Art Integrated

Project
o Telangana & Haryana
Chemistry
 D,C,MODEL,SR,SEC,SCHOOL
SEC-9, FARIDABAD
HARYANA
Submitted By: Ankit, Anish, Akshita,
Anand, Anjali

Submitted To: Mrs .Mahima Srivastav

 Acknowledgement
 We would like to take this opportunity to thank our chemistry teacher Mrs
.Mahima Srivastav whose support guidance and encouragement have enabled us
to do the presentation.
 Certificate

This is to certify that Ankit, Anand, Anish, Anjali, Akshita of class-12 has successfully
completed their presentation on the topic-”Art Integrated Project on Telangana &
Haryana” as prescribed by Mrs.Mahima Srivastav.
 About Telangana
Telangana is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian
peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh largest state and the twelfth-
most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 (43,273 sq mi) and
35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census. On 2 June 2014, the area was separated from
the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed state with Hyderabad as
its capital. Its other major cities include Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam and
Karimnagar. Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north,
Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the west, and Andhra Pradesh to the east and
south. The terrain of Telangana region consists mostly of hills, mountain ranges, and
thick dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2
 Minerals in Telangana
Telangana is the leading producer of barytes, dolomite, feldspar,
laterite, limestone, Quartz and Sand (others). It accounts for 47%
kyanite, 29% corundum, 10% fuller's earth and 9% limestone resources
of the country. Telangana is endowed with the internationally known
black, pink, blue and multicoloured varieties of granite
 Limestone
An extensive bed of limestone
occurs in the southern part of the
state. Themain deposits are
found around Nalgonda ,Suryapet
, Vikarabad , Peddapalli ,
Mancherial , Komram Bheem &
Adilabad Districts
 Coal
Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other
elements; chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Singareni is a village located in Khammam district,
Telangana, India. Coal reserves in Telangana were found first
in Singareni.. The Singareni coal reserves stretch across 350
Km of the Pranahita – Godavari Valley of Telangana with a
proven geological reserves aggregating to whopping 8791
million tonnes. SCCL is currently operating 18 opencast and
27 underground mines in 4 districts of Telangana with a
manpower around 48,942.
 Mica
Micas are a group of minerals whose outstanding
physical characteristic is that individual mica
crystals can easily be split into extremely thin
elastic plates. Mica can be mined in other
districts of the region, including Medak and
Nalagonda.
 Clay
Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material
containing clay minerals. Clays develop plasticity
when wet, due to a molecular film of water
surrounding the clay particles, but become hard,
brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing This is
basically found in Adilabad and Formula of clay is
(Al2O3(SiO2)2(H2O)2)
 Corundum
Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide
typically containing traces of iron, titanium,
vanadium and chromium. corundum is found in
Khammam districts in southern part of the state.
 Other Minerals
Other minerals that occur in the State are
chromite, copper, graphite and kyanite in
Khammam districts; fuller's earth in Medak and
OTHER MINERALS Rangareddy districts; and
marble in Khammam district
 Production of the minerals
in percentage
Telangana claims 9th position among the states in
the country with a contribution of about 4% to the
total value of the mineral production in the country.
Among the minerals produced in the state, the
output of shale increased by 47% while that of
barytes increased 30%, laterite 11% and coal 4%.
However, a decline in production was observed for
limestone and sand (others) 5% each, quartz 7%,
iron ore 12%, dolomite 15%, clay (others) 29% and
manganese ore 32% as compared to the output in
the previous year.
 About Haryana
Haryana, state in north-central India. It is bounded on
the northwest by the state of Punjab and the union
territory of Chandigarh, on the north and northeast by
the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, on the
east by the state of Uttar Pradesh and the union
territory of Delhi, and on the south and southwest by
the state of Rajasthan. The city of Chandigarh, within
the Chandigarh union territory, serves as the capital of
not only that territory but also of the states of Haryana
and Punjab.
 Minerals in Haryana
The minerals occurring in this state are primarily china
clay, limestone, dolomite, quartz/ silica sand,
quartzite, slate. Other minerals, such as, barytes,
calcite, feldspar, marble, copper, tin and tungsten are
noteworthy. Among building stones, granite, slate,
marble, quartzite and sandstone are conspicuous.
 China Clay
Pegmatite intrusions in the Delhi Supergroup have given
rise to workable clay depends in Faridabad and Gurgaon
districts. The important occurrences are located near
Alipur, Arangpur, Ghamrauj, ghosgarh, and Sikandarpur.
Other occurrences in the area are located near Kasan
ghata Manger and Nathupura. The clay contains mostly
poorly crystallized kaolinitewith little quartz. Chemical
analyses of clay from different occurrences indicate that
silica is normally over 60% while alumina is around 20%
and that these are refractory type.
 Limestone
Limestone is a rock composed mainly of calcium
carbonate. It is one of the most important minerals
required for the manufacture of lime and cement
chemicals (soda-ash soda, bleaching powder, calcium
carbide etc.) fertilizer ( ammonium nitrate) etc. and as a
flux in iron and steel , ferra-alloy and other metallurgical
industries. Limestone and dolomite in Haryana are
mostly confined to Mahendragarh and Ambala Districts.
 Dolomite
Dolomite is a form of limestone, rich in approximately
equal parts of magnesium carbonate and calcium
carbonate. It is found widely throughout the world.
Dolomitic limestone contains about five times as much
magnesium and five eighths as much calcium as
ordinary limestone. Dolomite also contains small
amounts of chlorine, phosphorus, and potassium, in
addition to more than 20 other trace elements.
 Quartz/Silica sand
Silica sand, also known as quartz sand, white sand, or
industrial sand, is made up of two main elements: silica
and oxygen. Specifically, silica sand is made up of silicon
dioxide (SiO2). The most common form of SiO2 is quartz –
a chemically inert and relatively hard mineral. SiO2
grades at a 7 out of 10 on Mohs hardness scale, making it
ideal for use as filtration media and abrasive blasting
sands.
 Quartzite
The Alwar and Ajabgarh groups have yielded good
quality quartzite for use as building material . All along
the Ajabgarh Group , several quarries exist in Faridabad
and Gurgaon districts . In Rohtak District, these are being
worked out in Guraora-Guriani area. In Mahendragarh
District, these are quarried at Mandlana, Berondia,
Luninasibpur. Gohoro and near Gaonri . Fissile quartzites
are worked for roofing and other masonary blocks at
various places in Mahendragarh.
 Slate
Slate is a fine-grained, foliated,
homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an
original shale-type sedimentary rock composed
of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade
regional metamorphism. The Chief deposits of slate
occur in Mahendragarh District and are located near
Kund, Bahali, Rampura.
Thank You
ART INTEGRATED PROJECT

(PHYSICS)
 DC MODEL SR SEC SCHOOL
SEC-9, FARIDABAD, HARYANA

SUBMITTED BY: Akshita, Anjali, Ankit, Anish, Anand

SUBMITTED TO: Ms. Khushboo

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR PHYSICS

TEACHER MS.KHUSHBOO FOR HER GUIDANCE AND HER SUPPORT IN
COMPLETION OF THIS PROJECT.

I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE TO THE PRINCIPAL, THE

VICE-PRINCIPAL AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER FOR GIVING US
THIS WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITY.
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT AKSHITA, ANJALI, ANKIT, ANISH,

ANAND OF CLASS 12TH HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETETD
THEIR PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC:-
‘ART INTEGRATION PROJECT ON TELANGANA AND HARYANA’

AS PRESCRIBED BY MS.KHUSHBOO.
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. APPLICATION OF OPTICAL FIBERS
3. STRUCTURE OF OPTICAL FIBERS
4. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
5. OPTICAL FIBERS IN TELANGANA
6. OPTICAL FIBERS IN HARYANA
7. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBERS
 WHAT ARE OPTICAL FIBERS?
Optical fiber is the technology associated with data transmission using light
pulses travelling along with a long fiber which is usually made of plastic or
glass. Metal wires are preferred for transmission in optical fiber
communication as signals travel with fewer damages. Optical fibers are also
unaffected by electromagnetic interference. The fiber optical cable uses the
application of total internal reflection of light. The fibers are designed such
that they facilitate the propagation of light along with the optical fiber
depending on the requirement of power and distance of transmission. Single-
mode fiber is used for long-distance transmission, while multimode fiber is
used for shorter distances.
 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBERS
• The types of optical fibers depend on the refractive index, materials used, and mode of propagation of light.
• The classification based on the refractive index is as follows:
• Step Index Fibers: It consists of a core surrounded by the cladding, which has a single uniform index of
refraction.
• Graded Index Fibers: The refractive index of the optical fiber decreases as the radial distance from the fiber
axis increases.
• The classification based on the materials used is as follows:
• Plastic Optical Fibers: The polymethylmethacrylate is used as a core material for the transmission of the light.
• Glass Fibers: It consists of extremely fine glass fibers.
• The classification based on the mode of propagation of light is as follows:
• Single-Mode Fibers: These fibers are used for long-distance transmission of signals.
• Multimode Fibers: These fibers are used for short-distance transmission of signals.
• The mode of propagation and refractive index of the core is used to form
four combination types of optic fibers as follows:
• Step index-single mode fibers
• Graded index-Single mode fibers
• Step index-Multimode fibers
• Graded index-Multimode fibers
 HOW DOES AN OPTICAL FIBER WORK?

The optical fiber works on the principle of total internal reflection. Light rays can
be used to transmit a huge amount of data, but there is a problem here – the light
rays travel in straight lines. So unless we have a long straight wire without any
bends at all, harnessing this advantage will be very tedious. Instead, the optical
cables are designed such that they bend all the light rays’ inwards (using TIR).
Light rays travel continuously, bouncing off the optical fiber walls and transmitting
end to end data. Although light signals do degrade over progressing distances,
depending on the purity of the material used, the loss is much less compared to
using metal cables. A Fibre Optic Relay System consists of the following
components:
•The Transmitter – It produces the light signals and encodes them to fit to
transmit.
•The Optical Fibre – The medium for transmitting the light pulse (signal).
•The Optical Receiver – It receives the transmitted light pulse (signal) and decodes
them to be fit to use.
•The Optical Regenerator – Necessary for long-distance data transmission.
 OPTICAL FIBER IN HARYANA

Haryana is a state in India located in the northern-part of the country. It was carved out of
the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on a linguistic basis. It is ranked 21st
in terms of area, with less than 1.4% (44,212 km2 or 17,070 sq mi) of India's land area.
The state capital is Chandigarh and the most populous city is Faridabad, which is a part of
the National Capital Region. The city of Gurgaon is among India's largest financial and
technology hubs.Haryana has 6 administrative divisions, 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions,
93 revenue tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 140 community development blocks, 154 cities and
towns, 7,356 villages, and 6,222 villages panchayats.
Haryana has a statewide network of telecommunication facilities. Haryana Government
has its own statewide area network by which all government offices of 22 districts and 126
blocks across the state are connected with each other thus making it the first SWAN of the
country. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited and most of the leading private sector players
(such as Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices, Bharti Telecom, Idea Vodafone
Essar, Aircel, Uninor and Videocon) have operations in the state. Two biggest cities of
Haryana, Faridabad and Gurgaon which are part of National Capital Region come under
the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. The rest of the cities of Haryana comes
under Haryana Telecommunication System.
For far too long, India’s internet action lay centered in its metros, leaving out even
relatively big cities like Lucknow. The fledgling online access push into smaller cities and
rural India happened primarily via mobile data transmitted over wireless spectrum. Home
broadband was nowhere in the picture. But all that seems set for some dramatic change. If
the country’s richest man, Mukesh Ambani, has his way, high-speed broadband will
become a reality in at least 1,600 cities.
 OPTICAL FIBERS IN TELANGANA

Telangana is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the
high Deccan Plateau.It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in
India with a geographical area of 112,077 km (43,273 sq mi) and 35,193,978 residents as
per 2011 census.On 2 June 2014, the area was separated from the northwestern part
of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed state with Hyderabad as its capital. Its other major
cities include Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam, Karimnagar and Ramagundam. Telangana is
bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north, Chhattisgarh to the northeast, Karnataka to
the west, and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south.[13] The terrain of Telangana region
consists mostly is part of Deccan Plateau and dense forests covering an area of
27,292 km2 (10,538 sq mi). As of 2019, the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts.
• TSWAN (Telangana State Wide Area Network)
The National e-Governance Program (NeGP), approved by the Government of India, aims
to significantly transform and improve the way the Government provides services to its
citizens. Government of India is providing funds to implement TSWAN up to Mandal Head
Quarters. The TSWAN is facilitating connectivity among different Government
Departments and providing robust network to carry out Government Business of providing
infrastructure for citizen services and running e-governance applications. TSWAN is
providing connectivity for carrying Voice Data and Video conference facility up to Revenue
Mandals. TSWAN Connects Hyderabad to Dist Headquarters with 4 Mbps leased line.
High speed Internet services are provided to national data centres to ensure that the
applications hosted are accessible to users across the globe with minimum latency.
Capacity planning and upgradation of Internet Gateway at regular interval has been
undertaken to provide smooth Internet access to all NICNET users throughout the country.
To maintain accurate timing and synchronization of all network elements and servers on
the network Stratum-1 clocks are installed at Delhi and Hyderabad.
NIC VSAT Network NICNET has been offering satellite based VSAT Network services over Ku-
band VSATs for providing Data and Video application.
NIC is also providing satellite bandwidth from NICNET pool for delivering e-governance
services to VSATs of various projects of central/state government departments such as
Rural, Taxation, Treasury, Finance, Health and Food supplies in geographically difficult
locations where terrestrial connectivity is either not available or reliable. For running the
VSAT services, NIC has leased transponder bandwidth from DoS/ISRO on the GSAT-18
satellite.
 ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBERS

•Economical and cost-effective

•Thin and non-flammable
•Less power consumption
•Less signal degradation
•Flexible and lightweight
 DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER

• Low power—Light emitting sources are limited to low

power. Although high power emitters are available to
improve power supply, it would add extra cost.
• Fragility—Optical fiber is rather fragile and more
vulnerable to damage compared to copper wires. You’d
better not to twist or bend fiber optic cables too tightly.
• Distance—The distance between the transmitter and
receiver should keep short or repeaters are needed to
boost the signal.
 CONCLUSION

Optical fiber provides a fast, constant and stable Internet

connection that allows a lot of data to be transmitted over
incredible distances. As data demands become enormous, fiber
optic cabling is the sure way to go for network flexibility and
stability.
THANK YOU!
 ART
INTEGRATED
PROJECT
BIODIVERSITY
WELCOME
 D.C. MODEL SR. SEC. SCOOL
SEC-9, FARIDABAD
HARYANA

SUBMITTED BY : ANJALI,
AKSHITA, ANISH, ANAND,
ANKIT

SUBMITTED TO: MRS. CHANDAN

JHA
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to take this opportunity to thanx our biology teacher Mrs. Chandan Jha whose support and guidance
and encouragement have enabled us to do the presentation
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Anjali, Akshita, Ankit, Anand, Anish of class-12 has successfully completed their presentation on the
topic –” Art Integrated Project on Telangana &Haryana” as prescribed by Mrs. Chandan jha.
 About Telangana

Telangana State is known for its rich heritage in biological diversity

distributed in 9 agro climatic regions. Among the flora, the state harbours a
Total of 2,800 taxa belonging to 1,051 genera under 185 families. This account
For 16% of the Angiosperms known from India.
BIODIVERSITY
EFFECTS OF DISRUPTING BIODIVERSITY
ALABAMA PHYSIOGRAPHY
THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY
3 TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
POLLUTION
MEANING OF BIODIVERSITY
THANK
YOU