BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

MR. ANDRE LUIS C. RAMIREZ

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 Business Mathematics

DYCIan Learning Account No. 1

Decimals, Percent, and Operations
with Decimals and Percent

This learning account will help you review your basic understanding of the basic concept of fractions in
terms of decimals and percent. In addition, the application of these concepts will be presented to evaluate
its usage in real-life problems.

At the end of this learning account, you are expected to:

• express fractions to decimal and percentage forms;
• solve problems involving fractions, decimals, and percent.

Decimals and Percent are an alternative way of expressing fractions. It represents fractions in
research and basic usages like money, data presentation, and the likes. Decimals are commonly
used to erase the complication of reading fractions and give a more direct representation of
estimations and partitions of different objects.

Conversion of Fractions to Decimal:

To convert fractions to decimals, we need to inspect the properties of a fraction and systematically
perform its conversion:
3
The numerator which is 3 will be divided by the denominator which is 4.
4
Using long division:

3
Since the final solution ended with 0, then the decimal for 4 is 0.75

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Business Mathematics

Examples:
Convert the following fractions into decimal form.
2 12 1
1) 5 2) 5 3) 3 3

Solutions:
For number 1: 2 ÷ 5 = 0.4

For number 2: 12 ÷ 5 = 2.4

For number 3:
Convert to improper fraction by
multiplying the whole number to the
Step 1 (3 × 3) + 1 = 10
denominator and add the product to
the numerator

𝟏𝟎 We now divide the new numerator by

Step 2 → 10 ÷ 3 = 3.33 the denominator
𝟑

Note: In number 3, if using the long division will result in a non – terminating solution, round – off to the
nearest hundredths place (two decimal places).

Conversion of Fractions to Percent:

To convert fractions to percent, it is traditionally done by converting fractions to decimal form and
then multiply the resulting decimal form by 100%. Using the previous example, we got the answer;

0.75 × 100% = 75%

Hint: To convert decimals into percent easier, just move the decimal place twice to the right.
Example: 0.3385 → 33.85%

Examples:
Convert the following fractions into percentage form.
9 155 4
1) 36
2) 25
3) 1 16

Solutions:
For number 1:
Convert to decimals by dividing the
9 ÷ 36 = 0.25 numerator by the denominator
Step 1

0.25 × 100% = 25% Multiply the decimal by 100%

Step 2

For number 2:

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 Business Mathematics

For number 2:

155 5 31 Simplify high – valued fractions by

Step 1 ÷ = their GCF. In this case, both
25 5 5
numerator and denominator are
divided by 5

Step 2 31 ÷ 5 = 6.2 Convert to decimal form

6.2 × 100% = 620% Multiply the decimal by 100%

Step 3

For number 3:

(1 × 16) + 4 = 20 Convert to improper fraction

Step 1

𝟐𝟎 Convert to decimal form

Step 2 → 20 ÷ 16 = 1.25
𝟏𝟔

Convert to percentage form by

Step 3 1.25 × 100% = 125% multiplying the decimal to 100%

Operations with Decimals and Percent

To discuss the operations dealing with decimals and percent, we will be using word problems to
evaluate their importance in real-life problems. When computing operations with mixed forms,
convert the other values to a more suitable form for easier computations. (If there is a combination
of fraction and decimal, it is advisable to convert 1 form with the same form as the other)

Example:
1. Usopp needs to repair their ship due to a storm breaking their mast. He bought 20m of wood
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and needs it to divide into equal parts measuring 3 7 m each. How much excess wood does he
have to be used for other repairs?

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Solution:
Convert the mixed fraction to improper
20 24 140 24 fraction then convert the whole
Step 1 ÷ → ÷ number into fraction form with the
1 7 7 7
same LCD as the improper fraction

140 7 140 Change the operation to multiplication

Step 2 × 24 =
7 24 and get the reciprocal of the divisor
(right of the division symbol)
140 Convert the fraction into decimal form.
≈ 5.83
Step 3 24 Take note of the symbol used was
approximation since the quotient is
non – terminating in nature
24
5× → (5 × 24) ÷ 7 Multiply 5 (possible equal parts) by the
Step 4 7 length of each part.
≈ 17.14m

These prior steps are essential for determining the necessary length for the repair of the mast.

Finally, subtract from 20 the answer

Step 5 20 – 17.14 = 2.86 m we got previously to know the excess
length to use for other repairs

2. Rebecca wants to bake a cake for her father’s birthday. She needs 3 kg of flour, 0.52 kg of
sugar, and 0.24 kg of sweetener. If a kilo of flour costs Php. 60.00, a kilo of sugar is Php. 30.00,
and a kilo of sweetener is Php. 47.50, how much will she need to procure her needed
ingredients?

Solution:
Multiply the price of each ingredient to
60 × 3 = 180
its corresponding required quantity
Step 1 30 × 0.52 = 15.60
47.50 × 0.24 = 11.40

180 + 15.50 + 11.40 Add the total price of each ingredient

Step 2 = Php. 206.90 to calculate the needed amount

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3. Mr. Luis started to invest in the stock market and chose to be an investor in Epic Games. After 10
years the return of investment is rated as 8% of the principal, how much will be his money after 10
years if he invested Php. 1,250,000.00?

Solution:

Multiply the principal with the rate of

Step 1 1,250,000 × 0.08 = 100,000 return (convert the percent into
decimal form)

1,250,000 + 100,000 Add the principal and the interest

Step 2 = Php. 1,350,000.00 gained

4. Ms. Rivera withdrew an amount of Php. 730,000.00 from a time deposit of Php. 625,000.00. What
percent of the principal is the increase?

Solution:

Subtract the principal from the

Step 1 730,000 – 625,000 = 105,000 withdrawn amount to solve for the
increase

105,000 ÷ 625,000 = 0.168 Divide the increase from the principal

Step 2

Step 3 0.168 × 100% = 16.8% Multiply the decimal form by 100% to

solve for the percentage increase

*For more examples, please refer to your book on page 26, page 28 – 30, and page 35 – 36.

**For practice, you may answer Exercises A and B found in your book on page 16, page 22, page 27,
page 31, and page 37.

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Business Mathematics

Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ______________

Grade and Section:_____________ Subject Teacher:__________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________
DYCIan Learning Account No. 1
Decimals, Percent, and Operations
with Decimals and Percent

Calculate and solve the following problems:

1. Every passenger in any domestic flight of an airline A is allowed 25 kilograms of luggage for free.
However, the excess baggage costs Php. 200.00 per kilogram. If a person has 36.3 kilograms of
luggage, how much extra will the person pay?

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2. As partners in a business venture, Mr. Diaz put 18 4 % of their capital, while Mr. Joestar shared Php.
1,500,000. How much did Mr. Diaz put in as a part of their capital?

3. A sari-sari store saved Php. 325,800.00 last year. If this represents 12% of its annual income, how
much was its income last year?

4. A senior high school has 5000 students enrolled for the academic year 2017 – 2019. Of these, 1200
are taking ABM, 1500 are HUMMS, 700 are STEM, and the remaining are GAS.
a) What percent of the enrollees took STEM courses?
b) What percent has chosen a course other than HUMMS or ABM courses?
c) What percent are enrolled in GAS?

5. An automatic washing machine was sold at Php. 38, 750. Liu Kang and Martin Mystery purchased it
with a down payment of 15% of the selling price and the remaining balance will be paid by 10 monthly
payments.
a) How much was their down payment?
b) How much will be their monthly payment?

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DYCIan Learning Account No. 2

Decimals, Ratio and Rate, Proportions (Direct, Inverse,
and Partitive Proportions)

This learning account will help you review basic concepts about ratio, rate, and proportion. The application
of the lessons in real-life problems will be the focus of this learning account.

At the end of this learning account, you are expected to:

• formulate and solve problems involving ratio and proportion;
• use the concept of proportion in life – making decisions

Have you ever tried baking without a list of recipes and start to have an experiment with what you
have? Have you ever wondered how fast you can run but don’t know exactly how to measure your
speed? And have you ever questioned the share that you get when you eat a box of pizza? All of
these things can be answered by the concepts of ratio, rate, and proportion.

Ratio is a comparison of two or more numbers that indicates their sizes in relation to each other. A
ratio compares quantities by division, with the dividend or number being divided termed the
antecedent, and the divisor or number that is dividing termed the consequent. (Jennifer Ledwith,
2019). In this essence, a ratio can be expressed as a fraction, a decimal, or percentage.

Rate is defined as a comparison of quantities having different units expressed in simplest form. In
rates, the quantities being compared have different units. (Lopez, Martin - Lundag, & Dagal, 2016) In
this essence, any numerical entity being compared but having different quantities is best represented in
fractional form but can be converted in decimals and percent as per the previous lesson. (see DLA 1)
𝑎 𝑐
Proportions are created when two equal ratios are being compared. That is, = or a:b = c:d, where
𝑏 𝑑
ad = bc. (Lopez, Martin - Lundag, & Dagal, 2016) The use of proportions is relevant when a missing
unit with the same ratio as another is being solved.

Types of Proportions
Proportions can be identified into three categories: Direct, Indirect, and Partitive. Direct proportions
are those who have the same ratios. Indirect proportions are those who have inverse ratios. Partitive
proportions are being depicted as unequal parts of a whole.

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1. In a class of 56 students, there are 32 male students and 24 female students. What is the ratio of
male to female students?

Solution:
32
Since there are 32 males and 24 females, the ratio can be expressed as 32:24. In fraction form: 24
4
or 3 , in decimals: 1.33, in percent: 133%

2. A race car was tested on a certain race track and has created a record of astonishing 80 miles per
30 seconds. How do we represent the rate of the speed of the race car?

Solution:
80
Again, we can represent a certain rate by using the fractional form. We can write it as which is
30
read as 80 miles per 30 second.

3. In a class of aspiring chefs, Momo Akanegakubo can bake 3 cakes in 420 minutes. At the same
rate, how long would Momo take to bake 10 cakes?

Solution:
Since we have an unknown variable, we represent it as x

# 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 3 6 Express the given information into

Step 1 → = fraction form
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 420 𝑥

We use the butterfly method to

Step 2 3x = 6(420) simplify the rational equation.

3𝑥 6(420) Before we multiply, we can

Step 3 3
= 3
→ x = 2(420) immediately divide both sides of the
equation by 3 to simplify the answer.

By multiplying the remaining values,

Step 4 x = 840 minutes we can now compute for the final
answer

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4. Erza and her friends started to save money for their upcoming outing. In 2 weeks, they were able to
save Php. 3,700.00. How many weeks will they need to be able to save Php. 20,000.00?

Solution:

# 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑠 2 𝑤 Express the information into fraction

Step 1 → = form
𝑠𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 3,700 20,000

Use the butterfly method

Step 2 2(20,000) = w(3,700)

40,000 = 3,700w Perform multiplication on both sides

Step 3

40,000 3,700𝑤 Divide both sides by 3,700 to

= → 𝑤 ≈ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟏 or 11 weeks
Step 4 3,700 3,700 solve for w. Since we are
finding the value for the time
needed, we always round up

5. Assuming that housekeepers have a standard rate of work, how long will it take for 2 housekeepers
to clean an entire mansion if it takes 4 days for 8 housekeepers to clean it?

Solution:
We represent the information in
# 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑠 # 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 2 4
Step 1
# 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠
= # 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
→ 8
= 𝑥
fraction form. Since the problem is
about inverse proportion, the
values on the right side are switched
as opposed to the normal
representation. (see example 4)

Step 2 2 4 Use the butterfly method

= → 2𝑥 = 4(8)
8 𝑥

Divide both sides by 2(numerical

Step 3 2𝑥 4(8)
= → 𝑥 = 2(8) coefficient of the unknown variable)
2 2

Perform the indicated operation and

simplify your answer
Step 4 x = 16 days

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6. Mr. Karasuma gave Php. 125,000.00 as the club fund for the upcoming school fair. The Math Club,
Science Club, and Art Club will share the amount in the ratio 2:3:5. How much did he give for each
group?

Solution:
Add the number of partitions
2 + 3 + 5 = 10
Step 1

Divide the total amount by the total

Step 2 125,000 ÷ 10 = 12,500
partitions

12,500 × 2 = 25,000 – Math Club

Multiply the divided amount to each
Step 3 12,500 × 3 = 37,500 – Science Club
partition
12,500 × 5 = 62,500 – Art Club

*For more examples, you can refer to your book on pages 42 to 44, page 47, and pages 50 to 52

**For practice, answer Exercises A and B on page 45, page 48, and page 53

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Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ______________

Grade and Section:_____________ Subject Teacher:__________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________
DYCIan Learning Account No. 2
Decimals, Percent, and Operations
with Decimals and Percent

Calculate and solve the following problems:

1. In each of the following statements, x and y are inversely proportional.
a. When x is 4, y is 12, what is y when x is 8?

b. When y is 9, x is 16, what is y when x is 3?

c. If y is 14, when x is 8, what is y when x is 7?

2. If there are 90 participants who attended a seminar, and the ratio of women to men is 2:3, how many
women attended the seminar?

3. The architect’s drawing of a rectangular swimming pool has dimensions of 5 cm by 7.5 cm on a blueprint.
If the length of the actual pool is 21ft, what is the area of the actual swimming pool in square feet?

4. Sanji Vinsmoke allocates his monthly salary for bills, food, transportation, and other expenses at the ratio
of 3:3:2:2. If he received Php. 33,750.00 last month, how much did he spend for food?

5. Richie Rich donates two – fifths of his annual earnings to six charity institutions in the ratio of 2:2:3:5:6:7.
If the charity institution with the largest share received Php. 2,275,840 last year, how much did the
philanthropist earn?

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Business Mathematics

DYCIan Learning Account No. 3

Trade Discount
and Discount Series

This learning account will help you understand the necessity of the different types of discounts present in
various businesses. Proper application of discounts and trade discounts can prove to be a good business
strategy to earn more profit or minimize loss.

At the end of this learning account, you are expected to:

• illustrate how to compute singe trade discounts and discount series;
• solve problems involving trade discounts and discount series.

One sunny day morning you and your family went to the mall to go shopping. To your surprise,
different sale deals are being offered by different businesses. As you wander around the mall you
happen to notice a different discount present for the same product by different brands. One brand
gives a single discount of 45% with a bulk order of 10 items while another brand gives a series of
discount of 20% for every 6 items and another discount of 15% for every additional 2 items. You
became confused because in your mind they are seemingly the same. But do not be fooled by mere
observations, your problem can be solved even on the spot. In this lesson, we are going to dive into
the discussion of single discounts and discount series and identify their differences.

Trade Discounts are deducted price given by a wholesaler to a consumer when they buy products in
bulk orders. (What is a Trade Discount? n.d.) In a sense, it is a reduced percentage of the goods that
were bought by a consumer. It is being given as a single discount to a large order. It can be
computed by using the formula:
Trade Discount = Original Price × Discount Rate
TD = OP × DR
Using the given formula, two additional formulas can be derived:
𝑻𝑫
OP = 𝑫𝑹

𝑻𝑫
DR = 𝑶𝑷 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
Discount Series is evident if several discounts are given to a consumer with different conditions.
(Lopez, Martin - Lundag, & Dagal, 2016). It gives the idea of enticing the customers to buy more
because of the different perks being offered along with the initial deal. The normal way of computing
a discount series is to apply the formula for single discounts the same number of times the discount
series are being offered. So, from the problem wherein a discount was given to you by 20% and 15%
discount respectively, you compute first the less 20% then apply the succeeding 15% discount. There
is no direct formula that can be used to compute a discount series, but there is a system where you
can compute discount series as a single discount.

Step 1: Compute for the complement of the discount rate

Step 2: Convert the complement into decimal form
Step 3: Multiply the decimal form of the given discount rates
Step 4: Subtract the product to 1, the difference will be the equivalent value as a single trade
discount
Step 5: Multiply the computed discount to the original price

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1. The marked price of a legendary sword being bought by Roronoa Zoro was Php. 125,00.00. The
owner of the shop offers him to give a discount of 18.5% if he will buy it in cash. How much will Zoro
but the sword if he decides to pay it in cash?

Solution:
Using the formula, compute
TD = OP × DR → TD = 125,000 × 0.185 = 23, 125.00 first for the discount to be
Step 1
applied

Discounted Price = Original Price – Trade Discount We can derive a working

DP = OP – TD = 125,000 – 23,125 formula to solve for the
Step 2
discounted price offered
DP = Php. 101, 875.00

2. If the original selling price of an item costs Php. 500.00 and a discount of Php. 33.45 was given for
each item, how much was the discount rate?

Solution:
Since the discount rate is
𝑇𝐷 33.45
Step 1 DR = × 100% → DR = × 100% being asked, we will use one
𝑂𝑃 500 of the derived formulas

Divide the values and multiply

Step 2 DR = 0.0669 × 100% = 6.96% by 100%

3. Ohma Tokita wants to buy gym equipment for his training in the upcoming tournament. A shop offers
a series of discount of 20%, 15%, and 10% for any order of equipment exceeding Php. 480,00.00.
How much will he pay for a total of Php. 700,00.00 worth of equipment?

Solution:

Discount Rate Complement of the Decimal Form of Complement

Step 1 Discount Rate of the Discount Rate
20% 80% 0.8
15% 85% 0.85
10% 90% 0.9

Create a table to represent Step 1 to Step 2 for computing discount series as a

single trade discount

Step 2 0.8 × 0.85 × 0.9 = 0.612 Multiply the decimal form of

the complement of the
discount rates

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Subtract the product from 1 to

Step 3 1 – 0.612 = 0.388 get the equivalent single
discount of the discount series

Since we already got the

TD = OP × DR equivalent single discount, we
Step 4 TD = 700,000 × 0.388 = 271, 600 now use the formula for the
trade discount to know how
much will be deducted to the
original price

We now use the formula for the

DP = OP – TD
discount price to know how
Step 5 DP = 700,000 – 271, 600 = Php. 428,40.00
much will be the total payment
for the equipment

*For more examples, open your book on pages 58 to 60, and pages 62 to 64

**For practice, you can answer Exercises A and B in your book on page 61 and page 65

***For challenging problems, you can try answering Exercise C found on pages 65 to 67

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Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ______________

Grade and Section:_____________ Subject Teacher:__________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________
DYCIan Learning Account No. 3
Trade Discounts and Discount Series

Calculate and solve the following problems:

1. A discount of Php. 250.00 to a customer after a 15% discount for every item he will by. If he bought
25 units, how much was the total original price of the 25 units that he bought?

2. Mikasa Ackerman wants to buy clothes for her uniform. Two brands offered a different discount for
her choice. Rose Corporation will give her 8% discount for each clothing she will buy for Php. 700
per piece, while Maria Industries will give her 10% discount for each clothing, she will buy for Php.
780.00 per piece. If she would buy 5 sets of clothing, which brand will be more affordable?

3. For bulk order of worth Php. 200,000.00, what has a better discount? a) 15% and 25%, or 25%, 5%,
and 10%? Justify your answer.

4. UA Industries offers a discount series of 25%, 13%, and 8.25% in a bulk order worth Php. 350,250.00.
How much is the discount given by the company?

5. A new game was released, and as a marketing strategy, Greed Island was listed at Php. 5,000.00
less 10%, 6%, 0.25%.
a) What is the sale price of the game?
b) What is the total amount of discount that was allowed?
c) What is the exact single rate of discount that was allowed?

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DYCIan Learning Account No. 4

Profit and Loss,
Markup and Markdown

This learning account will help you acquire a deep understanding of the usage of markup and markdown
for the stabilization of profit and avoiding the experience of a certain loss in business. Presentation of
similar real-life problems will be discussed to value the lesson more.

At the end of this learning account, you are expected to:

• illustrate how markup and markdown are obtained;
• illustrate how profit is obtained and how to avoid loss in a given transaction;
• illustrate how to determine break-even point;
• solve problems involving profit and loss

Does your family own a small – scale business like a sari-sari store? Do you indulge yourself in
online selling to have more income for your savings? Have you ever experienced adjusting your
selling price just to make sure that your capital will not suffer? Problems like these are not rare
once you are involved in money-making. Money will not always be stagnant especially in the
market. There are strategies and methods businessmen use to deal with such problems. Some
may be successful, some just hold on, and some aren't feeling any luck. For this discussion, we
will learn the different factors that affect buying and selling.

Profit is the term used for money earned by subtracting the cost of a product and the net sales
earned from selling the product. (Lopez, Martin - Lundag, & Dagal, 2016) To compute for the
profit, we can use the formula:
Profit = Net Sales – Cost
P = NS – C
Where Net Sales is the amount of money received from selling goods, and Cost is the amount
paid for the goods. Additionally, we can derive certain formulas for unknown factors:
Net Sales = Profit + Cost → NS = P + C
Cost = Net Sales – Profit → C = NS – P

Loss is the term used where the Net Sales of goods is less than the Cost. (Lopez, Martin -
Lundag, & Dagal, 2016) To compute for the experience of loss, we represent it as:
Loss = Cost – Net Sales
L = C - NS
Similarly, we can derive for the other factors in terms of loss:
Cost = Loss + Net Sales → C = L + NS
Net Sales = Cost – Loss → NS = C – L

In some cases, wherein the Net Sales and Cost are equal, it is experienced as Break – even.

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Markup is the term used when a business needs to cover the overhead expenses from previous
sales. Markdown is the term used when a business needs to avoid certain loss, if not lessen the
loss to be experienced. (Lopez, Martin - Lundag, & Dagal, 2016) For the selling price of a
product based on Cost and Markup, we can express it using the formula:
Selling Price = Cost + Markup
SP = C + Mup

Looking in the computation, Markup can be calculated by the sum of Expenses and Profits:
Markup = Expenses + Profits
Mup = E + P

By combining the formulas given, we can also express the computation for Selling Price as:
Selling Price = Cost + Expenses + Profits
SP = C + E + P

We can also compute for the rate of markup based on Cost or Selling Price:
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝
Mc(%) = × 100%
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝
MS(%) = = 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 × 100%

1. Caesar bought a dozen of L.Co. doughnuts for Php. 450.00. He sold it for Php. 35.00 per piece.
How much is his profit or loss?

Solution:
Multiply the individual price to
Step 1 the total number of doughnuts
35 x 12 = 420

Since the cost is greater than

Step 2 L = C – NS = 450 – 420 = Php. 30.00 the net sales, subtract the Net
Sales to the Cost

Caesar spent more on buying rather than selling, hence he experienced a loss on his transaction.

2. Siri bought an iPhone 10 for Php. 35,000.00. She sold it for 15.8% profit. How much was the profit?
How much was the selling price?

Solution:
We alter the formula for profit
Step 1 P = 35,000 × 0.158 = 5,530 because of the given condition

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We now solve for the selling

Step 2 NS = P + C = 5,350 + 35,000 = Php. 40,850.00 price via net sales formula

3. Gintoki wanted to gain more sales than usual so he planned to give a sale of less Php. 200.00 per
item. If a customer bought three items for Php. 3,325.00 selling price, how much was the original
total selling price of the three items?

Solution:

We solve the total markdown

Step 1 Markdown = 200 x 3 = 600 by multiplying the individual
markdown to the number of
items

Step 2 SP = 3,325 + 600 = Php. 3,925.00 Add the discounted selling

price and the total markdown

4. Park Bo-young bought a computer for Php. 66,800.00 less 30% and 15% in which she sold it for
Php. 73,445.00.
a. What was the markup as a percent of cost?
b. What was the markup as a percent of selling price?

Solution:
Solve for the single trade
discount of the discount series
Step 1 Trade Discount = 66,800 × 0.405 = 27,054 given (see DLA 3)

Compute for the discounted

cost by subtracting the original
Step 2 Cost = 66,800 – 27,054 = 39,746 cost of the computer and the
trade discount

Calculate for the mark-up by

subtracting the selling price by
Step 3 Markup = 73,445 – 39,746 = 33,699
the cost

To answer the first problem,

33,699 use the formula for rate of
Step 4 MC = × 100% = 84.81% markup based on cost
39,736

To answer the second

33,699 problem, use the formula for
Step 5 MS = × 100% = 45.88% rate of markup based on
73,445
selling price

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Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ______________

Grade and Section:_____________ Subject Teacher:__________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________
DYCIan Learning Account No. 4
Profit and Loss, Markup and Markdown

Calculate and solve the following problems:

1. Baki Hanma bought 20 chairs at Php. 400.00 per chair. He sold 15 of them at Php. 460.00 and the
remaining by Php. 380.00 per chair. Calculate his gain or loss.

2. Tsunayoshi Sawada sold his old motorbike for 8% loss. If his friend bought it for Php. 35,000.00, find
the cost price of the motorbike.

3. A vendor sells an air – conditioning unit at a markup of 22.5% of the selling price. The store’s markup
on a certain model is Php. 12,250.00.
a. What is the selling price of the air – conditioning unit?
b. What is the cost of buying the washing machine?
c. What is the rate of markup based on the cost?

4. A bookstore sells a collection of books at a markup of 12.6% of the selling price. The store’s margin
on a particular collection is Php. 244.00.
a. For how much does the store sells the collection of books?
b. What was the cost of the collection to the store?
c. What is the rate of markup based on the cost?

20
Business Mathematics

DYCIan Learning Account No. 5

Interest and Commission

This learning account will help you grasp the concept of application of interest in buying and selling of
products. Also, the process of commission as a main source of income or as an additional source of profit.

At the end of this learning account , you are expected to:

• illustrate how interest is computed specifically as applied to mortgage, amortization, and on
services/utilities, deposits, and loans;
• compute commissions on cash basis and commission on installment basis;
• solve problems involving interests and commissions

Do you own a bank account? Have you tried to buy a product using credit cards and/or
installments? Have you ever wondered how interest works when using credit cards to buy
goods? In choosing a bank for your savings, have you ever thought how much interest is given
to you? In this lesson, we will try to unravel the concepts behind the use of interest and introduce
the concept of commission based on the concept of simple interest.

Interest is the amount of additional payment/income for the service of convenience over a
period of time. It is being used for additional income for different companies if direct payment is
unavailable. It was introduced by merchants to their customers to avoid the hassle of giving a
lump sum of money for a pricy commodity. To compute for a simple interest, we can use the
formula:
I = Principal × interest rate × time
I = Prt

Additionally, we can derive the formula for solving other factors:

𝐼
P=
𝑟𝑡

𝐼
t=
𝑃𝑟

𝐼
r= × 100%
𝑃𝑡

Commission is the amount of money received when certain conditions are met. It can vary from
a source of primary income or as a bonus for performing well. There is no traditional formula for
computing commission but we can use the concept of interest to have a working formula:
Commission = Net Sales × commission rate
C = NS × r

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 Business Mathematics

1. Mr. Oliva loaned Php. 300,000 at 5% interest per annum payable in 10 years. How much will he
pay after 10 years?

Solution:

I = Prt = 300,000 × 0.05 ×10 = 150,000 Compute for the interest to be

Step 1 paid after 10 years

Total Payment = 300,000 + 150,000 Add the principal loan and the
Step 2 interest for the total payment
= Php. 450,00.00

2. If an item worth Php. 150,000.00 with an annual rate of 3.5% to be paid in 5 years, create a table
to show the payment in installment.

Solution:

𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 Compute for the regular

Step 1 PMT = payment to be made for 5
1 𝑡
1−( ) years (see Annuities in
1+𝑟
General Mathematics)
𝑟

150,000
= 1
1−( )5
1+0.035
0.035

= 33, 222.21

Step 2 a) Beginning of the year balance × interest rate = Interest for the month
b) Payment – interest for the month = Principal Payment
c) Beginning of the year balance – principal payment = Ending Principal
d) Repeat process a to c until the last payment period

Period Beginning of Payment Interest Principal Ending

the year Payment Principal
balance
1 150,000 33,222.21 5,250.00 27,972.21 122,027.79
2 122,027.79 33,222.21 4,270.97 28,951.24 93,076.55
3 93,076.55 33,222.21 3,257.68 29,964.53 63,112.02
4 63,112.02 33,222.21 2,208.92 31,013.29 32,098.73
5 32,098.73 33,222.21 1,123.46 32,098.75 0

22
Business Mathematics

3. Tony has a monthly commission plan where he receives 1.8% on the first Php. 75,000.00 of sales
during the month and an additional 2.5% exceeding sales above Php. 75,000.00. If the total sales
made this month is Php. 155,000.00, how much did he earn?

Solution:
Compute for the first
1st Commission = 75,000 × 0.018 = 1, 350
Step 1 commission

Solve for the 2nd commission

by solving for the exceeding
Step 2 2nd Commission = (155,000 – 75,000) × 0.025 = 2,000 amount from the total sales

Add the separate

Total Commission: 1,350 + 2,000 = Php. 3,350.00 commissions to compute for
Step 3
the total commission

4. Jimmy earns Php. 5,000.00 per month and a commission of 12.5% for every Php. 80,000 worth of
quota with additional 5% exceeding Php. 80,000.00. If he earned a total sale of Php. 500,000 within
3 months, how much was his total earnings for the 3 months?

Solution:

80,000 × 3 = 240,000 Compute for the total quota for

Step 1 3 months

500,000 – 240,000 = 260,000 Solve for the excess in the

Step 2 quota sales

Compute for the commission

1st Commission = 240,000 × 0.125 = 30,000 of each condition
Step 3
2nd Commission = 260,000 × 0.05 = 13,000

Solve for the total commission

Step 4 Total Commission = 30,000 + 13,000 = 43,000 by adding the individual
commission

Calculate the total income for

Step 5 Total Income = 5,000 × 3 = 15,000 the past 3 months

Compute for the total earnings

Step 6 Total Earnings = 43,000 + 15,000 by adding the total income
= Php. 58,000.00 and total commission

*For more examples and exercises, you can refer to your book on pages 78 to 90

23
 Business Mathematics

Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ______________

Grade and Section:_____________ Subject Teacher:__________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________
DYCIan Learning Account No. 5
Interest and Commission

Calculate and solve the following problems:

1. The Union of Money charges 15% interest for the short – term loans made less than a year. If I borrow
Php. 200,000 and must pay an additional amount of Php. 25,000, what is the length of my loan?

2. Ryu gained a total of Php. 450,000 at the end of 3 years. If the investment gained a simple interest
of 8% per annum, how much did Ryu invest?

3. Andre receives a monthly salary of Php. 30,000 and some additional money by a 2% commission
rate whenever he sells an item. If he sold a total of Php. 36,000 in 3 months, how much did he earn
after 3 months?

4. If Ian purchased worth of Php. 600,000.00 using a credit card with an annual rate of 3.5% to be paid
in 10 years, create a table to show the payment in installment.

24
Business Mathematics

DYCIan Learning Account No. 6

Gross and Net Earnings and
Benefits of Wage Earners

This learning account will help you with the procedure in computing for the gross and net earnings of an
individual or a group of companies. In addition, this learning account will explore the different benefits of
wage earners of Filipino workers.

At the end of this learning account, you are expected to:

• compute gross and net earnings;
• define each benefit given to wage earners;
• compute for the benefits given for a wage earner

Have you come across the terms gross earning or net earning? Do you know the difference
between the two? Have you ever wondered if there are different payments for workers depending
on events and circumstances? As a future professional or business owner, it is an advantage to
know the different benefits that you can expect to receive or to give.

Gross earning is the amount received by a person before subtracting the benefits, loans, taxes,
and other possible deductions. (Lopez, Martin - Lundag, & Dagal, 2016) In other words, it is the
total earnings of an individual after a certain transaction.

Net earning is the money received, less the total deductions. (Lopez, Martin - Lundag, & Dagal,
2016) In essence, it is similar to the concept of profit.

Deduction is the term used to determine the amount of money to be decreased in the salary or
earnings of an individual. (Lopez, Martin - Lundag, & Dagal, 2016)

Salary is a fixed amount of regular payment, which can be given on a monthly basis or bi-weekly
basis but expressed as an annual sum, made by an employer or an employee. (Lopez, Martin -
Lundag, & Dagal, 2016)

For computations, we can use the formula:

Total Earning = Total Deduction + Net Earning
E=D+N

Additionally, we can derive the following formulas,

Net Earning = Total Earning – Total Deduction
N=E–D
Total Deduction = Total Earning – Net Earning
D= E-N

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 Business Mathematics

Here are the formulas for the computation for the different benefits for wage earners:

Regular Holidays = Daily Salary × 200%

Special Days or Work during Rest Day = Daily Salary × 130%

Special Days and Work during Rest Day = Daily Salary × 150%

Work on Holiday and Rest Day = Daily Salary × 260%

Maternity Benefit (Normal Delivery) = Daily Salary × 60

Maternity Benefit (Caesarean) = Daily Salary x 78

Paternity Leave = Daily Salary × 7

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

13th Month Pay =
𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉𝒔

Minimum Retirement Pay = Daily Salary × 22.5 × number of years in service

Other benefits can be found on the *PDF that goes with this learning account entitled “2019 Edition
of Handbook on Workers Statutory Monetary Benefits”.

Retrieved from: http://www.ble.dole.gov.ph/downloads/2019-Edition-of-Handbook-on-Workers-

Statutory-Monetary-Benefits.pdf

1. Robert Fox receives a daily income of Php. 545.00 and receives a total of Php. 10,500.00 net
earning per month. How much is the total deduction in the salary of Robert?

Solution:
Compute for the monthly
Step 1 Total Earnings = 545 × 22.5 = 12, 2265.5 income

Deduction → D = E – N Compute for the deduction

Step 2 using the formula
= 12, 265.50 – 10, 500
= Php. 1, 762.5.00

26
Business Mathematics

2. How much will be Luffy’s retirement pay if his annual salary is Php. 1, 250, 000.00 and worked
for the Straw Hat Company for 30 years?

Solution:

1,250,000 Compute for the monthly

Step 1 Monthly Salary = ≈ 104, 166.67 income
12

Retirement Pay = 104,166,67 x 30 Use the formula for retirement

Step 2 = Php. 3, 125, 000.10 pay (note: daily salary x 22.5
is the monthly salary)

3. Vanessa has a daily salary of Php. 450.00 and 4 rest days in a month. If she worked during
Christmas Day which is aligned as one of her rest days and also worked during her rest days,
how much did she earned that month?

Solution:
Compute for the regular
Step 1 Monthly Salary = 450 × 22.5 = 10, 125 monthly income

Compute for the income for

Work on Holiday and Rest Day = 450 × 260% working on a holiday and a
Step 2 = 1, 170 rest day

Calculate for the income

Work on a Rest Day = 450 × 130% x 3 earned by working on 3 rest
Step 3 = 1, 755 days

Solve for the total money

Step 4 Total Earnings = 10, 125 + 1, 170 + 1, 755 earned by adding all the
= Php. 13, 050.00 salaries earned on different
circumstances

*For additional examples, it can be found on your book on pages 94 to 97 and pages 100 to 102
**For individual exercises, you can answer Exercise A and B on page 98, and page 103

27
 Business Mathematics

Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ______________

Grade and Section:_____________ Subject Teacher:__________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________
DYCIan Learning Account No. 6
Gross and Net Earnings and
Benefits of Wage Earners

Calculate and solve the following problems:

1. Mr. Mendoza worked in the following schedule for one week: Monday, 8 hours; Tuesday, 4 hours;
Wednesday, 9 hours; Thursday, 8 hours; and Friday, 5 hours. He was paid Php. 60.75 an hour. How
much was his gross pay for that week?

2. Ms. Alice Bokovich worked for 10 months in G – Corporation with a daily salary of Php. 800.00. How
much will be her expected 13th-month pay?

3. Mr. Armstrong's wife gave birth to his first son. He used the maximum number of days for paternity
leave. But before using his benefit, he worked for 5 rest days. How much did he earn?

4. Samantha works in a department store that gives an hourly rate of Php. 40.00. Find his gross pay if
he works 48 hours per week with 4 hours of work during a rest day.

5. Richie Rich worked in Billionaire Company and in a year, he made Php. 50,000.00 monthly and
worked for 10 regular holidays, in which 2 of them were his rest days. How much was his 13th month
pay for that year?

28
Business Mathematics

DYCIan Learning Account No. 7

Taxable and Non – taxable
Benefits

This learning account will help you familiarize yourself with the rules and regulations for the different
taxable and non-taxable benefits by a wage earner.

At the end of this learning account, you are expected to:

• distinguish taxable from non-taxable benefits;
• enumerate the standard deductions with the corresponding computation

In your last learning account, you learned the different benefits that a wage earner can have. This
is an extension of that lesson wherein the factor of taxation is applicable to different benefits. In
the Philippines, there are benefits that a wage earner can acquire without the application of tax but
only to a minimum extent.

Listed below are the conditions as per Tax Exempt De Minimis Benefit under TRAIN RA 10963:

1. Monetized unused vacation leave credits of private employees not exceeding ten (10 days)
during the year.

2. Monetized value of vacation and sick leave credits paid to government officials.

3. Medical cash allowance to dependents of employees, not exceeding Php. 1,500.00 per
employee per semester of Php. 250 per month (as amended by RR 11- 2018)

4. Rice subsidy of Php. 2,000.00 or one (1) sack of 50-kilogram rice per month amounting to not
more than Php. 2,000.00 (as amended by RR 11 – 2018)

5. Uniform and clothing allowance not exceeding Php. 6,000.00 per annum (as amended by RR –
2018)

6. Actual medical assistance, e.g. medical allowance to cover medical and healthcare needs,
annual medical/executive checkup, maternity assistance, and routine consultations, not
exceeding Php. 10,000.00 per annum.

7. Laundry allowance not exceeding Php. 300.00 per month.

8. Employees achievement awards, e.g. for the length of service or safety achievement, which
must be in the form of tangible personal property other than cash or gift certificate, with an
annual monetary value not exceeding Php. 10,000.00 received by the employee under an
established written plan which does not discriminate in favor of highly paid employees.

9. Gifts made during Christmas and major anniversary celebrations not exceeding Php. 5,000.00
per employee per annum.

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 Business Mathematics

10. Daily meal allowance for overtime work and night/graveyard shift not exceeding twenty – five
percent (25%) of the basic minimum wage on per region basis.

11. Benefits received by an employee by virtue of a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) and
productivity incentive schemes combined do not exceed Php. 10,000.00 per employee per
taxable year.

Retrieved from: https://taxacctgcenter.ph/tax-exempt-de-minimis-benefits-train-ra-10963-

philippines/

1. In a certain company, an employee has 5 sick leave credits and 10 vacation leave credits. If the
employee took 3 sick leaves and 5 vacation leaves, how much can he earn from monetizing the
remaining sick leave and vacation leave if his daily salary is Php. 525.00 and how much is the
taxable benefit?

Solution:
Multiply the daily salary with
525 × 7 = Php. 3,675.00
Step 1 the remaining credit leaves

525 x 2 = Php. 1, 050.00 Multiply the daily salary with

Step 2 the remaining sick leave

We multiply the remaining sick leave because is taxable under De Minimis Benefit because the employee
is not categorized as a government employee

2. Mr. Edward received a bonus of Php. 10,000.00, a rice subsidy worth Php. 1,500.00, a uniform
allowance of Php. 5,000.00 and laundry allowance of Php. 400 per month. Is there a subject for tax
for the benefits he received?

Answer: Yes, there is a subject for taxation for the benefit of the bonus and laundry allowance received by
Mr. Edward. Under the De Minimis Benefit, the laundry allowance is non – taxable for Php. 300.00 or
below per month so the excess Php. 100.00 is taxable and the same for the bonus which has an excess of
Php. 5,000.00.

*For more examples, you may refer to your book on page 100 to page 102
**For your practice, you may refer to your book and answer Exercise A and B found on page 103

30
Business Mathematics

Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ______________

Grade and Section:_____________ Subject Teacher:__________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________
DYCIan Learning Account No. 7
Taxable and Non – Taxable Benefits

Calculate and solve the following problems:

6. Mr. Rodriguez is a government employee earning an annual salary of Php. 240,000.00 and will
receive a bonus of 8% in his annual salary. How much will be the taxable amount in the bonus that
he will receive?

7. Mrs. De Guzman is a manager of a fast-food chain having an annual salary of Php. 350,000.00. She
has monetized 5 sick leaves and receives laundry allowance of Php. 450.00 per month. How much
will be the taxable amount in her benefits?

8. Mr. Sanchez has a clothing allowance of Php. 5,500.00, laundry allowance of Php. 250.00, and a
bonus of Php. 12,500.00. Give that the tax is 2.5%, how much is the tax given from the benefits of
Mr. Sanchez?

9. An employee of ABC Company has an annual salary of Php. 180,000.00. He will receive the following
benefits depending on his annual salary:
a) Living expense (laundry, transportation, clothing, daily meal) - 2%
b) Rice Subsidy – 0.5%
c) Medical assistance – 3.5%

How much is the tax he will receive for his benefits?

31
 Business Mathematics

DYCIan Learning Account No. 8

Overtime Pay and Spreadsheet
for Computation and Presentation

This learning account will help you determine the amount of pay for overtime workers and familiarize the
usage of spreadsheets.

At the end of this learning account, you are expected to:

• compute overtime pays;
• use e – spreadsheet in the computation of salary and overtime pay

Discussion #1:

Many of our workers experience overtime or graveyard shift in their work. The question is, what
is the process of payment during these hours? Is there a slight difference in the computation
for the salary? This discussion will answer those questions.

Overtime pay is the amount received by a wage earner for extending their service from the
required amount of time. Normally, an employee is paid for 8 hours of service with 1 – hour
lunch break. Any time exceeding the general 8 hours of work is considered as overtime.

Night/Graveyard Shift is any work that is performed starting from 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.

Here is a list of basic computation for each condition:

Regular Overtime Pay = Hourly rate × 125% × number of hours of OT

Rest/Special Day Overtime Pay = Hourly rate × 130% × number of hours of OT

Regular Holiday Overtime Pay = Hourly rate × 130% × number of hours of OT

Regular Night Shift = Hourly rate × 110% × number of hours of work

Rest/Special Day Night Shift = Hourly rate × 143% × number of hours of work

Rest and Special Day Night Shift = Hourly rate × 165% × number of hours of work

Regular Holiday Night Shift = Hourly rate × 220% × number of hours of work

Double Holiday Night Shift = Hourly rate × 330% × number of hours of work

*For additional computations, you can refer to the *PDF entitled “2019 Edition of Handbook on
Work Statutory Monetary Benefits” found in your flash drive

32
Business Mathematics

1. Ms. Rindo worked in the store she was employed from 7:00 a.m. until 9:30 p.m. Considering she
had a 1 – hour lunch break, if she earns Php. 400.00 per hour, how much did she earn that day?

Solution:
Compute for the regular pay
Step 1 40 × 8 = 320 for that day

Compute for the overtime pay

40 × 125% × 5.5 = 275 (the regular hours is from 7am
Step 2
to 4pm, meaning there is an
excess of 5 hours and 30
mins)

320 + 275 = Php. 595.00 Add the regular payment and

Step 2 overtime payment to compute
the total salary

2. You work in a restaurant that pays Php. 550.00 per day. The manager requests that you work on
your rest day, which happens to be Christmas Day. You worked from 8:00 a.m. until 10:00 p.m.
with a 1 – hour break. How much did you earn on that day?

Solution:
Compute for the hourly rate by
Step 1 550 ÷ 8 = 68.75
dividing the daily rate by 8

Solve the overtime pay for a

Step 2 68.75 × 130% × 6 = 536.25 regular holiday and on a rest
2 day (130%)

Compute for the payment for a

Step 3 550 × 260% = 1,430 work on a holiday and rest day
2 (see DLA 6)

Find the total income by

Step 4 1,430 + 536.25 = Php. 1,966.25 adding the overtime pay and
2 special payment

*For more examples, you may refer to your book on page 110 to 112
**For practice, you may answer Exercise A and B found in your book on page 113

33
 Business Mathematics

Discussion #2:

It is prominent in this modern age that we use modern techniques that we can apply in business.
In earlier times, all records and computations for business transactions are done by pen and
paper process. We used calculators for large computations and record it using record books.
Since we’ve progressed, different companies use Excel Spreadsheet for ease and multi –
purpose. In this discussion, you will learn how to utilize the different basic functions in Excel
Spreadsheet.

In using spreadsheets, you can follow some basic rules:

1. Determine the necessary information
2. Sort information by their similarities and by definition
3. Identify the columns needed
4. Be clear on the target of the spreadsheet

If you have access to YouTube you can watch this video for reference:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QC29MB-YH4

1. Create a spreadsheet for a pay slip for a company that offers the listed benefits:
a) Basic Salary – Php. 15,000.00
b) Salary Increase – Php. 1,000 in basic salary per year
c) 13th Month Pay
d) Bonus – 2% of annual salary

Solution:
1) Open Microsoft Excel and Create new Blank Work Book
2) Crate a basic pay slip information

3) Create the formula for each information: (encode the bold text)
a) Salary Increase: =1000*’Years of Service’ =1000*B4
b) 13th Month Pay =’Basic Salary’ + “Salary Increase” =B7+ B8
c) Bonus = ((‘Basic Salary’ + “Salary Increase’)*12)*0.02 =((B7 + B8)*12)*0.02
d) Total Income = SUM(‘Basic Salary’,’Salary Increase’,’13th Month Pay’,’Bonus’) =SUM(B7:B10)

34
Business Mathematics

2. Using the previous example, create a play slip for the following employees:
a) Mr. Reed Richards – 7 years of service
b) Ms. Sue Storm – 5 years of service
c) Mr. Jonathan Storm – 3 years of service
d) Mr. Benjamin Grimm – 10 years of service

Answer:
Mr. Reed Richards: Ms. Susan Storm:

Mr. Jonathan Storm: Mr. Benjamin Grimm:

*For more examples, you may refer to your book on page 114 to page 118

35
 Business Mathematics

Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ______________

Grade and Section:_____________ Subject Teacher:__________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________
DYCIan Learning Account No. 8
Overtime Pay and Spreadsheet for
Computation and Presentation

Calculate and solve for the following problems:

10. Mr. Park worked from 2:00 p.m. to 2 a.m. and his hourly rate is Php. 210.00. How much did Mr.
Park earn that day?

11. Ms. Somi Lee works from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. only which has an hourly rate of Php. 120.00 with
a 1- hour lunch break. She worked for 55 days with 2 holidays and a total of 13 hours of overtime.
How much did she earn in total?

12. Answer Exercise A #6 and #7 found in your book on page 119.

13. Answer Exercise B found in your book on page 120.

36
Business Mathematics

DYCIan Learning Account No. 9

Business and Chart Graphs &
Kinds of Graphs for Data Presentation

This learning account revolves around the usage of business charts and type of data presentation using
graphs.

At the end of this learning account, you are expected to:

• compare the forms (textual, tabular, and graphical) of data;
• identify the graphs to be used in a given business data;
• analyze and interpret the data presented in a graph/table

A sentence is used to describe a person, a place, an event, an occurrence, or even a specific

change. Sometimes numbers are associated with words to give a better understanding by giving
them quantifiers such as satisfactory level, Likert scale, etc. But an abundance of words and
numbers can be overwhelming and at the same time boring. So how can we present ideas and
facts without a numerous amount of words? That is where the organization of data through
visual representations comes in.

There are three basic forms in which data can be presented:

1. Textual – data is presented by using sentences and paragraphs to relay findings or
conclusions.
2. Tabular – data is presented by a combination of rows and columns in which they show the
relationship of each value.
3. Graphical – data is in the form of visual representation by using shapes or pictures resembling
the quantity of each value.

Kinds of Graphs:
1. Line Graph – it is a type of graphical representation that uses a line to connect each variable
that shows the behavior of change, either increasing, decreasing, or stabilization.

37
 Business Mathematics

2. Bar Graph – it is a graphical representation that uses rectangular figures to represent the
associated quantity of each variable and compare it with previous data.

3. Histogram – it is a graphical representation that has high compatibility with continuous data.

4. Pie Graph – it is a graphical representation of data that focuses on identifying different parts
of a whole.

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Business Mathematics

2. A company wants to check the allocation of expenses in a single month. They need to know how
they can save more by identifying which has a greater impact on their budget. Given the data below
what kind of graph will be ideal to use?
a) Utilities – 44.25%
b) Cost of Production – 40.20%
c) Salary of Workers – 15.55%

Solution:
Use the insert chart function of Microsoft Word or use Microsoft Excel

In this situation, a pie graph is the most viable option to represent the data.

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 Business Mathematics

3. The sales of a supermarket in 2019 was listed on a monthly basis. The owner needs to know what
is the easiest way of analyzing the behavior of the sales in a year. What kind of graph represents
the sales best?
January – Php. 300,000.00 July – Php. 222,222.00
February – Php. 245,000.00 August – Php. 333,333.00
March – Php. 332,000.00 September – Php. 188,430.00
April – Php. 145,000.00 October – Php. 322,000.00
May – Php. 223,000.00 November – Php. 390,000.00
June – Php. 333,000.00 December – Php. 450,000.00

A line graph will best represent the trend of the sales of the supermarket. It would also tell when will the
demand will be at its peak and when it would be at its lowest.

*For more examples, you may refer to your book on page 124 to page 128 and page 132 to page 139

40
Business Mathematics

Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ______________

Grade and Section:_____________ Subject Teacher:__________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________
DYCIan Learning Account No. 9
Business Chart Graphs &
Kinds of Graphs for Data Presentation

Create corresponding charts or graphs for each given data

14. Grade 11 STEM Students:
Section Male Female
A 22 31
B 21 15
C 19 15
D 25 21
E 22 11
F 23 25

15. Weekly Allowance of a College Student:

a) Transportation – Php. 500.00
b) Food – Php. 1,500.00
c) Hobby – Php. 800.00
d) Savings – Php. 300.00

16. Quarterly Sales of a Company in 5 years: (in thousands)

Year Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2016 825 850 950 900
2017 840 478 840 500
2018 880 340 610 501
2019 950 880 900 904
2020 1,200 990 998 1,110

41
 Business Mathematics

DYCIan Learning Account No. 10

Statistical Table and
Measures of Central Tendency

This learning account will help you utilize Microsoft Excel to construct a statistical table and compute the
measures of central tendency.

At the end of this learning account, you are expected to:

• construct a frequency distribution table;
• analyze and interpret the data presented in the table using measures of central tendency

We often encounter advertisements on the television about a business or sometimes about life.
And most often, the familiar phrases would be "9 out of 10”, "99.99% of bacteria", etc. An
example that the concept of statistics is being used to convince the consumers that they will not
regret buying their products and services. In this lesson, we will review the concept of creating a
statistical table and compute the measures of central tendency of a group of data.

Procedure in Creating a Frequency Distribution Table

1. Compute for the range of the set of data using the formula:
R = Highest score – Lowest Score

2. Identify the number of class intervals or class size (number of rows)

- If it has less than or equal to 30 observations use 5
- If it has more than 30 observations use 10

3. Compute for the class width or interval using the formula:

𝑹𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆
i=
𝒄𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆

4. List down the range of scores following the interval.

5. Tally the frequency of each class interval.

6. List the class boundary of each class size

- Lower Class Boundary: Lowest score of class size – 0.6
- Upper Class Boundary: Highest score of class size – 0.5

7. Compute and list the class mark of each class size

Class Mark = (Lowest score of the class interval + Highest score of the class interval) ÷ 2

8. List the less than cumulative frequency:

a) Copy the frequency of the class interval that has the lowest score
b) Add the previous value to the frequency of the succeeding class interval
c) Repeat the procedure until the number of observations

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7

Measures of Central Tendency

1. Mean – also called as the average value of a set of data.
σ𝑥
Mean =
𝑛

2. Median – it is the middlemost value by arranging the set of data from lowest to highest or vice
versa.
- If the number of observations is odd, the median is the immediate middlemost value
- If the number of observations is even, the median is the average of the 2 middle numbers

3. Mode – it is the most occurring value in a given set of data

1. In a PE class a group of students, the grades of the students were given as follows:
83 86 83 88 80 77
84 82 79 86 76 75
85 80 82 85 81 89
78 86 80 84 86 89
91 85 81 79 90 83
Compute for the measures of central tendency for the set of data.

Solution:
Step 1;
Use the formula for the mean. Add all values of the 83+84+85+78+91+⋯+89+83
given set of data. Mean =
30

Step 2: 2,493
Divide the sum of the values by the total number of Mean =
30
observations. In this case, the total number of
observations is 30. Mean = 83.1

Step 3:
Solve for the median. Arrange the data from lowest 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 79, 80, 80, 80, 81, 81, 82, 82,
to highest. Since the number of observations is 83, 83, 83, 84, 84, 85, 85, 85, 86, 86, 86, 86, 88,
even, the median is the average of the two middle 89, 89, 90, 91
values which is the 15th and 16th value.
Step 4:
Solve for the average of the two middle values to 83+83
get the median. Median =
2
Median = 83
Step 5: Since 86 has the most occurrence which is 4
Solve for the mode by identifying the most frequent times, therefore,
value in the set of data.
Mode = 86

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Alternate Solution:
The measures of central tendency can be solved using Microsoft Excel

Step 1: Encode the data in an Excel Spreadsheet:

Step 2: Solve for the mean by encoding the formula: =AVERAGE(A1:F5)

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Step 3: Solve for the median by encoding the formula: =MEDIAN(A1:F5)

Step 4: Solve for the mode by encoding the formula: =MODE(A1:F5)

2. Create a frequency distribution table for the data in “Example 1”

Solution:
Step 1: Compute for the Range
R = HS – LS = 91 – 75 = 16

Step 2: Identify the class size

Since the n = 30, then the class size is 5

Step 3: Compute for the interval

16
Interval = = 3.2 or 4 (round – up)
5

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Step 4: List the class intervals

Grade
88 – 91
84 – 87
80 – 83
76 – 79
72 – 75

Step 5: Tally the frequencies of each interval

Grade Frequency
88 – 91 5
84 – 87 9
80 – 83 10
76 – 79 5
72 – 75 1

Step 6: List the class boundaries

Grade Frequency Class Boundaries

(LCB – UCB)
88 – 91 5 87.5 – 91.5
84 – 87 9 83.5 – 87.5
80 – 83 10 79.5 – 83.5
76 – 79 5 75.5 – 79.5
72 – 75 1 71.5 – 75.5

Step 7: Compute for the class mark

Grade Frequency Class Boundaries Class Mark

(LCB – UCB)
88 – 91 5 87.5 – 91.5 89.5
84 – 87 9 83.5 – 87.5 85.5
80 – 83 10 79.5 – 83.5 81.5
76 – 79 5 75.5 – 79.5 77.5
72 – 75 1 71.5 – 75.5 73.5

Step 8: List the less than cumulative frequency

Grade Frequency Class Boundaries Class Mark <cf

(LCB – UCB)
88 – 91 5 87.5 – 91.5 89.5 30
84 – 87 9 83.5 – 87.5 85.5 25
80 – 83 10 79.5 – 83.5 81.5 16
76 – 79 5 75.5 – 79.5 77.5 6
72 – 75 1 71.5 – 75.5 73.5 1

*For more examples, please refer to your book on pages 150 to 154 and pages 158 to 161
**For more practice, please answer Exercises from page 155 to page 157

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Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ______________

Grade and Section:_____________ Subject Teacher:__________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________
DYCIan Learning Account No. 10
Statistical Table and
Measures of Central Tendency

Solve for the following:

1. Given below are the scores of 50 students in Business Mathematics A.Y. 2018 – 2019. Solve for the
measures of central tendency. Show your complete solution using the traditional method. Use only
Microsoft Excel to check your answers.

30 30 40 12 25 25 48 11 12 28
18 29 12 23 33 12 25 30 18 25
30 38 41 20 26 28 32 28 19 36
25 28 42 15 30 20 31 22 20 35
17 40 11 23 36 45 30 25 22 23

2. Create a frequency distribution table using the previous data.

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 Business Mathematics

DYCIan Learning Account No. 11

Measures of Variability

This learning account will help you utilize Microsoft Excel to compute the measures of variability.

At the end of this learning account, you are expected to:

• analyze and interpret the data presented in the table using measures of variability

In this lesson, we will apply the concepts from DLA 10 to solve for the measures of variability.

Measures of Variability
1. Range – pertains to the difference between the highest and the lowest score. It is the least
reliable source of data variation.

2. Quartiles – a division of the distribution into four equal parts

1
Q1 = × N – it divides the lower 25% from the higher 75% of the distribution
4
2
Q2 = × N – it divides the distribution in half
4
3
Q3 = × N – it divides the lower 75% from the higher 25% of the distribution
4

3. Interquartile Range – it represents the difference between the lower quartile (Q 1) and the
upper quartile (Q3) using the formula:
IQR = Q3 – Q1

4. Variance – represents the average of the squared deviation of every score of the mean.
σ(𝑥−𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)2
s2 =
𝑛
where x represents the individual value of the distribution of data

5. Standard Deviation – represents the measurement of the difference if every score from the
mean.
2
σ(𝑥−𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)
s2 = ට 𝑛
where x represents the individual value of the distribution of data

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2. In a PE class a group of students, the grades of the students were given as follows:
83 86 83 88 80 77
84 82 79 86 76 75
85 80 82 85 81 89
78 86 80 84 86 89
91 85 81 79 90 83
Compute for the interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation

Solution:
Step 1:
Solve for the lower quartile and the upper quartile. 1 30
Q1 = ×N= = 7.5 or 8th
4 4

3 3 ×30
Q3 = × N = = 22.5 or 23rd
4 4
Step 2:
Arrange the values from lowest to highest in left to 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 79, 80, 80, 80, 81, 81, 82, 82,
right format. Find the lower quartile which is the 8th 83, 83, 83, 84, 84, 85, 85, 85, 86, 86, 86, 86, 88,
and the upper quartile which is the 23rd 89, 89, 90, 91

Step 3: IQR = Q3 – Q1
Compute for the interquartile range using the given = 86 – 80
formula =6
Step 4: 2,493
Solve for the mean of the give data. (see DLA 10) Mean =
30

Mean = 83.1
Step 5:
Solve for the variance of the given data by using σ(𝑥−𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)2
the intended formula. Compute first the summation s2 =
𝑛
of the square of the difference of each individual
data and the mean. (75−83.1)2 +(76−83.1)2 + (78−83.1)2 +⋯+ (91−83.1)2
=
3

𝟓𝟎𝟐.𝟕𝟎
=
𝟑𝟎
Step 6:
Divide the answer of the numerator by n which is
30. The final answer must be rounded – off to the 502.70
s2 =
nearest hundredths place or two decimal places. 30

= 16.76
Step 7:
To easily solve for the standard deviation, get the s = ξ16.76
square root of the variance. The final answer must
be rounded off to the nearest hundredths place or s = 4.09
two decimal places.

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Alternate Solution:
Step 1: Encode the data in Microsoft Excel

Step 2a: Compute for the lower quartile (Q1) by encoding the formula: =QUARTILE.INC(A1:F5,1)

Step 2B: Compute for the upper quartile (Q3) by encoding the formula: =QUARTILE.INC(A1:F5,3)

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Step 3: Compute for the Interquartile range by encoding the formula: =B8 – B7

Step 4: Solve for the mean (see DLA 10)

Step 5: Compute for the variance by encoding the formula: =VAR.P(A1:F5)

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Step 6: Compute for the standard deviation by encoding the formula: =STDEV.P(A1:F5)

NOTE: For solving the measures of variability using the traditional method, you can use the shortcut
version using scientific calculators. You can see the guide in you r book found on page 166

*For more examples, you may refer to your book on pages 162 to 166
**For more practice, please answer Exercise #9 - #13 in your book on pages 168 to 169

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Business Mathematics

Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ______________

Grade and Section:_____________ Subject Teacher:__________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________
DYCIan Learning Account No. 11
Measures of Variability

Solve for the following:

3. Given below are the scores of 50 students in Business Mathematics A.Y. 2018 – 2019. Solve for Q1,
Q3, Interquartile Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation. Show your complete solution using
the traditional method. Use only Microsoft Excel to check your answers.

30 30 40 12 25 25 48 11 12 28
18 29 12 23 33 12 25 30 18 25
30 38 41 20 26 28 32 28 19 36
25 28 42 15 30 20 31 22 20 35
17 40 11 23 36 45 30 25 22 23

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 Business Mathematics

DYCIan Learning Account No. 12

Organizing Business Data
Using Microsoft Excel

This learning account will help you utilize Microsoft Excel to organize and present business data.

At the end of this learning account, you are expected to:

• use software (I.e., MS Excel, SPSS) programs to compute and present a graphical representation
of business data

In this last learning account, we will maximize the use of concepts that we have learned during our
previous discussion, especially the use of Microsoft Excel. We will organize different business
data and create graphical representations for each data as well as give a summary using the Data
Analysis tool of Microsoft Excel.

Note: To properly follow with the lesson, you must have access to Microsoft Excel. It is
recommended that you use the PC version for a more user – friendly interface, but if it is
inaccessible for a PC you may use your mobile device and download Microsoft Office in Google
Play or Apple Store which includes Microsoft Excel.

Tips for this Learning Account:

✓ For the use of Descriptive Statistics tool of Excel, instructions may be found in your book
on page 176

✓ The flow of discussion will follow an instructional based example and a first – hand
experience, so to reiterate, you need to have access in Microsoft Excel

✓ Should you have problems in using Microsoft Excel, it is suggested that you review your
lessons back in Junior High School for using MS Excel. You may also watch YouTube
tutorials in using MS Excel. (You may type the keywords “Basic Tutorial in MS Excel”)

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Business Mathematics

1. A group of students wanted to know the performance of different stores around the block. Recreate
the data and present a graph with a descriptive summary. The data gathered are as follows:

Source: https://chandoo.org/wp/how-to-analyze-business-data/

Solution:
Step 1: Encode the data on MS Excel

Step 2: Choose an appropriate chart to present the given data:

✓ Under the Insert tab¸ go to Charts
✓ You may use the Recommended Charts to choose among the charts which will visually represent
the data the best way or you could choose among the different types of charts.
✓ Press OK, then edit the Chart to the desired outcome

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Step 3: Create a list of data analysis using the Descriptive Statistics tool.
✓ Under the Data tab, select Data Analysis

✓ Choose Descriptive Statistics then press OK

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✓ Under Input Range, select the cells that have the numerical values
✓ In Group by, select Rows
✓ In Output options, select New Worksheet Ply and type Data Analysis
✓ In Output options, select Summary statistics, then press OK

*For more examples, please refer to your book on pages 172 to 178
**For practice please answer Exercise A and B in your book on page 179

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Name: _____________________________________________ Rating: ______________

Grade and Section:_____________ Subject Teacher:__________________________
Due of Submission: _____________________________
DYCIan Learning Account No. 12
Organizing Business Data
Using Microsoft Excel

Solve for the following:

4. Given below are the scores of 50 students in Business Mathematics A.Y. 2018 – 2019. Using
Microsoft Excel, create a graphical representation, and formulate a summary of descriptive statistics.

30 30 40 12 25 25 48 11 12 28
18 29 12 23 33 12 25 30 18 25
30 38 41 20 26 28 32 28 19 36
25 28 42 15 30 20 31 22 20 35
17 40 11 23 36 45 30 25 22 23

5. The data below are the test scores of the top 10 students in three sections of Grade 12 ABM A.Y.
2019 – 2020. Create a graphical representation and present a descriptive analysis of their scores.

Data Set A: 10, 15, 15, 20, 22, 27, 30, 23, 25, 40
Data Set B: 10, 12, 15, 25, 27, 27, 31, 32, 39, 45
Data Set C: 18, 20, 21, 22, 27, 32, 34, 35, 47, 48

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