Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.3 Gauss Elimination Method
1.3 Gauss Elimination Method
1.3 Gauss Elimination Method
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D.R. SASI REKHA
Linear Algebra
Working procedure:
1
DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D.R. SASI REKHA
Problems:
Solution
1 1 1 : 9
Consider [𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [1 −2 3 : 8] 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 ; 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
2 1 −1 : 3
1 1 1 : 9
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 −3 2 : −1 ] 𝑅3 → 3𝑅3 − 𝑅2
0 −1 −3 : −15
1 1 1 : 9
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 −3 2 : −1 ]
0 0 −11 : −44
Let us now convert the prevailing form of [𝐴: 𝐵] into a set of equation as follows
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9 ; −3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −1 ; −11𝑧 = −44
Using back substitution we get
𝒙=𝟐 , 𝒚=𝟑 , 𝒛=𝟒
Solution
2 1 3 : 1
Consider [𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [4 4 7 : 1] 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 ; 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
2 5 9 : 3
2 1 3 : 1
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 2 1 : −1] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
0 4 6 : 2
2 1 3 : 1
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 2 1 : −1]
0 0 4 : 4
2
DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D.R. SASI REKHA
Let us now convert the prevailing form of [𝐴: 𝐵] into a set of equation as follows
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 1 ; 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −1 ; 4𝑥3 = 4
Using back substitution we get
𝟏
𝒙𝟏 = − , 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟏 , 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏
𝟐
Solution
1 5 6 : 8
Consider [𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [4 −5 1 : 5] 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1 ; 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 5𝑅1
5 1 6 : 11
1 5 6 : 8
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 −25 −23 : −27] 𝑅3 → 25𝑅3 − 24𝑅2
0 −24 −24 : −29
1 5 6 : 8
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 −25 −23 : −27]
0 0 −48 : −77
Let us now convert the prevailing form of [𝐴: 𝐵] into a set of equation as follows
𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 8 ; −25𝑦 − 23𝑧 = −27 ; −48𝑧 = −77
Using back substitution we get
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟗 𝟕𝟕
𝒙= , 𝒚=− , 𝒛=
𝟒𝟖 𝟒𝟖 𝟒𝟖
Solution
1 −1 1 : 1
Consider [𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [−3 2 −3 : −6] 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 + 3𝑅1 ; 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
2 −5 3 : 5
3
DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D.R. SASI REKHA
1 −1 1 : 1
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 −1 0 : −3] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅2
0 −3 1 : 3
1 −1 1 : 1
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 −1 0 : −3]
0 0 1 : 12
Let us now convert the prevailing form of [𝐴: 𝐵] into a set of equation as follows
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 ; −𝑦 = −3 ; 𝑧 = 12
Using back substitution we get
𝒙 = −𝟖 , 𝒚 = 𝟑 , 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟐
Solution
5 1 1 1 : 4
Consider [𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [1 7 1 1 : 12
] 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅4
1 1 6 1 : −5
1 1 1 4 : −6
1 1 1 4 : −6
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [1 7 1 1 : 12
] 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 ; 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 ; 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 5𝑅1
1 1 6 1 : −5
5 1 1 1 : 4
1 1 1 4 : −6
0 6 0 −3 : 18
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [ ] 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 /3
0 0 5 −3 : 1
0 −4 −4 −19 : 34
1 1 1 4 : −6
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 2 0 −1 : 6
] 𝑅4 → 𝑅3 + 2𝑅3
0 0 5 −3 : 1
0 −4 −4 −19 : 34
4
DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D.R. SASI REKHA
1 1 1 4 : −6
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 2 0 −1 : 6
] 𝑅4 → 5𝑅4 + 4𝑅3
0 0 5 −3 : 1
0 0 −4 −21 : 46
1 1 1 4 : −6
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 2 0 −1 : 6
]
0 0 5 −3 : 1
0 0 0 −117 : 234
Let us now convert the prevailing form of [𝐴: 𝐵] into a set of equation as follows
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 4𝑥4 = −6 ; 2𝑥2 − 𝑥4 = 6 ; 5𝑥3 − 3𝑥4 = 1 ; 117𝑥4 = 234 ,
Using back substitution we get
𝒙𝟏 = 𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐 , 𝒙𝟑 = −𝟏 ; 𝒙𝟒 = −𝟐
Solution
2 −1 1 0 : −1
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 2 −1 1 : 1
Consider ] 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅3
1 0 2 −1 : −1
1 1 0 2 : 3
1 0 2 −1 : −1
0 2 −1 1 : 1
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [ ] 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1 ; 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 − 𝑅1
2 −1 1 0 : −1
1 1 0 2 : 3
1 0 2 −1 : −1
0 2 −1 1 : 1
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [ ] 𝑅3 → 2𝑅3 + 𝑅2 ; 𝑅4 → 2𝑅4 − 𝑅2
0 −1 −3 2 : 1
0 1 −2 3 : 4
1 0 2 −1 : −1
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 2 −1 1 : 1
] 𝑅4 → 7𝑅4 − 3𝑅3
0 0 −7 5 : 3
0 0 −3 5 : 7
5
DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D.R. SASI REKHA
1 0 2 −1 : −1
[𝐴 ∶ 𝐵] = [0 2 −1 1 : 1
]
0 0 −7 5 : 3
0 0 0 20 : 40
Let us now convert the prevailing form of [𝐴: 𝐵] into a set of equation as follows
𝑥1 + 2𝑥3 − 𝑥4 = −1 ; 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 1 ; −7𝑥3 + 5𝑥4 = 3 ; 20𝑥4 = 40 ,
Using back substitution we get
𝒙𝟏 = −𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 , 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏 ; 𝒙𝟒 = 𝟐
(ii) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 , 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10 , 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13
(iii) 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −8 , 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0 , − 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
(iv) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1 , −3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 0 , 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 0
Answers:
𝟏 𝟏
(i) 𝒙=𝟏 , 𝒚=𝟐 , 𝒛 = −𝟐
(ii) 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = −1, 𝑧 = 3
(iii) 𝑥 = −4 , 𝑦 = −5, 𝑧 = 2
9 23 13
(iv) 𝑥 = 34 , 𝑦 = 34 , 𝑧 = 34
(v) 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑥2 = 2, 𝑥3 = −1, 𝑥4 = −2