ISSN 1810-2328, Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2020, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 285–302.


c Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2020.

Mass Transfer Characteristics of MHD Casson Fluid Flow

past Stretching/Shrinking Sheet
U. S. Mahabaleshwar1* , M. B. Rekha1 , P. N. Vinay Kumar2 , F. Selimefendigil3 ,
P. H. Sakanaka4, G. Lorenzini5 , and S. N. Ravichandra Nayakar6
1
Department of Mathematics, Davangere University, Shivagangotri, Davangere, 577007 India
2
Department of Mathematics, SHDD Government First Grade College,
Paduvalahippe, Hassan, 573211 India
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Celal Bayar University,
Manisa, 45140 Turkey
4
Institute of Physics “Gleb Wataghin,” State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
5
Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma,
Parco Area delle Scienze 181/A, Parma, 43124 Italy
6
Department of Mathematics, University BDT College of Engineering,
Davanagere, 577004 India
Received July 17, 2018; in final form, April 15, 2020; accepted April 23, 2020

Abstract—The paper analyzes steady laminar boundary layer flow of low-conductivity Casson fluid
over a stretching/shrinking sheet subjected to a transverse magnetic field in the presence of suc-
tion/injection when the fluid far away from the surface is at rest. This flow problem is mathematically
modelled and the non-Newtonian fluid under consideration obeys the rheological equation of state by
the Casson model. A similarity transformation converts the governing nonlinear partial differential
equations into nonlinear ordinary differential equations, which are solved analytically. Using the
stream function and velocity components, these results are analyzed in dependence on the Casson
fluid parameters, Chandrasekhar number, and mass transpiration parameters.

DOI: 10.1134/S1810232820020113

1. INTRODUCTION
Nonlinear physical phenomena in science, medicine, and engineering are mathematically modeled by
highly nonlinear differential equations. Applications of the stretching/shrinking sheet problem belong
to such nonlinear physical phenomena, which typically arise in polymer extrusion processes, which
involve cooling of continuous strips extruded from a die in a cooling liquid. Different types of non-
Newtonian liquids, as well as different modeling approaches, have been employed to describe and explain
the behavior of non-Newtonian flow phenomena in various applications. The Casson fluid [4, 5, 19, 20],
one of the most important non-Newtonian rheological models, is a viscoelastic fluid that exhibits shear-
dependent characteristics, as well as yield stress. This model was developed for fluids containing rod-
like solids and is often applied to model blood flow, as well as in other applications such as industrial
processing of molten chocolate. In particular, the flow induced by a stretching boundary in polymer
extrusion, drawing of copper wires, continuous stretching of plastic films and artificial fibers, hot rolling,
wire drawing, glass-fiber, metal extrusion, and metal spinning are some examples where the problem of
stretching sheet naturally arises.
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is the field of fluid dynamics that encompasses the phenomena
arising when a magnetic field is applied to an electrically conducting fluid. Air, water, and especially fluid
metals (lithium, mercury, and sodium) are electrically conducting fluids. The effect of applied magnetic
*
E-mail: ulavathi@gmail.com

285
286 MAHABALESHWAR et al.

field on the heat transfer in external flows has been investigated mainly for the cases of flat plate boundary
layer and blunt body stagnation point flows. Works in these areas were published in the late 1950s and
early 1960s with application to space-vehicle surface heating upon reentry. MHD is also applied to fusion
technology [1, 2, 21, 28].
Ever since the pioneering works of Sakiadis [25–27], several authors considered various aspects
of the problem. Pavlov [22] studied the MHD boundary layer flow of an electrically conducting liquid
influenced by a stretching sheet in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. He neglected the
induced magnetic field under the assumption of small magnetic Reynolds number. Takhar et al. [29]
analyzed the stability of the solution. It was found that the magnetic field had a stabilizing effect on
three-dimensional disturbances of the Taylor–Görtler type. As Vleggaar [30] pointed out for a polymer
processing application involving spinning of filaments without blowing, a laminar boundary layer occurs
over a relatively small length of the zone 0.0–0.5 m from the die, which can be taken as the origin in
Fig. 1. Actually, this is the zone where the major part of stretching takes place. In such a process, the
initial velocity is low (about 0.3 m/s), but not always low enough to assume linear stretching. For that
reason, a good approximation of the velocity of the sheet is u = cx (at any rate for the first 10–60 cm of
the spinning zone).
Non-Newtonian fluids are of great interest in the industry due to variety of their applications. There
are many models for non-Newtonian fluids that include all the desired properties [11, 17, 23, 28]. Because
of elastic solidity, a Casson fluid is one of the most important viscoplastic non-Newtonian fluids. Char-
acteristics of Casson fluid under the influence of various parameters have been widely investigated. Here,
we only mention those that affected our work. Shawky [24] investigated the magnetohydrodynamic flow
of Casson liquid in the presence of heat and mass transfer through porous media over a linear stretching
plate. Bhattacharyya et al. [4] studied analytically the slip effects on the parametric space and the solution
for the boundary layer flow of Casson fluid over a porous stretching/shrinking sheet. Swathi [19] studied
numerically a Casson fluid flow and heat transfer over a nonlinearly stretching surface using the shooting
method. Mukhopadhyay et al. [20] investigated a magneto-hydrodynamic laminar boundary layer flow
of Casson fluid influenced by an exponentially stretching sheet.
Motivated by the possible physical applications in the extrusions processes, the present work consid-
ers a laminar boundary layer flow of an electrically conducting Casson fluid past a stretching/shrinking
sheet in the presence of suction/injection. It is a generalization of the classical works by Crane [10],
Pavlov [24], and P. Gupta and A. Gupta [16]. In particular, the exact analytical solution of the problem is
obtained. The effects of physical parameters such as the Chandrasekhar number Q, mass transpiration
Vc , stretching/shrinking parameter λ, and Casson fluid parameter Γ on the flow field are thoroughly
analyzed, and several plots as functions of the control are provided. The manuscript is organized as
follows. In Section 2, the theoretical model is developed. In Section 3, the numerical analysis is provided,
and the results are discussed. Finally, the conclusions are presented in Section 4.

2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
We consider steady laminar boundary layer flows of incompressible and electrically conducting
Casson liquid past a stretching/shrinking sheet. A schematic diagram of the problem with a uniform
transverse magnetic field H0 acting parallel to the y axis and a conducting liquid in the half space y > 0
is shown in Fig. 1. The velocity distribution of the stretching/shrinking sheet is u = λuw (x) = λax,
where x is the coordinate calculated along the stretching/shrinking sheet, λ is a constant, λ > 0 for
stretching, λ < 0 for a shrinking, and λ = 0 if the surface is assumed to be permeable.
In stretching/shrinking sheet problems, Prandtl zero pressure gradient and outside forces are
neglected. The magnetic Reynolds number is small and hence the induced magnetic field is negligible as
compared with the applied magnetic field. The Hartmann formulation is done for the MHD problem. The
fluid is at rest and the motion is affected by the sheet pulled by both ends with equal forces parallel to the
sheet, the stretching speed u varying linearly with the distance from the slit as u = λαx. The resulting
motion of the quiescent fluid is thus caused solely by the moving sheet.
The rheological equation of state for an isotropic and incompressible flow of a Casson fluid can be
expressed as follows [31]:

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

 MASS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF MHD CASSON FLUID FLOW 287

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of stretching/shrinking boundary. (a) Stretching sheet case (λ > 0); (b) shrinking sheet
case (λ < 0).

 
py
τij = μB + √ 2eij , π > πc ,
2π
 
py
τij = μB + √ 2eij , π < πc ,
2πc
where

 
1 ∂ui ∂uj
eij = + (1)
2 ∂xj ∂xi
is the rate of the strain tensor, i.e., the (i, j)th component of the deformation rate, μB denotes the plastic
dynamic viscosity of the non-Newtonian fluid, py is the yield stress of the fluid, π is the product of the
component of deformation rate by itself, πc is the critical value of this product based on a non-Newtonian
model, and ui and uj are the velocity components. Correspondingly, the conservation of mass and the
Prandtl zero pressure gradient boundary layer equation for the moving sheet problem read as follows
[14, 24]:

∂u ∂v
+ = 0, (2)
∂x ∂y
 
∂u ∂u 1 ∂ 2 u Fe
u +v =ν 1+ − u. (3)
∂x ∂y Γ ∂y 2 ρ
In view of the application of interest, we impose the following boundary conditions:

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

288 MAHABALESHWAR et al.

Fig. 2. Geometrical interface conditions in region where there are real solutions, complex solutions, or no solutions for
Casson fluid parameter Γ = 1.

u (x, 0) = λax, v (x,0) = vc (x) , u (x, ∞) = 0. (4)

Here u and v are the components of the fluid velocity in the x and y directions, respectively, μ
is the limiting viscosity at small rates, ν is the kinematic viscosity, and vc (x) is the transpiration
velocity distribution parameter. Fe is the electromagnetic Lorentz force given by J × B, where J is the
current density defined by the generalized Ohm law in the form J = σq × B0 , where σ is the electrical
conductivity, B0 is the magnetic field, and Fe has the form Fe = −σB02 u. It should be emphasized that
the other component of the electromagnetic Lorentz force is zero since the magnetic field acts only in
the direction of the y axis and the positive x axis points in the direction of motion of the surface issuing
from the slot.
We now rewrite the equations and boundary conditions in a non-dimensional form, introducing


a (u, v)
(X, Y ) = (x, y) , (U, V ) = √ . (5)
ν aν

Consequently, problem (2)–(4) takes a non-dimensional form as follows:

∂U ∂V
+ = 0, (6)
∂X ∂Y
 
∂U ∂U 1 ∂2U
U +V = 1+ − QU, (7)
∂X ∂Y Γ ∂Y 2

U (X, 0) = X, V (X, 0) = VC (X) , U (X, ∞) = 0. (8)

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

 MASS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF MHD CASSON FLUID FLOW 289

Fig. 3. Eigenvalue α for solution branch as a function of (a) Γ = 5, Vc = −1.6 and (b) Γ = 1, Vc = 0.6 indicates the
valid solution.

Introducing the stream function ψ(X, Y ) as

∂ψ ∂ψ
U= , V =− , (9)
∂Y ∂X

we get from (7)

 
  ∂ψ
∂ ψ, ∂Y
1 ∂3ψ ∂ψ
1+ + −Q = 0. (10)
Γ ∂Y 3 ∂(X, Y ) ∂Y

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

290 MAHABALESHWAR et al.

Fig. 4. (a) Skin friction coefficient fY Y (0) versus Vc for varying Γ (a) when Q = 2 and (b) for shrinking sheet when
Q = 2.

The boundary conditions to be satisfied by ψ can be obtained from Eqs. (4), (5), and (9):
⎫
∂ψ
= X at Y = 0, ⎪ ⎪
⎪
∂Y ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎬
∂ψ
− = Vc at Y = 0, (11)
∂X ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
∂ψ ⎪
⎪
= 0 as Y → ∞. ⎭
∂Y

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

 MASS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF MHD CASSON FLUID FLOW 291

Fig. 5. (a) Dimensionless tangential velocity profiles fY versus Y for different values of Γ with Vc = 2 and Q = 2.
(b) Dimensionless normal velocity profiles f (Y ) versus Y for different values of Γ with mass suction. (c) Dimensionless
tangential velocity profiles fY versus Y for different values of Γ with mass injection. (d) Dimensionless normal velocity
profiles f (Y ) versus Y for different values of Γ with mass injection.

Subject to Eqs. (11), the solution to (10) can be taken as

ψ = Xf (Y ). (12)
Substituting Eq. (12) into (10) gives
 
1
1+ fY Y Y + f fY Y − (fY )2 − QfY = 0. (13)
Γ

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

292 MAHABALESHWAR et al.

Fig. 5. (Contd.)

fy (0) = λ, f (0) = Vc , fy (∞) = 0, (14)

σH02 √
where Q = is the Chandrasekhar number. It should be mentioned that Q is called the Hartmann
ρa

number, which is defined as the ratio of the electromagnetic force to the viscous force. Γ = μB 2π py is
c

the Casson fluid parameter and Vc = √vc is the transpiration (mass suction/injection) parameter. In the
aρ
present work, we assume that f (0) = Vc is the wall mass transfer velocity, where Vc > 0 corresponds
to mass suction, Vc < 0 corresponds to mass injection, and Vc = 0 is the case when the surface is
impermeable. Hereinafter, the subscript denotes differentiation with respect to Y . The analytical solution

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

 MASS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF MHD CASSON FLUID FLOW 293

Fig. 6. (a) Dimensionless tangential velocity profiles fY versus Y for different values of Γ. (b) Dimensionless normal
velocity profiles f (Y ) versus Y for different values of Γ. (c) Dimensionless tangential velocity profiles fY versus Y for
different values of Γ. (d) Dimensionless normal velocity profiles f (Y ) versus Y for different values of Γ.

for boundary value problem (13), (14) is given by


1 − e−αY
f (Y ) = Vc + λ , (15)
α
where
  

Vc ± Vc2 + 4(1 + 1/Γ)(λ + Q) Vc − Vc2 + 4 1 + Γ1 (λ + Q)
α= and α=  
2(1 + 1/Γ) 2 1 + Γ1

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

294 MAHABALESHWAR et al.

Fig. 6. (Contd.)

provided that

 
1
Vc2 +4 1+ (λ + Q) ≥ 0. (16)
Γ

The discriminant of the roots of Eq. (16) gives a characterization of the solution of the boundary
layer flows. When λ > 0, the sheet is stretching; when λ < 0, the sheet is shrinking; at λ = 0 we have
a fixed surface. The duality of the solution in the case of boundary layer past a stretching/shrinking
sheet can be found in the literature [18]. In fact, in the present problem, for some range of the
stretching/shrinking sheet parameter, there is a dual solution. Expression (15) is a solution to non-

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

 MASS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF MHD CASSON FLUID FLOW 295

Fig. 7. (a) Dimensionless tangential velocity profiles fY versus Y for different values of Vc when Q = 2 and Γ =
5. (b) Dimensionless normal velocity profiles f (Y ) versus Y for different values of Vc when Q = 2 and Γ = 5.
(c) Dimensionless tangential velocity profiles fY versus Y for different values of Vc . (d) Dimensionless normal velocity
profiles f (Y ) versus Y for different values of Vc with upper branch solution. (e) Dimensionless tangential velocity
profiles fY versus Y for different values of Vc for shrinking sheet case with lower branch solution. (f) Dimensionless
normal velocity profiles f (Y ) versus Y for different values of Vc with lower branch solution.

linear differential equation (13) if and only if

 
1
1+ α2 − α Vc − (λ + Q) = 0. (17)
Γ
Having obtained f (Y ) and thereby the stream function ψ, we now proceed to finding the expression
for the streamline pattern of the flow in the region around the stretching sheet, which can be obtained
from Eq. (12) as follows:

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

296 MAHABALESHWAR et al.

Fig. 7. (Contd.)

ψ = X f (Y ) = C, (18)
where C is a constant. The streamline ψ = C can be written in the functional form as
  
1 X 1
Y = log . (19)
α α α−C
Substituting Eq. (12) into the Eq. (9), we can get the velocity components U and V as

U = Xλe−αY , (20)

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

 MASS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF MHD CASSON FLUID FLOW 297

Fig. 7. (Contd.)



1 − e−αY
V = − Vc + λ . (21)
α

Now, let us calculate the skin function. The wall shearing stress τw on the surface of the stretching
sheet can be easily calculated from the expression

τw
Cf = , (22)
ρu2
where τw is the skin friction defined as

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

298 MAHABALESHWAR et al.

Fig. 8. (a) Dimensionless tangential velocity profiles fY versus Y for different values of Q. (b) Dimensionless normal
velocity profiles f (Y ) versus Y for different values of Q. (c) Dimensionless tangential velocity profiles fY versus Y for
different values of Q.

  
py ∂U
τw = μB + √ . (23)
2πc ∂Y Y =0

Hence, Eq. (22) gives

  
1
Rex Cf = 1+ fY Y (0) , (24)
Γ

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

 MASS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF MHD CASSON FLUID FLOW 299

Fig. 8. (Contd.)

√ ax
where Rex = ν is the local stretching Reynolds number.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Stretching/shrinking of sheet is linear in nature and the stretching velocity is positive when the
surface spreads from a slit and reaches the extreme, which is known as the forward boundary layer
theory. The boundary layer flows of an electrically conducting Casson fluid in the presence of MHD
and mass transpiration are considered. The case of surface moving from the extreme end and entering
into a slit is considered as negative motion, which is known as the backward boundary layer theory;
Goldstein have introduced such velocity boundary layer theories [15]. The forward boundary layer theory
(λ = +1) and the backward boundary layer theory (λ = −1) represent physical phenomena that are of
interest in industrial processes. In view of these, the problem is modeled with a system of nonlinear partial
differential equations (2), (4), which are then transformed via similarity transformations into nonlinear
ordinary differential equation (13) with imposed boundary conditions. These two-point boundary value
problems are solved analytically, and physical stream function (9) is introduced to conserve the mass, as
well as momentum equations. The analytical solution to Eq. (13) is obtained in Eq. (15) and the solution
turns out to be of dual nature.
Figure 2 depicts existence of solution for the Casson fluid parameter Γ = 1, whereas Figs. 3 and 4
show the validity of the solutions. The real solution

to Eq. (13)  is achieved provided Eq. (16) is satisfied.
Vc2
The critical value λc for λ is given by λc = − 4 1+ + Q . When λ + Q > 0, there is only one real
( Γ1 )
positive solution λ+ to Eq. (13). When λ + Q < 0, there exist two positive solutions, λ+ and λ− . For
λ + Q = 0, λ+ = 1+ Vc
and λ− = 0 are solutions. In the case of a stretching boundary, there exists only
( Γ1 )
one real solution, whereas for a shrinking boundary, the solution branches into two: the upper branch
solution and the lower branch solution. The upper branch can continue for larger values of λ, while
the lower branch terminates when λ = −Q. This branching of solutions takes place when λ = λc and
λ+ = λ− . This also depends on the mass suction/injection parameter, which can be observed in the
succeeding figures.
The wall shearing stress τw on the surface of stretching sheet is derived in Eq. (24) in terms of
local Reynolds number. Figures 4a and 4b demonstrate the dimensionless wall shear stress fY Y (0) =
−α against the mass transpiration parameter Vc for a varying Casson fluid parameter Γ and a fixed
Chandrasekhar number Q. In the case of stretching sheet, increase in the skin friction coefficient results

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

300 MAHABALESHWAR et al.

in decrease in Γ, whereas in the shrinking sheet case, growth of Γ enhances the skin friction coefficient.
Increase in Γ yields decrease in the shear stress, and thus the Casson fluid has much stronger mass
suction.
Figures 5a–5d depict the decreasing momentum boundary layer thickness (both the tangential and
normal velocity profiles) for growing values of Γ on the stretching boundary in the presence of mass
suction/injection, Q fixed.
The effects of the Casson fluid parameter Γ on the velocity profiles (both the tangential and normal
profiles) are shown in Figs. 6a–6d. It can be seen that the momentum boundary layer thickness
decreases in the upper branch solution, whereas it increases in the lower branch solution for growing
values of Γ.
Finally, Figs. 7a–7f and 8a–8c demonstrate the effect of the mass suction/injection parameter Vc
and Chandrasekhar number Q on the velocity profiles for a stretching/shrinking sheet, respectively. We
observe the same effect as that of the Casson fluid parameter Γ on the velocity profiles.

4. CONCLUSIONS

A laminar boundary layer Casson fluid flow past a stretching/shrinking sheet in the presence of MHD
and mass transpiration is mathematically modelled. The exact analytical solutions for both stretching
and shrinking sheets are obtained. These results are analyzed using the physical stream function and
the effect of the velocity components (tangential/normal) on the flow field. The closed form solutions so
obtained are unique for a stretching sheet, whereas the solution in the shrinking sheet case is dual. In
summary, the results obtained demonstrate that the Casson fluid parameter, the mass suction/injection
parameter, and the Chandrasekhar number greatly affect the fluid flow and the shear stress on the wall.

NOTATIONS

a—constant in the sheet coefficient (s−1 ), α > 0

Cf —skin friction coefficient
B0 —magnetic field (w m−2 )
H0 —uniform transverse magnetic field
(i, j)—component of the deformation rate
f —dimensionless stream function
J—current density
py —yield stress of the fluid
 
xuw
Rex —local Reynolds number Rex = νf

u—axial velocity component along x axis (ms−1 )

ui , uj —velocity components
v—transverse velocity part along y axis (ms−1 )
Vc —constant suction/injection parameter VC = √vc
av

x—horizontal coordinate (m)

y—vertical coordinate (m)

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

 MASS TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS OF MHD CASSON FLUID FLOW 301

Greek Symbols
  
Γ—Casson fluid parameter = μB 2π
py
c

α—constant
λ—constant representing the stretching/shrinking parameter
π—product of the component of deformation rate with itself
πc —critical value of this product based on non-Newtonian model
 a 
η—similarity variable = ν y
μ—viscosity of fluid (kgm−1 s−1 )
μB —plastic dynamic viscosity of non-Newtonian fluid
ν—kinematic viscosity (m2 s−1 )
ρ—density of fluid (kgm−3 )
σ—electrical conductivity of fluid (mho m−1 )
τw —wall shearing stress (m2 s−1 )
ψ—physical stream function (m2 s−1 )

Subscripts/Superscripts
0—origin
f —fluid
s—solid
w—wall condition
∞—far from the sheet
fY —first derivative w.r.t. Y
fY Y —second derivative w.r.t. Y
fY Y Y —third derivative w.r.t. Y

REFERENCES
1. Andersson, H.I., MHD Flow of a Viscoelastic Fluid past a Stretching Surface, Acta Mech., 1992, vol. 95,
pp. 227–230.
2. Andersson, H.I., An Exact Solution of the Navier–Stokes Equations for MHD Flow, Acta Mech., 1995,
vol. 113, pp. 241–244.
3. Andersson, H.I., Slip Flow past a Stretching Surface, Acta Mech., 2002, vol. 158, pp. 121–125.
4. Bhattacharyya, K., Hayat, T., and Alsaedi, A., Analytic Solution for Magnetohydrodynamic Boundary Layer
Flow of Casson Fluid over a Stretching/Shrinking Sheet with Wall Mass Transfer, Chin. Physics B, 2013,
vol. 22, article ID 024702.
5. Bhattacharyya, K., Uddin, M.S., and Layek, G.C., Exact Solution for Thermal Boundary Layer in Casson
Fluid Flow over Permeable Shrinking Sheet with Variable Wall Temperature and Thermal Radiation,
Alexandria Engin. J., 2016, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 1703–1712.
6. Borrelli, A., Giantesio, G., and Patria, M.C., MHD Oblique Stagnation-Point Flow of a Newtonian Fluid,
ZAMP, 2012, vol. 63, pp. 271–294.
7. Borrelli, A., Giantesio, G., and Patria, M.C., On the Numerical Solutions of Three-Dimensional MHD
Stagnation-Point Flow of a Newtonian Fluid, Int. J. Pure Appl. Math., 2013, vol. 86, pp. 425–442.
8. Borrelli, A., Giantesio, G., and Patria, M.C., Numerical Solutions of Three-Dimensional MHD Stagnation-
Point Flow of a Micropolar Fluid, Comput. Math. Appl., 2013, vol. 66, pp. 472–489.
9. Borrelli, A., Giantesio, G., and Patria, M.C., Magnetoconvection of a Micropolar Fluid in a Vertical Channel.
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 2015, vol. 80, pp. 614–625.
10. Crane, L.J., Flow past a Stretching Plate, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 1970, vol. 21, pp. 645–647.
11. Dorier, C. and Tichy, J., Behavior of a Bingham-Like Viscous Fluid in Lubrication Flows, J. Non-Newtonian
Fluid Mech., 1992, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 291–310.
12. Ferraro, V.C.A. and Plumpton, C., An Introduction to Magneto-Fluid Mechanics, New York: Oxford Univ.
Press, 1961.
13. Fisher, E.G., Extrusion of Plastics, 3rd ed., London: Newnes-Butterworld, 1976.

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020

302 MAHABALESHWAR et al.

14. Fredrickson, A.G., Principles and Applications of Rheology, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall,
1964.
15. Goldstein, R.J., On Backward Boundary Layers and Flow in Converging Passages, J. Fluid Mech., 1965,
vol. 21, pp. 33–45.
16. Gupta, P.S. and Gupta, A.S., Heat and Mass Transfer on a Stretching Sheet with Suction or Blowing, Can.
J. Chem. Eng., 1977, vol. 55, pp. 744–746.
17. Mastroberardino, A. and Mahabaleshwar, U.S., Mixed Convection in Viscoelastic Flow due to a Stretching
Sheet in a Porous Medium, J. Porous Media, 2013, vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 483–500.
18. Mahabaleshwar, U.S., Vinay Kumar, P.N., and Sheremet, M., Magnetohydrodynamics Flow of a Nanofluid
Driven by a Stretching/Shrinking Sheet with Suction, SpringerPlus, 2016, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–9.
19. Mukhopadhyay, S., Casson Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer over a Nonlinearly Stretching Surface, Chin. Phys.
B, 2013, vol. 22, no. 7, p. 074701.
20. Mukhopadhyay S., Moindal I.C., and Hayat, T., MHD Boundary Layer Flow of Casson Fluid Passing through
an Exponentially Stretching Permeable Surface with Thermal Radiation, Chin. Phys. B, 2014, vol. 23,
pp.1056–1674.
21. Pantokratoras, A., Some Exact Solutions of Boundary Layer Flows along a Vertical Plate with Buoyancy
Forces Combined with Lorentz Forces under Uniform Suction, Math. Problems Engin., 2008, vol. 2008,
pp. 1–18.
22. Pavlov, K.B., Magnetohydrodynamic Flow of an Incompressible Viscous Liquid Caused by Deformation of
Plane Surface, Magn. Gidrodin., 1974, vol. 4, pp. 146–147.
23. Rajagopal, K.R., Na, T.Y, and Gupta, A.S., Flow of a Viscoelastic Fluid over a Stretching Sheet, Rheologica
Acta, 1984, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 213–215.
24. Shawky, H.M., Magnetohydrodynamic Casson Fluid Flow with Heat and Mass Transfer through a Porous
Medium over a Stretching Sheet, J. Porous Media, 2012, vol. 15, pp. 393–401.
25. Sakiadis, B.C., Boundary-Layer Behavior on Continuous Solid Surfaces I: The Boundary Layer Equations
for Two Dimensional and Axisymmetric Flow, AIChE J., 1961, vol. 7, pp. 26–28.
26. Sakiadis, B.C., Boundary-Layer Behavior on Continuous Solid Surfaces II: The Boundary Layer on a
Continuous Flat Surface, AIChE J., 1961, vol. 7, pp. 221–225.
27. Sakiadis, B.C., Boundary-Layer Behavior on Continuous Solid Surfaces III: The Boundary Layer on a
Continuous Cylindrical Surface, AIChE J., 1961, vol. 7, pp. 467–472.
28. Siddheshwar, P.G. and Mahabaleshwar, U.S., Effects of Radiation and Heat Source on MHD Flow of
a Viscoelastic Liquid and Heat Transfer over a Stretching Sheet, Int. J. Nonlin. Mech., 2005, vol. 40,
pp. 807–820.
29. Takhar, H.S., Ali, M.A., and Gupta, A.S., Stability of Magnetohydrodynamic Flow over a Stretching Sheet,
in Liquid Metal Hydrodynamics, Lielpeteris, J. and Moreau, R., Eds., 1989, pp. 465–471.
30. Vleggaar, J., Laminar Boundary-Layer Behaviour on Continuous Accelerating Surfaces, Chem. Eng. Sci.,
1977, vol. 32, pp. 1517–1525.
31. Walawender, W.P., Chen, T.Y., and Cala, D.F., An Approximate Casson Fluid Model for Tube Flow of Blood,
Biorheology, 1975, vol. 12, no. 2, p. 111124.

JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING THERMOPHYSICS Vol. 29 No. 2 2020