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Report On Chandrayan - 1: Krishna Rathod Roll No. 20PHY01 College - I Star
Report On Chandrayan - 1: Krishna Rathod Roll No. 20PHY01 College - I Star
KRISHNA RATHOD
Roll No. 20PHY01
COLLEGE - I STAR
Mission Remote Sensing, Planetary Science
Spacecraft
1380 kilograms
Mass
2
Spectrometer) (CHASE)
On-Board
700 watts
Power
4
Sub Kev Atom Reflecting Analyzer (SARA)
The Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) on India’s first satellite for lunar exploration,
Chandrayaan-1, is for generating high-resolution 3-dimensional maps of the Moon.
With this instrument, a complete topographic map of the Moon with 5 m spatial
resolution and 10-bit quantization will be available for scientific studies.
The TMC will image within the panchromatic spectral band of 0.4 to 0.9 Μm with a
stereo view in the fore, nadir and aft directions of the spacecraft movement and
have a B/H ratio of 1. The swath coverage will be 20 km.
The camera is configured for imaging in the push broom-mode with three linear
detectors in the image plane. The camera will have four gain settings to cover the
varying illumination conditions of the Moon.
Additionally, a provision of imaging with reduced resolution, for improving Signal-
to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in polar regions, which have poor illumination conditions
throughout, has been made. SNR of better than 100 is expected in the ±60° latitude
region for mature mare soil, which is one of the darkest regions on the lunar
surface. This paper presents a brief description of the TMC instrument.
The HySI instrument measures the reflected solar radiation from the Moon’s
surface. The spectral separation is done using a wedge filter in front of an area
detector. The wedge filter is an interference filter with varying coating thickness
along one dimension so that the wavelength of the transmitted radiation varies in
that direction. The frame size is 40km along track and 20km across track (swath).
The detector has 512 pixels in along track and 256 pixels in across track direction.
In a given frame, 512 lines of lunar surface are mapped onto 512 rows of detector
elements. Each row gets different spectral information and the pixels within a row
get different spatial information corresponding to that swath coverage.The
spacecraft’s movement builds the full spectrum of a target. The frame data at
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detector output corresponds to 512 spectral bands. The 512 bands are processed
on-board to generate the required 64 bands, thereby reducing the transmitted
data volume.
Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) proposed for the first Indian lunar
mission Chandrayaan-1 is aimed to study the topography of the Moon’s surface
and its gravitational field by precisely measuring the altitude from a polar orbit
around the Moon. Altimetry data close to the poles of the Moon would also be
available from the instrument, which was not covered by earlier missions.
This instrument supplements the terrain mapping camera and hyperspectral
imager payloads on Chandrayaan-1. The instrument consists of a diode pumped
Nd:YAG pulsed laser transmitter having 10 nsec pulse width and a receiver
system. The receiver system features 17 cm diameter Ritchey—Chretien collecting
optics, Si Avalanche Photo Detector (APD), preamplifiers, constant fraction
discriminators, time-of-flight measurement unit and spacecraft interface.
Altimeter resolution of better than 5 m is targeted. The received signal strength of
LLRI depends on laser pulse backscatter from the Moon’s surface. Moon’s surface
being a poor reflector, the choice of receiver size and its type and the selection of
detector play an important role in getting a good signal-to-noise ratio and in turn
achieving the target resolution. At the same time, the spacecraft puts a limitation
on payload size and weight. This paper discusses the proposed LLRI system for
Chandrayaan-1 and signal-to-noise ratio estimation.
Lunar XRF results from CIXS for two A-class solar flares are presented. Results are
quantitatively derived and expressed as MgO/SiO2 and Al2O3/SiO2 ratios.
Ground truth data from the Apollo 14 landing site are duplicated in this work.
Possible discrepancies between XRF and gamma-ray compositions are discussed.
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a spectral resolution of 6 nanometres and >100 S/N. The reflected light from the
Moon is focused onto a fibre, which leads the light to the spectrometer body.
At the grating the light is dispersed and then detected by an IR sensor across 256
pixels. Each pixel is a photodiode converting the incoming light into an electronic
signal.
Since the SIR-2 is a footprint spectrometer, each spectrum represents the surface
characteristics of an ellipse whose size is defined by the opening angle of the
instrument and the distance between the spacecraft and the ground, in this case
around 220 meters.
SARA consists of a Digital Processing Unit (DPU) and two sensors, the Solar WInd
Monitor (SWIM) for solar wind monitoring and the Chandrayaan-1 Energetic
Neutrals Analyzer (CENA), an imaging neutral atom spectrometer to observe
atoms sputtered from the lunar surface by the solar wind as well as backscattered
hydrogen. We review the status of the instrument and give an overview of science
targets.
The three components of the SARA experiment were: two sensors - CENA
(Chandrayaan-1 Energetic Neutral Analyzer), which detected low energy neutral
atoms in the 10-3300 eV energy range, and the SWIM (Solar WInd Monitor), which
measured the plasma flux in the near-lunar environment in the 10-3000 eV energy
range, and the DPU (Digital Processing Unit) which commanded and controlled the
operations on both the sensors. Both sensors had a fan shaped Field of View (FoV).
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Onboard commissioning of SARA was successfully completed in January 2009, and
the planned normal operations began in February.
Prof. Paul Spudis, Principal Investigator of the Mini-SAR experiment said "The new
discoveries by Chandrayaan-1 and other lunar missions show that the moon is an
even more interesting and attractive scientific, exploration and operational
destination than people had previously thought."
The Mini-SAR mapped the moon's permanently shadowed polar craters that are
not visible from Earth. The radar uses the polarisation properties of reflected
radio waves to characterise surface properties. Results from the mapping showed
deposits having radar characteristics similar to ice. The emerging picture from the
multiple measurements and resulting data of the instruments, Moon Mineralogy
Mapper and Mini-SAR on Chandrayaan-1 and NASA's Lunar Crater Observation
and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), indicates that water creation, migration,
deposition and retention are occurring on the moon.
The Mini-SAR's findings have just been published in the journal, 'Geophysical
Research Letters' authored by scientists from 13 agencies from USA and India,
including Prof. J. N. Goswami, Principal Scientist, Chandrayaan-1 from Physical
Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad and Dr M. Chakrabarty of Space Applications
Centre, Ahmedabad. The new findings add to the growing scientific understanding
of the multiple forms of water on the moon.
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NASA’s Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3)
Different wavelengths of light provide new information about the Orientale Basin
region of the moon in a composite image taken by NASA's Moon Mineralogy
Mapper, a guest instrument aboard the Indian Space Research Organization's
Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft.
The composite image consists of a subset of Moon Mineralogy Mapper data for the
Orientale region. The image strip on the left is a color composite of data from 28
separate wavelengths of light reflected from the moon. The blue to red tones
reveal changes in rock and mineral composition, and the green color is an
indication of the abundance of iron-bearing minerals such as pyroxene. The image
strip on the right is from a single wavelength of light that contains thermal
emission, providing a new level of detail on the form and structure of the region's
surface.
The Orientale Basin is located on the moon's western limb. The data for this
composite were captured by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper during the
commissioning phase of Chandrayaan-1 as the spacecraft orbited the moon at an
altitude of 100 kilometers (62 miles).
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Chandrayaan-1, the first Indian planetary exploration mission, will carry out high
resolution remote sensing studies of the moon to further our understanding about its
origin and evolution. Hyper-spectral imaging in the UV-VIS-NIR region using three imaging
spectrometers, along with a low energy X-ray spectrometer will provide mineralogical and
chemical composition of the lunar surface at high spatial resolution. A terrain mapping
camera will provide high resolution threedimensional images of the lunar surface and will
be complemented by a laser ranging instrument that will provide lunar altimetry. Three
payloads – a high energy X-γ ray spectrometer, a sub-keV atom reflecting analyser, and
miniature imaging radar – will be used for the first time for remote sensing exploration of
a planetary body. They will investigate transport of volatiles on the lunar surface,
presence of localized lunar mini-magnetosphere and possible presence of water ice in the
permanently shadowed lunar polar region respectively. A radiation dose monitor will
provide information on energetic particle flux en route to the moon and in lunar orbit. An
impact probe carrying an imaging system, a radar altimeter and a mass spectrometer will
be released from the spacecraft to land at a predestinated lunar site. The design of the
one tonne-class spacecraft is primarily adapted from flight proven Indian Remote Sensing
satellite bus with several modifications that are specific to the lunar mission. The
spacecraft was launched by using a variant of the indigenous Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicle
(PSLV-XL) and placed in a 100 km circular polar orbit around the moon with a planned
mission life of two years. An Indian Deep Space Network and an Indian Space Science Data
Center have been established as a part of Chandrayaan-1 mission and will cater to the
need of future Indian space science and planetary missions.
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