2.

0 ATOMIC STRUCTURE Special Gift 2

CHAPTER: 2.0 Atomic Structure MODE CHECK LIST

2.1 Bohr’s atomic model
(a) Describe Bohr’s atomic model. Lecture
(b) Explain the existence of energy levels in an atom. Lecture
(c) Calculate the energy of an electrons using : En= -RH( 1/n2 ) ,
Lecture
RH=2.18 x 10-18J
(d) Describe the formation of line spectrum of hydrogen atom. Lecture
(e) Illustrate the formation of Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett and
Lecture
Pfund series.
(f) Calculate the energy change of an electron during transition :
Tutorial
∆E=( 1/ni2- 1/nf2 ) , RH=2.18 x 10-18J
(g) Calculate the photon of energy emitted by an electron that produces
Tutorial
a particular wavelength during transition. ∆E=hv, v=c/λ
(h) Perform calculations involving the Rydberg equation.
Tutorial
1/λ=RH( 1/n12- 1/n22 ),RH=1.097 x 107m-1 and n1<n2
(i) Calculate the ionisation energy of hydrogen atom from Lyman Tutorial
(j) State limitation of Bohr’s atomic model. Lecture
(k) State the dual nature of electron using de Broglie’s Postulate and
Lecture
Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle.
2.2 Quantum mechanical model
(a) Define the term orbital. Lecture
(b) Explain all four quantum numbers of an electron in an orbital:
i. principal quantum number, n
ii. angular momentum quantum number Lecture
iii. magnetic quantum number, m
iv. electron spin quantum number, s.
(c) Sketch the 3-D shapes of s, p and d orbitals. Lecture
2.3 Electronic Configuration
Lecture &
(a) Explain Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule and Pauli’s Exclusion Principle .
Tutorial
(b) Predict the electronic configuration of atoms and monoatomic ions
Tutorial
using spdf notation and orbital diagram
(c) Justify the anomalous electronic configuration of chromium and
Tutorial
copper.

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2.1 BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL

BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL POSTULATES
Electron moves in a At ordinary condition, the electron is at Electron at excited state is unstable.
circular orbit of the ground state (lowest energy state). Electron will fall back to lower energy
certain radii with If energy is supplied, electron absorbed level and released a specific amount of
specific energy around the energy and is promoted from lower energy in the form of light or photon.
the nucleus. energy level to a higher energy level The light emitted has a specific
(electron is excited) wavelength. Thus, the line spectrum is
formed.

In the specific energy

level, the energy of
electron is fixed in
value or is quantized.

Formation of Line Spectrum of Hydrogen Spectrum

Emission series of Hydrogen Spectrum

Leman Spectrum Electron drop to Level Electron drops

Series
region (GROUND STATE) from
BAwa
Lyman Ultraviolet n=1 n=2,3,4,5…
PAkcik Balmer Visible n=2 n=3,4,5,6…
Beli Paschen Infrared n=3 n=4,5,6,7…
Pizza Brackett Infrared n=4 n=5,6,7,8…
Pfund Infrared n=5 n=6,7,8,9…

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Energy level diagram of the transition of electrons

ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM

show the transition of
electron from higher
energy to lower energy.

LINE SPECTRUM

 Series of lines produced during

the transition of electron from
higher energy level to lower
energy level

From 1st to 5th line:

∆𝑬 ↑, 𝛌 ↓, 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 ↑

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

Example:
n Intial n Final (series) Line
1. How is the second line of Brackett series
produced? 1st
2. How is the third line of Balmer series produced? 2nd
3. How is the fourth line of Lyman series produced? 3rd
4. How is the second line of Paschen series 4th
produced? 5th

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RYDBERG EQUATION

Calculate the energy of an electrons Calculate the photon of energy emitted by an

 1 
electron that produces a particular
En   RH  2  wavelength during transition

n 
RH(Rydberg constant) = 2.1810-18J ΔE  hv
h Planck’s constant=6.63x10-34 Js
v frequency
Calculate the energy change of an
c
v
electron during transition

 1 1  

E  RH 2  2
n n f 
c speed of light =3.0x108ms-1
 i v frequency
 wavelength
RH(Rydberg constant) = 2.1810-18J
Calculate wavelength of an electron
hc
during transition
ΔE 
1  1 1  

 RH  2  2  h Planck’s constant=6.63x10-34 Js
  n1 n2  c speed of light =3.0x108ms-1
n1<n2  wavelength

RH (Rydberg constant) =1.097x107m-1

Weakness (limitation) of Bohr’s atomic model

1.Unable to explain the
2.Electron is restricted
line spectrum of atoms 3.Unable to explain the
to move in a certain 4.Unable to explain the
or ions containing more extra lines formed in
distance around the dual nature of electrons
than one electron (such the hydrogen spectrum
nucleus of an atom.
as helium).

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2.2 Quantum mechanical model

n: Principle quantum no l: Angular momentum quantum no
Determine the energy (or energy level) of the @azimuthal/subsidiary/orbital quantum no
electron and the size of orbital (n=1,2,3,4) Determines the shape of orbital (integers from 0 to (n-1)
l Subshell Shape of orbital
0 s Spherical

1 p
Dumb-bell
2 d Cloverleaf

m: Magnetic quantum no s: Electron spin quantum

Determine the orientation of orbital in space no
l m Orbital Determine the direction
0 0 s of spinning motion
1 +1,0,-1 px, py, pz (clockwise or anti
2 +2,+1,0,-1,-2 dxy, dyz, dxz, dx2- y2, dz2 clockwise) of an electron

n (n= 1,2,3,4) l (l=0,1,2,3) m (m=-l,0, +l) S (s=-1/2, +1/2) Sets of quantum

orbital size orbital shape orbital orientation -
e spin direction no
1 0 1s 0 +½@-½ (1,0,0, + ½) 2
(1,0,0, - ½)
2 0 2

1 6

3 0 2

1 6

2 14

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2.3 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

Aufbau principle Hund’s rule Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
Electrons fill the lowest energy Electrons are added to the orbital of No two electrons in an atom
orbitals first and other orbitals in equivalent energy (or degenerate can have the same four
order of ascending energy. orbitals), each orbital are filled quantum numbers (n, , m, s).
singly with electron of the parallel
spins (same) first before it is paired

Set Quantum No: (n,l,m,s)

(2,0,0, + ½) and (2,0,0, + ½)
Electronic configuration

Orbital diagram:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2……..

Example: Write the electronic configuration
Na
Na+
Mn
Mn2+
Fe
Mn3+
O
O2-

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Anomalous Electronic Configuration of Chromium and Copper

Chromium Copper
Proton no 24 29
Expected Electronic
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d9
Configuration
Actual Electronic
Configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10
Explanation The reason for these anomalous are The reason for these anomalous are
unusual stability in half-filled orbitals unusual stability in full-filled orbitals
of chromium. of copper.

 One electron from 4s orbital is  One electron from 4s orbital is

promoted to 3d orbital. promoted to 3d orbital.
 Hence, it has a half-filled orbital  Hence, it has a full-filled orbital
arrangement arrangement
 Half-filled orbital is very stable  Full-filled orbital is very stable
compare to partially-filled orbital. compare to partially-filled orbital.

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