JN\DUI 4 LNK 2

Gnrn ]ufvis
]djeuntnk
 

Lnfnj jdkgnjpur sdreuc adklncfna lifncucnk sdgnrn

sdgnrn gdrjnt
lnk onhn nhnr onkhnk nln enhink ynkh jdkdjpdf pnln liklikh
j`rr. \drutnjn uktuc sdreuc ynkh edrcansint cdrns lnk
lnfnj oujfna cdgif. Anf-anf ynkh pdrfu lipdrancnk lnfnj
jdjeunt sdreuc ?
•
@ent ynkh edredktuc cristnf/ e`khcnank edsnr adklnckyn
lihdrus anfus lufu.
•
@ent ynkh edrcansint cdrns lnk oujfnakyn sdlicit lignjpur
ldkhnk znt pdknjena (c`kstudk) lnfnj j`rr.
•

@ent
enawnynkh edrfniknk
sdreuc sulna wnrkn linluc edrsnjnnk nhnr tnjpnc
jdrntn.
•
@ent ynkh oujfnakyn sdlicit lijnsuccnk tdrfdeia lnaufu.
•
@ent ynkh v`fujdkyn cdgif lijnsuccnk tdrfdeia lnaufu.
 

JDKTUT\ ODKIW ENANK LNK

GNUN ]DJETN\NKKYN, WDUETC
LIENHI JDKONLI ?

>. Wdreuc ldkhnk enank enank pnlnt ?

enank pnlnt anfus sdcnfi, enank pnlnt
edrupn anefur/Cris
anefur/Cristnf
tnf
5. Wdreuc ldkhnk enank sdtdkhna pnlnt
7. Wdreuc
<. Wdreuc ldkhnk enank gnirsuf
ldkhnk tnefdt/cnpsuf
tnefdt/cnp
 

n. Wdre
Wdreuc
uc L
Ldk
dkhn
hnkk Enan
Enank k ]nln
]nlntt
>) Enan
Enankk pnln
pnlntt anfu
anfuss sdc
sdcnfi 
nfi 

 Wdreuc anfus lnc edrcansint cdrns

cdrns
Edfdrnkh. Edfdrnkh lnc lnpnt linync ldkhnk nyncnk lnri sutdrn
jnupuk f`hnj cnrdkn jdkijeufcnk eurnk edrjuntnk fistric ncient
hdsdcnk, cnrdkn
cnrdkn itu lnfnj pdjeuntnk edlnc tneur lnc icut linync.
l inync.
I`l`b`rj. Cnrdkn enukyn ynkh sucnr liaifnkhcnk jncn lnfnj edlnc

tneur linync tdrpisna (hukncnk nyncnk causus).

Wdreuc snkhnt anfus lnk edrwnrkn. Jisnfkyn ? ribnjpisik, Weii ]dktn
Wufluj Wdreuc lnpnt jnsuc cdlnfnj p`ri-p`ri j`rr lnk wnrknkyn
sufit aifnkh, jncn pnln wnctu jdkhhdrus j`rr lifnpisi znt tnjenank
(c`kstudk)
Wdreuc anfus edrcansint cdrns
Lnfnj oujfna enkync. Lihdrus lnfnj j`rr ldkhnk lifnpisi znt
tnjenank.
Lnfnj oujfna sdlicit (curnkh lnri 4= jh), lieunt pdkhdkgdrnk
 

5) Enank
Enank pnln
pnlntt edrup
edrupn
n anefu
anefur/
r/cri
crist
stnf 
nf 
Wdreuc ldkhnk ganjp`rn Ganjpa`rn snkhnt julna jdkhujpuf fnhi, uktuc
jdkgdhnakyn licdroncnk ldkhnk jdkgnjpur lufu ldkhnk dtdr ntnu dtnk`f 94
% (uktuc `ent licdrikhcnk ldkhnk znt tnjenank). Gnrn ikipuk anrus an-an
cnrdkn tdrfnfu fnjn jdkhhdrus ntnu ldkhnk sdlicit litdcnk wnctu jdkhhdrus
ncnk jdkhujpufcnk cdjenfi gnjpurnk tdrsdeut.
Wdreuc ldkhnk nsnj snfisifnt. Wdreuc snkhnt rikhnk lnk julna tdrenkh ynkh
ncnk jdkydenecnk rnkhsnkhnk tdranlnp sdfnput fdklir ailukh lnk jntn aikhhn
ncnk edrsik. Lnfnj anf iki nsnj snfisifnt citn ensnai ldkhnk dtdr lnk sdhdrn
licdrikhcnk ldkhnk znt tnjenank.
Wdreuc ldkhnk nsnj edkz`nt, kn`f, jdkt`f, tayj`f Licdroncnk sdpdr lintns.
Tktuc `ent lnfnj lipncni dtnk`f 94 % sdlnkhcnk uktuc `ent funr lihukncnk
dtdr. Wdreuc ldkhnk hnrnj-hnrnj ynkh jdkhnklukh cristnf. Lnpnt licdroncnk
lnfnj fujpnkh pnkns, jisnfkyn CI lnk hnrnj- hnrnj er`jiln. Hnrnj- hnrnj
ynkh jdjpukyni hnrnj dxiggntuskyn, fdeia enic citn hnk ldkhnk dxiggntuskyn.
Kntrii Cnre`kns 4=% ntnu º enhink
Kntrii Wufbns 4=% ntnu º enhink
Bdrr`si Wufbns 28% ntnu 5/7 enhink
Jnhkdsii Wufbns 28% ntnu 5/7 enhink

Nfujkii dt cnfi Wufbns 28% ntnu 5/7 enhink

 

e. Wdreuc ldkhnk Enankn gnir

>) Wdreuc
Wdreuc ldkhnk
ldkhnk jiky
jikync
nc ntsiri 
ntsiri 
  Jikync ntsiri lnpnt litdtdscnk tdrncair ntnu lnpnt ouhn lieunt `fd`
sngganrn, yncki gnjpurnk 5 hrnj hufn ldkhnk > tdtds jikync. Eifn
adklnc lieunt < h `fd`sngganrn nkisi, citn gnjpur < h sngganruj ldkhnk
5 tdtds jikync nkisi.
5) Wdreuc ldkhnk kgturd
G`kt`akyn sdreuc ldkhnk @pii \ikgturn, Lihitnfis \ikgturn, Ng`ki
\ikgturn, Edffnl`kknd \ikgturn, Lihitnfis \ikgturn, Untnkaind \ikgturn.
\ikgtur lnfnj oujfna cdgif licdroncnk ldkhnk fujpnkh pnkns cdjulink
licdrikhcnk ldkhnk znt tnjenank. Wdlnkhcnk lnfnj oujfna edsnr
licdroncnk ldkhnk jdkhunpcnk lintns tnkhns nir snjpni cdktnf enru
litnjenacnk znt tnjenank (snjpni lnpnt lisdrnp `fda znt tnjenank )
nluc snjpni cdrikh cdjulink linkhcnt. \ikgturn ynkh liunpcnk iki
edrntkyn =, uktuc sdreuc tdrenhi cdaifnkhnk edrnt lnc pdrfu lihnk,
sdlnkhcnk uktuc sdreuc tnc tdrenhi anrus lihnk sdedrnt kgturn itu
ldkhnk znt tnjenank.
 

_nt edrcansint lnri kgtur jdkhunp, pnln ujujkyn tdrenhi jdkonli 5 ?

• \ikgtur ynkh lnpnt linjeif enhink-enhinkkyn. Wpiritus sdenhni
pdfnrutkyn lihnk ldkhnk znt tnjenank. G`kt`akyn I`lii kg.
Gnjpa`r Wpiritus, \ikg. @pii Edkz`ign
Edkz`ign
• \ikgtur ynkh lnc lnpnt linjeif enhink-enhinkkyn. Cnfnu oujfnakyn
enkync lifncucnk pdkhdrikhnk pnln suau sdrdklna jukhcik, tnpi
cnfnu oujfnakyn sdlicit lnpnt litnjena fnkhsukh cdlnfnj gnjpurnk
sdreuc. Citn entnsi jncsijnf < tdtds lnfnj > hrnj sdreuc. G`kt`akyn
Rnfdrinknd \ikg. Nr`jng \ikg.
n. Wdre
Wdreuc
uc Ld
Ldkh
khnk
nk Dxtr
Dxtrng
ngtu
tuj
j
>) Dxtrngtuj sigguj (dcstrnc cdrikh)
]dkhdronnkkyn sdpdr jdjeunt sdreuc ldkhnk znt pnlnt anfus.
G`kt`akyn @pii dxtrngtuj, Wtrygaki dxtrngtuj
(5) Dxtrngtuj Wpissuj (dcstrnc cdktnf)
Licdroncnk lnfnj fujpnkh pnkns ldkhnk sdlicit pdknjenank pdfnrut
(dtnk`f 8= %) uktuc jdkhdkgdrcnk dcstrnc, cdjulink tnjenacnk znt
tnjenank sdenhni pdkhdrikh. G`kt`akyn Edffnl`kknd dxtrngtuj,
Ay`sgynji dxtrngtuj. Dxtrnc Gnkkneis Iklignd lnk Dxtrnc Rnfdrinknd
jdkhhukncnkdtnk`f 9= %. Dxtrnc Bifigis ldkhnk dtdr.
 

7) Dxtrngtuj Fiquiluj (dcstrnc gnir)

Licdroncnk sdpdr jdkhdroncnk sdreuc ldkhnk kgtur. G`kt`akyn
Uanjki ]ursainknd dxt, Dxt. Aylrns
Aylrnss
s Fiq.
Gntntnk ? Dcstrnc Gaiknd Fiq. eisn lihnk ldkhnk dcstrnc Gaiknd Wigguj
sdenkync sdpdrhnkyn.
g. Wdreuc ldkhnk enank sdtdkhna pnlnt
Einsnkyn tdrlnpnt lnfnj edlnc tneur. Ynkh tdrjnsuc enank sdtdkhna
pnlnt nlnfna nldps fnknd, gdrn nvn, gdrn nfen, pnrnk pnlnt, vnsdfik
cukikh lnk vnsdfik pua. 
pua.  Lnfnj oujfna edsnr  sdenickyn lifdeur lufu
lintns tnkhns nir, enru lignjpur ldkhnk znt tnjenank. Lnfnj oujfna
sdlicit  lihdrus ldkhnk pdknjenank ngdt`k ntnu dtdr, enru litnjena
znt tnjenank.
l. Wdreuc ldkhnk
ldkhnk tnefdt ntnu cnpsuf
Lnpnt citn njeif edktuc tnefdt ntnu cnpsuf itu fnkhsukh. \nefdt lihdrus
anfus cdjulink lijenkh edrntkyn. Cnpsuf licdfunrcnk isikyn
cdjulink lijenkh edrntkyn. Cnfnu tnefdt / cnpsuf tdrliri lnri sntu
jngnj znt edrcansint sdrtn licdtnaui cnlnr znt edrcansintkyn lnpnt citn
jenkh lnfnj edktuc znt nsfikyn. G`kt`akyn Gaf`rtrijdt`k tnefdt
cnlnrkyn < jh, lnpnt ouhn linjeif Gaf`rpadkirnjik Jnfdns lnfnj
edktuc sdreuc ynkh sulna li dkgdrcnk lnfnj fngt`sn
 

Lnri
]ufv rdsdp lintns,
:  ]ufvis lifncucnk
 : Wdreuc tilncnknfisis
tdrenhitdrfdeia lnaufu ?
ln ik lij : ln ik lijili` : edricnk sdtdkhnakyn
sdtdkhnakyn
Nln s.u.d., jncn pufvis iki uktuc pdjncnink funr 
Wdtdfna li gdc cdsdsunink rdsdp, jncn ligdc npncna
tdronli ikc`jpntieifitns nktnr enank.
Li lnfnj rdsdp iki, tdronli ikc`jpneifitns lnri zikc
`csiln lnk jdkta`f, lijnkn pnln snnt lignjpur,
cdlun enank ncnk jdkgnir.
Gnrn jdkhntnsikyn nlnfna ldkhnk tilnc jdjeuntkyn
snfikh c`ktnc ntnu sdtdfna jdkgnir licdrikhcnk
ldkhnk enank pdkhisi.

9
 9

  Lnri rdsdp lintns, lifncucnk nknfisis tdrfdeia

lnaufu ?
]ufv :  ]ufvis : Wdreuc tilnc tdrenhi
•

ln ik lij
• : ln ik lijili` : edricnk
sdtdkhnakyn
Nln s.u.d., jncn pufvis iki uktuc pdjncnink
•

funr 
]DUAI\TKHNK ENANK   Wdtdfna li gdc cdsdsunink rdsdp, jncn ligdc
>. Nsnj snfisifnt : 5/>== x >4 h :
>. Nsnj
npncna tdronli ikc`jpntieifitns nktnr enank.
=,7 h   Li lnfnj rdsdp iki, tdronli ikc`jpneifitns
5. Jdkta`f
5. Jdkta`f : >/>== x >4 h : =,>4 h lnri zikc `csiln lnk jdkta`f, lijnkn pnln
snnt lignjpur, cdlun enank ncnk jdkgnir.
7. _ikc
7. _ikc `csiln : 5=/>== x >4 h : 7 h
  Gnrn jdkhntnsikyn nlnfna ldkhnk tilnc
<. \nfc : >4 h ‗ (=,7 h + =,>4 h + 7
<. \nfc
h) : >4 h ‗ 7,<4 h : >>,44 h
jdjeuntkyn snfikh c`ktnc ntnu sdtdfna jdkgnir
licdrikhcnk ldkhnk enank pdkhisi.
\`tnf e`e`t enank : >4 h
 >=

GNUN CDUON
- Lisinpcnk nfnt lnk enank
- Litijenkh enank sdsuni pdraitukhnk
- Lijnsuccnk _k@ lnk Jdkta`f cd lnfnj fujpnkh,
fujpnkh, lihdrus
snjpni jdkgnir 
- Lijnsuccnk sdlicit \nfc
\nfc cd lnfnj fujpnkh, hdrus snjpni
cdrikh
- Lijnsuccnk Nsnj snfisifnt cd lnfnj fujpnkh fnik, litdtdscnk

sdlicit nfc`a`f 8=%

- Litnjenacnk snjpni
sdlicit fnrut
\nfc cd
\nfc lnfnj nsnj snfisifnt, hdrus snjpni
cdrikh
- Lignjpurcnk cdlun enank, hdrus snjpni a`j`hdk
- Litnjenacnk sisn \nfc
\nfc cd lnfnj fujpnkh, hdrus snjpni
a`j`hdk
- Linync pnln nyncnk k`. jdsa >==
- Lijnsuccnk cd lnfnj wnlna
- Lijnsuccnk lnfnj snc `ent
- Liedri dticdt
 >>

Cdjnsnk uktuc Wdreuc \nc

\drenhi
Cdjnsnk uktuc sdreuc tnc tdrenhi Tktuc pdjncnink funr,
sdreuc tnc tdrenhi ujujkyn licdjns lnfnj wnlna cnfdkh ynkh
edrfuenkh-fuenkh ntnu sdodkis nyncnk uktuc jdjulnacnk
pdkhhuknnk pnln cufit. Jisnfkyn edlnc tneur. Wdlnkhcnk uktuc
`ent lnfnj, sdreuc tnc tdrenhi einsn lisijpnk lnfnj e`t`f
edrjufut fdenr supnyn sdkl`c lnpnt ldkhnk julna cdfunr jnsuc
jdfnfui jufut e`t`f. G`kt`akyn sdreuc nktngil, sdreuc fncsnvn.
Xnlna lnri hdfns lihukncnk pnln sdreuc ynkh jdkhnklukh enank
`ent aihr`sc`pis / julna jdkgnir, sdreuc ynkh jdkhnklukh enank
`ent ynkh julna jdkhunp. Tktuc sdreuc ynkh c`jp`kdkkyn
sdksib tdranlnp gnanyn jdkhhukncnk wnlna hdfns edrwnrkn aionu
ntnu njedr.