSCAD.

Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 21 of 25

Figure 35 shows the DC/AC inverter modeled by PSCAD.

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 of 25

Figure
Figure 35.
35. DC/AC
DC/AC inverter
inverter in
in PSCAD.
PSCAD.

Case Studies
4. Case Studies

In this paper, the PV battery hybrid system is simulated in various situations to evaluate the
system performance.
performance.Figure 36 36
Figure shows a PVabattery
shows hybridhybrid
PV battery system system
modeledmodeled
by PSCAD.byThe simulation
PSCAD. The
settings aresettings
simulation shown inareTable
shown3. in Table 3.
 Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 22 of 25
Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of 25

Figure36.
Figure 36. PV
PV battery
battery hybrid
hybrid system
system in
in PSCAD.
PSCAD.

Table 3. Simulation
Table3. Simulation setting value.
setting value.

Category
Category Parameter
Parameter Value
Value
PV
PV array
array Rated
RatedCapacity
Capacity 2.5
2.5 (MW)
(MW)
Battery
Battery Rated
RatedCapacity
Capacity 2.4
2.4(MWh)
(MWh)
Battery
Battery TerminalVoltage
Terminal Voltage 240 (V)
240 (V)
DC link
DC link Control Voltage
Control Voltage 600 (V)
600 (V)
Electronics
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9, x1651
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25

case 1,
In case 1, the
the power
power output
output to
to the
the grid
grid is
is fixed.
fixed. Figure
Figure37 37shows
showsthethesystem
system output,
output, PVPV generation
generation
power, battery
battery charge
chargeand anddischarge
dischargepower,
power,battery
batterySOC,
SOC, andandbattery state
battery (charge
state = 0,= discharge
(charge 0, discharge= 1).
=
TheThe
1). system output
system of the inverter
output is maintained
of the inverter in a stable manner
is maintained because
in a stable the battery
manner compensates
because for
the battery
the fluctuation
compensates forofthe
thefluctuation
PV generation power.
of the When thepower.
PV generation PV powerWhenexceeds
the PVthe inverter
power power
exceeds thereference,
inverter
the battery
power operates
reference, thein chargeoperates
battery mode; otherwise,
in charge mode;it operates in discharge
otherwise, mode.
it operates in discharge mode.

2
(MW)
PPSYS (MW)

Reference
1.5
1 System Output
(MW) SYS

0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
PV Output
(MW) PP (MW)

4
2
PV
PV

40 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
(MW)

2 Reference
0 Battery Ouput
BAT
PPBAT

-2
-4
0.4050 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Battery SOC
SOC
SOC

0.4

0.3951
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Charge and Discharge State
state
BATstate

0.5
BAT

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (second)

Figure 37. Results

Results of
of case
case 1.
1.

Figure 38
In case 2, the system output reference changes every 10 s. Figure 38 shows
shows the
the system
system output,
output,
PV generation
PV generationpower,
power,battery
battery charge
charge andand discharge
discharge power,power, battery
battery SOC,
SOC, and and battery
battery status.
status. Hybrid
Hybrid systems have been proven to work well with various system output references.
systems have been proven to work well with various system output references. This example This example
demonstrates that hybrid systems can contribute
contribute to
to grid
grid power
power control
control under
under various
various conditions.
conditions.

2
(MW)
PPSYS (MW)

Reference
1.5
1 System Output
(MW) SYS

0.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
PV Output
(MW) PP (MW)

4
2
PV
PV

40 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
(MW)

2 Reference
0 Battery Ouput
BAT
PPBAT

-2
-4
0.4050 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Battery SOC
SOC
SOC

0.4

0.3951
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Charge and Discharge State
state
BATstate

0.5
BAT

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time (second)

Results of
Figure 38. Results of case
case 2.
2.

Through case
Through case11and
andcase 2 simulations,
case it isitconfirmed
2 simulations, that the
is confirmed thatcontrol of the converter
the control and inverter
of the converter and
is being performed stably. The converter of the PV array is controlled to maximize the
inverter is being performed stably. The converter of the PV array is controlled to maximize the output ofoutput
the PV
array,
of the and the converter
PV array, and theofconverter
battery controls thecontrols
of battery chargingtheandcharging
dischargingand of the battery.ofThrough
discharging this
the battery.
control, it is confirmed that the inverter controls the system output stably.
Through this control, it is confirmed that the inverter controls the system output stably.
Electronics 2020, 9, 1651 24 of 25

5. Conclusions
In this paper, a simulation model of a PV battery hybrid system is developed by PSCAD/EMTDC.
Each system component is modeled and simulated using PSCAD customization. The modeling
schemes of PV models, battery models, and power conversion systems have been described in detail.
The PV model is made into a model that can receive the characteristics of a photovoltaic cell and
determine the output of the photovoltaic cell. The battery model is developed to reflect the discharge
characteristics of the battery, and the parameters are extracted from the experimental data of the battery
discharge. Using the DC/DC converter, PV generation uses the MPPT algorithm and BESS uses the
charge and discharge algorithm. The results confirm that the entire system can be stabilized through
charging and discharging.
The proposed PV battery hybrid system allows the user to change or modify the properties of the
PV or the battery. This means that new PV or battery characteristics can be easily applied. In addition,
the user can modify the Fortran code to immediately apply the converter and inverter algorithm.
This allows users to develop system operating algorithms and simulate various cases without the need
for a lot of modification.
In this paper, a development technique of the PV battery hybrid system model is proposed.
When the development model is applied to an actual system, it is difficult to modify or improve.
Therefore, an optimal model can be developed using the proposed technique. In addition, various case
analysis can be performed before applying the development model to the actual system.

Author Contributions: S.-I.G. prepared the manuscript and implemented the theory and simulations. J.-H.C.
supervised the study. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was supported by Korea Electric Power Corporation (Grant number: R18XA04).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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