Imported and local pottery in late roman Pannonia

Piroska Hárshegyi and Katalin Ottományi

Abstract

In Late Roman Pannonia, local pottery was produced in small, local centres,
but on a more limited scale than before the 4th c., in the region. A dense
network of pottery workshops operated at the time of Valentinian in the
Danube bend, which was an important section of the limes. In most of
these examples, pottery kilns, situated in villae and rural settlements in the
hinterland of the province, manufactured only one pottery type. The larger
workshops, situated in more favourable geographical positions, produced
not only coarse ware but glazed and burnished wares, as well. Local artisans
tried to imitate the decreasing amount of imported terra sigillata, metal and
glass vessels, by adopting new techniques and decorative elements. Imported
pottery now consisted of only a few types, such as: African Red Slip ware,
small numbers of amphorae, lamps, occasional Argonne Ware, and some
eggshell type cups. It can be shown that in parallel with the increasing pro-
duction of hand-made, coarse and burnished ware pottery, imports ceased
in the province around the second decade of the 5th c. A.D.

Introduction

The main aim of this paper is to give the reader a basic idea of the volume
of trade and local manufacture of pottery in the Pannonian provinces
from the end of the 3rd to the beginning of the 5th c. A.D. Our knowledge
about local and long distance trade is very fragmentary in this Late Roman
period; the published material is only accessible largely through interim
reports and catalogues of individual excavations. No comprehensive pub-
lication exists concerning the Late Roman pottery of Pannonia, although
É. Bónis published some short articles in the 1980s, and there have been
some longer site reports that analyse the material from limes forts.1 The

1 Short articles: Bónis (1980); Bónis and Gabler (1990). Limes Forts: Intercisa/Dunaújváros:
Póczy (1957); Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Grünewald (1979), Gass­ner et al. (1993),
Petznek (1998–99); Ad Statuas/Ács-Vaspuszta: Ottományi (1989).

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2013 DOI: 10.1163/22134522-12340040

L. Lavan (ed.) Local Economies? Production and Exchange of Inland Regions in Late Antiquity
(Late Antique Archaeology 10 – 2013) (Leiden 2013), pp. 471–528
472 piroska hárshegyi and katalin ottományi

Danube bend area is particularly well-researched.2 The research situation

for the inner fortresses and towns is different, as it is often the case that
the pottery is not published in detail, even from sites where large excava-
tions were taking place.3 The older publications on villa sites were mainly
interested in the masonry structures, but thanks to more recent work, the
material from several vici and villas has become better known.4 Many
more Late Roman cemeteries have been published than settlements, but
often without a detailed analysis of the pottery.5
The finds of imported wares are very scattered, their rarity and unique
state are underlined in every publication. A general overview, which
interpreted these imports, was published in the Manual of Archaeology
of Pannonia (Pannonia Régészeti Kézikönyve) by D. Gabler in 1990.6 In
his publications he described most of the African Red Slip ware finds in
Pannonia.7 Lamp finds in Late Roman contexts are very rare, and were
given the collective label ‘Early Christian’ by D. Iványi, writing in 1935;
she grouped them together as the ‘Iványi XII type’. In a few cases, such
as at Carnuntum or Vindobona, the more recent typology of Hayes was
used, but in those places, as the lamps were often in a very fragmentary
state, a more precise grouping couldn’t be done.8 In the case of ampho-
rae, research started mainly from the 1980s with the work of M. Kelemen,
T. Bezeczky and O. Brukner.9 At the same time, the reason for the appear-
ance of imported Argonne Ware—a pottery group first recognised in the

2 Soproni (1985); Tokod: Lányi (1981b); Leányfalu: Ottományi 1991; Cirpi/Dunabogdány:

Ottományi 1999; Budakalász-Luppacsárda: Ottományi (2004); Visegrád-Gizellamajor:
Ottományi (2012b).
3 Keszthely-Fenékpuszta: Müller (1979), Horváth (2011); Savaria/Szombathely: Ottományi
and Sosztarits (1998); Arrabona/Győr: Szőnyi (1984) and Tomka (2004); Vienna-Leopoldau:
Friesinger (1984).
4 E.g. Aquincum/Budapest, Kaszásdűlő: Zsidi (1991); Komló-Mecsekfalui út: Katona
Győr (1994); Páty: Ottományi (2007); Biatorbágy: Ottományi (2008b); Vicus Teuto/Budaörs:
Ottományi (2012a).
5 Lányi (1972); Keszthely area: Sági (1960); Intercisa/Dunaújváros: Vágó and Bóna
(1976); Tokod: Lányi (1981a); Csákvár: Salamon and Barkóczi (1970); Somogyszíl: Burger
(1979); Ulcisia Castra/Szentendre: Maróti and Topál (1980); Aquincum/Budapest, Gazda-
grét: Zsidi (1987); Solva/Esztergom: Kelemen (2008); Klosterneuburg: Neugebauer-Maresch
and Neu­gebauer (1986).
6 Gabler (1990).
7 Gabler (2012a); Gabler (2012b).
8 Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Alram-Stern (1989). Vindobona/Vienna: Neumann
(1967).
9 Kelemen (1987); Kelemen (1988); Kelemen (1990); Kelemen (1993); Bezeczky (1987);
Bezeczky (1994); Brukner (1981).
 imported and local pottery in late roman pannonia 473

region at the end of the 1970s by D. Gabler—has not been answered.10 The
corpus of material in Pannonian contexts consists of only a few pieces,
which is simply not enough for a proper interpretation of them. The same
can be said about the thin-walled (eggshell) cups, which were collected
by K. Sági in 1960.11
Pottery and pottery production, in the southern part of Pannonia, has
been tackled in only a cursory fashion since two major works in the 70s
and 80s provided attempts at a comprehensive analysis.12 The situation
is better for pottery like glazed and burnished wares. É. Bónis discussed
the production of glazed pottery, and the typology of the material in the
Danubian provinces has been formulated by T. Cvjetiċanin.13 Several con-
ference volumes and exhibition catalogues have been published as well.14
When A. Alföldi first looked at the burnished ware material, he believed it
was from the Hunnic period.15 Later, it was thought to be characteristic of
the foederati groups, who settled in the province in A.D. 380.16 However,
detailed examination of particular types showed that while the forms and
design of burnished ware could be found in Late Roman pottery, there was
no connection between the two.17 Hence, various foreign ethnic groups
may have influenced the appearance of burnished ware.18
Handmade pottery has been looked in some detail in the neighbour-
ing Germanic regions, and a typology of Late Roman pottery kilns has
been put together by Henning.19 In Pannonia, É. Bónis looked at the pot-
tery production centres, and Vikić-Belančić has collated the workshops
of southern Pannonia.20 Those kilns which have been found in the last
20 years, though, have only been published in short excavation reports.21
Detailed publications of the extensive rural and urban excavations of the
last few decades are still lacking, making one of the important tasks for

10  Gabler (1978).

11  Sági (1960).
12  Brukner (1981); Vikić-Belančić (1970); Horváth (1999); Jelinčić (2011).
13  Glazed pottery: Bónis (1990); Bónis (1991); see also Arthur and Williams (1981);
Gassner (1991); Nádorfi (1992). Typology: Cvjetiċanin (2006).
14  Bánki (1992); Magrini and Sbarra (2009).
15  Alföldi (1932).
16  Soproni (1985); Salamon and Barkóczi (1978).
17  Ottományi (1982); Ottományi (1996).
18  Tóth (2005); Vagalinski (1997).
19  Handmade pottery: Pollak (1980). Kilns: Henning (1978).
20 Bónis (1990); Vikić-Belančić (1970).
21  Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998); Kern (2000); Palágyi (2004).
474 piroska hárshegyi and katalin ottományi

future research—the formulation of a Late Roman pottery typology for

the province—a very difficult project.
Before we begin, a brief word on the forms of the kilns themselves that
were used to make this Pannonian pottery, is worthwhile. A simple form
of pottery kiln was used in the Early Roman period, originating from the
La Tène D tradition. It was a circular kiln, whose grate was supported by
a lateral (e.g. Balatonaliga 1st kiln), or a central mud block (e.g. Balaton-
aliga 2nd kiln, Csorna). This kiln type was modified with other stone or
brick elements from the period of the High Empire. The central column
which supported the grate was built either from stones luted with mud
(as at Pilismarót-Malompatak), or from bricks (as at Tokod). The grate
could also be supported by four brick stands (e.g. Szombathely-Fő tér).
The grate itself could be a perforated adobe table, or constructed from
radial positioned clay sticks (e.g. Tokod, Carnuntum), or mud bricks (as
at Szombathely-Kőszegi u.). The walls and dome were constructed from
mud bricks, and later from bricks. Double kilns with a common stokehold
are frequent, as seen at Bátaszék and Pilismarót.22

Imported Wares (Map 1)

African Red Slip Ware (Terra Sigillata Chiara)

Terra sigillata vessels arrived in huge quantities from the workshop of
Westerndorf into Pannonia at the beginning of the 3rd c. A.D., but this
production centre perished after the Alemannic invasion of the region.
Trading routes and trade itself became insecure. The other terra sigil-
lata workshop, at Pfaffenhofen, which was closer to Pannonia, served the
Danubian limes, albeit with lower quality products, until A.D. 259/60.
This situation prepared the way for the appearance of North African Red
Slip ware in the Pannonian provinces after the middle of the 3rd c. A.D.,
through the Adriatic trading routes. Due to the distances between its pro-
duction sites and Pannonia, the cost of these vessels was probably very
high, which could explain the small amount of finds of this type in our
region.23 After coin circulation ends in Pannonia in the 380s, ARS finds
are very important for dating Late Roman contexts.

22 Bónis and Gabler (1990) fig. 24.

23 Lassányi and Vámos (2011) 160; Gabler (1988) 30.
 imported and local pottery in late roman pannonia 475

Map 1. Distribution map of Late Roman imported wares and lamps in the
Pannonian provinces.

The earliest north African terra sigillata find from Pannonia was found
in Vindobona/Vienna, and dates to the middle of the 2nd c. A.D., another
from Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg dates to the second half of the
2nd c. A.D.24 These finds can be regarded as private items, and hence
cannot be taken as proof of a direct trade link between North Africa and
Pannonia. Another important reason for their appearance could be mili-
tary movements, in connection with the Marcomannic wars of Marcus
Aurelius. A vexillatio of the legio III augusta from Lambaesis was stationed
in the Danube bend during the war.25 It could also be significant that
Septimius Severus, born in Leptis Magna, and commander of the legions

24 Vindobona/Vienna: Hayes 2 and 3 forms, see: Donat (1999) 211. Carnuntum/Bad

Deutsch-Altenburg: Hayes 34 bowl, see: Jilek (1994) 391, Abb. 9.40.
25 Mócsy (1974) 194, 230; Di Vita-Evrard (1994).
476 piroska hárshegyi and katalin ottományi

in Pannonia, was proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Carnuntum in

A.D. 193. The number of ARS vessels begins to increase in the archaeo-
logical contexts from the second quarter-middle of the 3rd c. A.D.26 The
C1–C2 wares were produced in central Tunisian factories, for example at
Henchir el Guellal and Sidi Marzouk Tounsi.27 ARS reached the Pannonian
markets most probably via the Adriatic, Italy and Noricum until the early
4th c. A.D.28 It is very likely that these imported vessels arrived with other,
probably agricultural, goods into these provinces, for example grain.
Terra sigillata chiara C ware is found in contexts dating from the sec-
ond quarter to the middle of the 3rd c. A.D., but is rare in Pannonia.29
Pannonian terra sigillata chiara finds dated to the 4th c. A.D., like Hayes
45 large bowls, are published from Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg,
Aquincum/Budapest and Babarc Roman villa.30 A Hayes 46 large bowl
also came to light from this site.31 The Hayes 50 type large dish is the most
frequent type in Noricum and Pannonia.32 Fragments of this type are
known from Savaria/Szombathely, Vienna-Oberlaa, Visegrád-Gizellam-
ajor, Nemesvámos-Balácapuszta, Balatonalaki-Ságpuszta, Nagykanizsa-
Inkey kápolna, Ad Statuas/Ács-Vaspuszta and Intercisa/Dunaújváros.33

26 Gabler (1978) 123; Gabler (2004) 147; a Hayes 31 dish found at Páty, dated to the
beginning of the 3rd c. A.D.: Gabler (2007) 259. Also fragments from Intercisa/Dunaújváros:
Gabler (1988) Abb. 4.9. Hayes 44 and 45A type bowls and Hayes 49 type plate from
Vindobona/Vienna, dated to the first half of 3rd c. A.D. and a Hayes 42 dish fragment dated
between A.D. 220–40/50: Donat (1999) 214.
27 Mackensen (2006) 110–21.
28 The trade route can be traced from the findspots, from Aquileia to Emona, and
in Noricum. For this and a detailed bibliography, see: Gabler (2012b) 129; Modrijan and
Milavec (2011) 125. For the date of this horizon, see: Pröttel (1996) 110.
29 Hayes 171 fragment from Vindobona/Vienna: Kronberger (2009) 59. Hayes 45 plate
from Intercia/Dunaújváros: Gabler (1988) 36, Cat. No. 20. Hayes 48A plate from Nagy­
kanizsa-Inkey kápolna: Gabler (1983) 29, 32. Hayes 173 and Hayes 174 type jugs from Aquin­
cum/Budapest: Hayes 173 type: Lassányi and Vámos (2011) 156, Cat.No. 7; Hayes 174 type:
Lassányi and Vámos (2011) 157, Cat. No. 12; Topál (2003) 83–84, Grave 30/6. Hayes 173 and
Hayes 174 type jugs from vicus Teuto/Budaörs: Gabler (2012a) 443, Cat. No. 249. Fragment
from Zalabaksa Roman villa: Redő (2005) 301, dated A.D. 250–60.
30 Hayes 45: Hayes (1972) 65 dates these variants between A.D. 230 and 240–320.
Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Hayes 45A (C ware): Gabler (1988) 34, Cat. No. 1, without
a precise date; Gabler (1982) n.21, Abb. 2.3. Aquincum/Budapest: Gabler (1982) 322, dated
between A.D. 360 and 420. Babarc Roman villa: Pintér (2007) 104, Cat. Nos. 29, 31–32 and
Hayes 45A Cat. No. 33.
31  Hayes (1972) 65, dates it to the last quarter of the 3rd c.–first quarter of the 4th c.
Pintér (2007) Cat. No. 30.
32 Hayes (1972) 73, dates the different variants to between A.D. 230/40 and 400. Gabler
(2004) 147.
33 Savaria/Szombathely: Gabler (1982) 316, n.30, Abb. 1.5; Fülöp (2004) 145–46, Cat.
No. 25. Vienna-Oberlaa: Adler-Wölfl (2010) n.619. Visegrád-Gizellamajor: D. Gabler and
 imported and local pottery in late roman pannonia 477

A Hayes 50A piece from Vindobona/Vienna has been discovered, and a

Hayes 50B type vessel was found in Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg.34
Again at Carnuntum, a Hayes 42/51(?) type dish, a Hayes 52B small bowl
with an applied boat decoration, and part of a Hayes 55 (?) dish with
an applied representation of the goddess Roma/Constantinopolis was
unearthed.35 Hayes 53A bowl fragments with an applied motif of a hind
(?), and another with leaf decoration, are published finds from Vindo-
bona/Vienna.36 Numerous fragments of Hayes 52B and 53A dishes also
came to light in Siscia/Sisak.37 It is worth mentioning that these products,
albeit sporadically, reached the Barbaricum, close to the area of Carnun-
tum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg.38
Terra sigillata chiara D1–D2 was manufactured in the north Tunisian
pottery centres, from the middle of the 4th c. A.D.39 A Hayes 56 plate,
a unique, relief-decorated example, came to light in Carnuntum/Bad
Deutsch-Altenburg (Circe-plate).40 A sherd from a Hayes 58 (?) flat based
dish is known from Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg.41 Hayes 59A
plates date from 320/340 to 380–400/420 A.D.,42 and pieces are known from
Salla/Zalalövő, Vindobona/Vienna, Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg,

K. Ottományi (pers. comm.); dated A.D. 320–80; 4 sherds of different plates were found
in the destruction layer of the fortlet. Nemesvámos-Balácapuszta: Gabler (2004) 138, Cat.
Nos. 146–47. Balatonalaki-Ságpuszta: Csirke et al. (2006) 34, Nr 4.2.4. Nagykanizsa-Inkey
kápolna: Gabler (1983) 30–33. Ad Statuas/Ács-Vaspuszta: Gabler (1989) 465. Intercisa/
Dunaújváros: Gabler (1988) 35, Cat. Nos. 15–18; 37, Cat. No. 40.
34 Hayes 50A: Ladstätter (2007) n.230. Hayes 50B: Ladstätter (2007) 256, Cat. Nos. 2–3.
35 Hayes 42/51(?) and Hayes 52B: Hayes (1972) 78, dates it to between A.D. 280/300 and
the early 5th c. Mackensen (2003) Tab. 2, dates them to between A.D. 275 and the early 5th
c. Hayes 55 dating: Hayes (1972) 83, dates it to between the second half of the 4th–first half
of the 5th c. The so-called ‘Roma dish’: Gabler (1988) 34, Cat. No. 7; Gabler (1988) 34, Cat.
No. 8, probably dates to the second half of the 4th c. A.D. Gabler (1988) 34–35, Cat. No. 9,
dates to the last third of the 4th c. A.D.
36 Hind? decoration: Hayes (1972) 82, dates the A-variant A.D. 350–430; Mackensen
(2003) Tab. 2, dates them to between A.D. 310/20 and 430/50. Leaf decoration: Gabler
(1978) K114–115, dated to the second half of the 4th–first third of the 5th c.
37 Makjanić (1995) Pl. 72.
38 Hayes 45 fragment from Cífer-Pác and a small sherd from Bratislava-Dúbravka,
see: Kuzmová (1997) 45, Cat. No. 13/45, Cat. No. 16a/24–26, dated to the first half of the
4th c. A.D.
39 Mackensen and Schneider (2002) 125–30.
40 Hayes (1972) 91, proposes an ovarall date-range of A.D. 360–430. Groller (1908) 71–74;
Hayes (1972) 90–91; Gabler (1998) 365, dates to the end of the 4th c. A.D., more likely
between A.D. 360–90.
41  Hayes (1972) 96, dates it to between A.D. 290/300 and 375. Rauchenwald (1996) 166,
Cat. No. 318, dates it between the end of the 3rd c.–third quarter of the 4th c.
42 A.D. 340 date: Mackensen (1993) 399.; A.D. 380–400 marks the end of the production:
Mackensen (1993) 401.
478 piroska hárshegyi and katalin ottományi

Gorsium/Tác, and Sopianae/Pécs.43 The Hayes 59B type is of the same

date, and fragments are known from Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg,
Vindobona/Vienna, and Aquincum/Budapest, with possible Hayes 59
plate fragments from Savaria/Szombathely and Matrica/Százhalombatta.44
From the beginning of the 5th c. A.D., African Red Slip ware could not
reach the territory of the province of Valeria any more.
The distribution of the ARS types that date to this period, demonstrates
very well the chaotic situation along the Danube bend: this is the period
of the Hunnic invasions, which led to the surrender of Valeria around
A.D. 425. and the transfer of Pannonia Prima to the Huns in A.D. 433. For
this later period of imported wares, only a few scarce finds can be listed:
a Hayes 61A dish fragment was found at Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Alten-
burg, with Hayes 61B dishes being known from Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-
Altenburg, Sirmium/Sremska Mitrovica, and Rittium/Surduk.45 A Hayes
63 dish is also known from Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg.46 Hayes
73 fragments have been published from Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Alten-
burg and Vindobona/Vienna.47 Hayes 89A and 91A fragments are known
from Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg.48
For the later 5th c. A.D., a Hayes 69B dish from Sirmium/Sremska
Mitrovica, and a plate fragment with ‘A’ style decoration (El Mahrine I.2/
1–2), from the legionary camp of Vindobona/Vienna, have to be mentioned.49
It is also worth noting that a fragment of a Hayes 63 type terra sigillata

43 Salla/Zalalövő: Gabler (1977) Cat. Nos. 106, 243. Vindobona/Vienna: Gabler (1978)
K112–113a, dated to mid 4th c.–early 5th c. Adler-Wölfl (2010) n. 619. Carnuntum/Bad
Deutsch-Altenburg: Gabler (1988) 35, Cat. No. 10; Rauchenwald (1996) 166, Cat. No. 319.
Gorsium/Tác: Gabler (1982) 320; Bánki (1990) Cat. Nos. 125, 103. Sopianae/Pécs: Gabler
(1982) 320.
44 Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Gabler (1982) 320, Abb. 2.2. Vindobona/Vienna:
Ladstätter (2007) n. 230. Aquincum/Budapest: Gabler (2012b) 128, 7.13. Savaria/Szom-
bathely: Gabler (1982) 332. Matrica/Százhalombatta: Kovács (2000) 36, Cat. No. 10: without
date.
45 Hayes 61A at Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Ladstätter (2007) 256, Cat. No. 4.
Hayes 61B: Hayes (1972) 107, dates it A.D. 400–50. The Hayes 61 A and B type vessels
appeared at the end of the 4th c. A.D. in the Southeastern Alps: Modrijan and Milavec
(2011) 127. Hayes 61B at: Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Grünewald (1979) Taf. 11.4;
Grünewald (1986) Taf. 2.3, dated to the beginning of the 5th c. A.D. Ladstätter (2007) 256,
Cat. No. 7. Sirmium/Sremska Mitrovica: Gabler (1982) 322. Rittium/Surduk: Brukner (1981)
T.50.12.
46 Ladstätter (2007) 256, Cat. No. 8.
47 Carnuntum/Bad Deutsch-Altenburg: Ladstätter (2007) 256, Cat. No. 9. Vindobona/
Vienna: Ladstätter (2007) n.230.
48 Ladstätter (2007) 256, Cat. No. 10; Ladstätter (2007) 256, Cat. No. 11.
49 Sirmium/Sremska Mitrovica: Gabler (1982) 322. Vindobona/Vienna: Adler-Wölfl
(2010) Tab. 386, KE2785, T.96.
522 piroska hárshegyi and katalin ottományi

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List of Maps and Figures

Map 1. Distribution map of Late Roman imported wares and lamps in the Pannonian
provinces.
Map 2. Late Roman pottery workshops in the Pannonian provinces.
Map 3. Pottery workshops of the Danube bend in the Valentinian period (after Soproni
(1985)).

Fig. 1. Glazed dishes. Budaörs (1, 17) (after Ottományi (2011)); Leányfalu (2, 4, 9–10, 14)
(after Ottományi (1991)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (3, 5, 7–8, 13, 15–16) (after Ottományi
(2012)); Budakalász-Luppacsárda (6) (after Ottományi (2004)); Tokod (11.) (after Bónis
(1991)); Páty (12) (after Ottományi (2007)).
Fig. 2. Glazed jugs, beakers and pots. Budaörs (1, 5–7) (after Ottományi (2011)); Páty (2–4)
(Ottományi (unpublished)); Leányfalu (8–12) (after Ottományi (1991)); Budakalász-Lup-
pacsárda (13) (after Ottományi (2004)).
Fig. 3. Burnished Ware/ Group nos. 2–3. Intercisa/Dunaújváros (1) (after Ottományi
(1987)); Ulcisia Castra/Szentendre (2) (after Ottományi (2006)); Pilismarót-Malompatak
(5) (after Ottományi (1996)); Leányfalu (3–4, 7, 11) (after Ottományi (1991)); Savaria/
Szombathely, Fő tér (6) (after Ottományi and Sosztarits (1998)); Mosonszentmiklós–
Jánosházapuszta (8) (after Ottományi (1987)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (9–10) (after
Ottományi (2012)).
Fig. 4. Burnished Ware/storage vessels. Budaörs (1–2, 6) (after Ottományi (2009)); Ulci-
sia Castra/Szentendre (3) (after Ottományi (2006)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (4) (after
Ottományi (2012)); Pilismarót-Malompatak (5) (after Soproni (1985)).
Fig. 5. Traditional Roman Grey Coarse Ware. Budaörs (1–3, 8–9, 12–13) (after Ottományi
(2012a)); Páty (4–7, 10–11) (Ottományi (unpublished)).
Fig. 6. New types of Roman Grey Coarse Ware from the end of the 4th c. A.D. Páty (1)
(after Ottományi (2007)); Budaörs (2) (after Ottományi (2012a)); Tokod (4–5, 8) (after
Lányi (1981)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (3) (after Ottományi (2012)); Budakalász (6) (after
Ottományi (2004)); Leányfalu (7, 9–11) (after Ottományi (1991)).
Fig. 7. Hand-made and slow wheel-made pottery. Keszthely-Fenékpuszta (1, 7) (after
Ottományi (1987)); Visegrád-Gizellamajor (2, 4, 8) (after Ottományi (2012)); Cirpi/Dun-
abogdány (3) (after Ottományi (1999)); Ságvár (5) (unpublished); Budaörs (6, 9) (after
Ottományi (2012a)); Leányfalu (10–11) (after Ottományi (1991)).