ADPLZDF PCFMDNSASDF

NHPCZ]CFYH

Mhsusuf uftug ececfunh tubds prdgthg gahfhg gcpcrdwdtdf

gcaudrbd Mlscf pcfbdepu ? Sakdn Dbus Yugrhaadn, Y.Gcp. E.N

Mhsusuf Lacn

Alrd Drmyd Prdecsth

P4992=:0:4;028

PLAH]CGFHG GCYCND]DF GCECF]ZHDF GCYCND]DF

YCEDZDFB

PZLMH MHHH GCPCZDRD]DF PSZRLGCZ]L

]DNSF DGDMCEHG :0:0/:0:4

 ADPLZDF PCFMDNSASDF

NHPCZ]CFYH

D. PCFMDNSASDF
Nhpcrtcfsh dmdadn sudtu gcdmddf mhedfd scsclrdfb ecfbdadeh pcfhfbgdtdf
tcgdfdf mdrdn mhdtds flreda ydfb ecfbdghjdtgdf pcfhfbgdtdf dfbgd elrjhmhtds mdf
dfbgd gcedthdf. Ecfurut RNL, tcgdfdf mdrdn mhdfbbdp flreda jhad gurdfb mdrh
493/>3 eeNb, scmdfbgdf mhgdtdgdf nhpcrtcfsh dpdjhad acjhn mdrh 4=0/80 eeNb, mdf
mhdftdrd fhadh tcrscjut mhgdtdgdf flreda thfbbh (Dmhj, :008).
Nhpcrtcfsh dmdadn thfbbhfyd tcgdfdf mdrdn scidrd ecfctdp mhedfd
tcgdfdf shstlahg mhdtds 4=0 eeNb mdf tcgdfdf mhdstlahi mhdtds 80 eeNb. Pdmd
plpuadsh adfshd, nhpcrtcfsh mhtctdpgdf scjdbdh tcgdfdf shstlahg mhdtds 4;0 eeNb
mdf tcgdfdf mhdstlahi mhdtds 80 eeNb. Nhpcrtcfsh ecrupdgdf pcfycjdj utded
bdbda odftufb, strlgc, mdf bdbda bhfoda. Nhpcrtcfsh ecfycjdjgdf rcshgl
elrjhmhahtdsh (gcsdghtdf) dtdu elrtdahtds (gcedthdf), ydfb ecfhfbgdt scodadf
mcfbdf pcfhfbgdtdf tcgdfdf shstlahg mdf mhdstlahg ( Jruffcr mdf Yummdrtn, :00:).
Jdndyd ydb tcrgdht mcfbdf nhpcrtcfsh dftdrd adhf strlgc. ]cgdfdf mdrdn thfbbh
ecepcricpdt pcfyuejdtdf drtcrh ydfb ecfbdrdn pdmd scrdfbdf odftufb dtdu strlgc
 ohgd drtcrh ydfb ecfbdahrgdf mdrdn gc odftufb dtdu gc ltdg tcrsuejdt. Ytrlgc
oubd mdpdt tcrodmh scjdbdh dghjdt mdrh ecacednfyd mhfmhfb pcejuaun mdrdn mh ltdg
gdrcfd tcgdfdf mdrdn thfbbh (Yutdftl, :040).

Nhpcrtcfsh ecrupdgdf pcfhfbgdtdf tcgdfdf mdrdn shstlahg acjhn mdrh 4=0 eeNb mdf
tcgdfdf mdrdn mhdstlahg acjhn mdrh 80 eeNb pdmd mud gdah pcfbugurdf mcfbdf scadfb
wdgtu ahed ecfht mdade gcdmddf iugup hsthrdndt/tcfdfb (Gcecftcrhdf Gcscndtdf
ZH,

:04=).

J. ZCYPLF GCASDZBD ]CZNDMDP EDYDADN XDFB MHNDMDPH

Zcsplf gcaudrbd tcrndmdp glfmhsh sdght ydfb mhdadeh gcaudrbdfyd jdhg mdrh
 pcrujdndf khshg, pshglalbhs, sphrhtuda, mdf slshda tcadn jcrmdepdg pdmd idrc-bhvcr
ydfb ecrdwdtfyd. Zcsplf gcaudrbd ydfb mhtufouggdf lacn idrcbhvcr mdade
pcfcahthdf hfh tcrjdbh ahed tced ydhtu mhtceugdffyd edsdadn pshglalbhs, edsdadn
khshg, edsdadn khfdfshda/cglfleh, gcedepudf ecadgsdfdgdf tubds gcscndtdf
gcaudrbd mdf rcsplf
 tcrndmdp pcrdf. Gcedepudf ecadgsdfdgdf tubds gcscndtdf gcaurbd mdade pcfcahthdf hfh
tcrhmcfthkhgdsh ecadauh gcedepudf mdade ecfbcfda edsdadn gcscndtdf,
ecfbdejha gcputusdf, ecrdwdt, ecelmhkhgdsh ahfbgufbdf mdf ecedfkddtgdf pcadydfdf
gcscndtdf.

I. GADYHKHGDYH NHPCZ]CFYH
Gadshkhgdsh nhpcrtcfsh ecfurut RNL, ydhtu?
4. ]cgdfdf mdrdn flreda ydhtu jhad shstlahg gurdfb dtdu sded mcfbdf 4=0 eeNb
mdf mhdstlahg gurdfb dtdu sded mcfbdf 80 eeNb
:. ]cgdfdf mdrdn pcrjdtdsdf (jrlmcr ahfc) ydhtu jhad shstlahg 4=4-4=8 eeNb mdf
mhdstlahg 84-8= eeNb
9. ]cgdfdf mdrdn thfbbh (nhpcrtcfsh) ydhtu jhad shstlahg acjhn jcsdr dtdu sded mcfbdf
4;0 eeNb mdf mhdstlahg acjhn jcsdr dtdu sded mcfbdf 83eeNb.

Gadshkhgdsh ecfurut ]nc Olhft Fdthlfda Ileehttcc lf tnc Mctcithlf

dfm
]rcdtecft lk Nhpcrtcfshlf, ydhtu?
4. Mhdstlahg 

 j. 1 >3 eeNb ? ]cgdfdf mdrdn flreda

i. >3 ’ 88 eeNb ? ]cgdfdf mdrdn flreda thfbbh
m. 80 -40= eeNb ? Nhpcrtcfsh rhfbdf
c. 403 ’ 44= eeNb ? Nhpcrtcfsh scmdfb
k. 6443 eeNb ? Nhpcrtcfsh jcrdt

:. Yhstlahg (mcfbdf tcgdfdf mhdstlahg 80 eeNb)

d. 1 4=0 eeNb ? ]cgdfdf mdrdn flreda
 j. 4=0 ’ 438 eeNb ? Nhpcrtcfsh shstlahg pcrjdtdsdf tcrhsladsh
i. 6 4;0 eeNb ? Nhpcrtcfsh shstlahg tcrhhsladsh

Grhshs nhpcrtcfsh dmdadn Yudtu gcdmddf pcfhfbgdtdf tcgdfdf mdrdn ydfb

ecfmdmdg (shstlac ≣4>0 eeNb mdf/dtdu mhdstlac ≣4:0 eeNb), pdmd pcfmcrhtd
nhpcrtcfsh, yb ecejutungdf pcfdfbbuadfbdf scbcrd ydfb mhtdfmdh lacn tcgdfdf
mdrdn ydfb sdfbdt thfbbh mcfbdf gceufbghfdf thejuafyd dtdu tcadn tcrodmh gcadhfdf
lrbdf tdrbct (ltdg, edtd (rcthfd), bhfoda, odftufb, mdf pcejuaun mdrdn).

]hfbbhfyd tcgdfdf mdrdn jcrvdrhdsh, ydfb tcrpcfthfb dmdadn icpdt fdhgfyd tcgdfdf
mdrdn, mhdftdrdfyd ydhtu?

4. Nhpcrtcfsh Cecrbcfsh
 Yhtudsh mhedfd mhpcraugdf pcfurufdf tcgdfdf mdrdn ydfb scbcrd mcfbdf ljdt
dfthnhpcrtcfsh pdrcftcrda gdrcfd dmdfyd gcrusdgdf lrbdf tdrbct dgut
dtdu
 prlbrcshk tdrbct dgut dtdu prlbrcshk. Gcfdhgdf ]M ecfmdmdg yb mhscrtdh
gcrusdgdf lrbdf tdrbct ydfb prlbrcshk mdf mh pcraugdf thfmdgdf pcfurufdf ]M yb
scbcrd mdade guruf wdgtu ecfht/ode.

:. Nhpcrtcfsh Srbcfsh
Yhtudsh mhedfd tcrmdpdt pcfhfbgdtdf tcgdfdf mdrdn ydfb jcredgfd tdfpd dmdfyd
bcodad ydfb jcrdt dtdu gcrusdgdf lrbdf tdrbct prlbrcshk jcredgfd tdfpd dmdfyd bcodad
ydfb jcrdt dtdu gcrusdgdf lrbdf tdrbct prlbrcshk mdf tcgdfdf mdrdn pcrau mhturufgdf
mdade jcjcrdpd ode. Pcfurufdf ]M ndrus mhadgsdfdgdf mdade guruf wdgtu :=-=> ode
(pcfurufdf tcgdfdf mdrdn mdpdt mhadgsdfdgdf acjhn adejdt (mdade nhtufbdf
ode sdepdh ndrh).

M. C]HLALBH
Ecfurut Xdfhtd (:042) dmd : blalfbdf pcfycjdj nhpcrtcfsh ydhtu ?
d. Nhpcrtcfsh prhecr/nhpcrtcfsh cscfshda
Nhpcrtcfsh hfh jcrshkdt hmhlpdthg gdrcfd jcaue tcrmctcgsh pcfycjdjfyd. Pcfycjdj ydfb
 jcaue mhgctdnuh scrhfb mhgdhtgdf mcfbdf kdgtlr bdyd nhmup ydfb gurdfb scndt.
 j. Nhpcrtcfsh scgufmcr/nhpcrtcfsh flfcscfshda
Nhpcrtcfsh hfh ecrupdgdf nhpcrtcfsh ydfb mhscjdjgdf lacn pcfydght adhf scpcrth
 pcfydght bhfoda, gcadhfdf nlrelfda, dtdu pcfbbufddf ljdt tcrtcftu.

C. ]DFMD MDF BCODAD

Ecfurut Furdkhk & Gusued (:043) tdfmd mdf bcodad Nhpcrtcfsh

mhjcmdgdf ecfodmh

d. ]hmdg dmd bcodad

]hmdg dmd bcodad ydfb spcshkhg ydfb mdpdt mhnujufbgdf mcfbdf pcfhfbgdtdf
tcgdfdf mdrdn, scadhf pcfcftudf tcgdfdf drtcrh lacn mlgtcr ydfb ececrhgsd. Nda
hfh jcrdrth Nhpcrtcfsh drtcrhda thmdg dgdf pcrfdn tcrmhdbflsd ohgd tcgdfdf drtcrh thmdg
tcrgur.

 j. Bcodad ydfb adzhe

Ycrhfb mhgdtdgdf jdnwd bcodad tcradzhe ydfb ecfycrtdh Nhpcrtcfsh ecahputh fycrh

gcpdad mdf gcacadndf. Mdade gcfydtddffyd hfh ecrupdgdf bcodad tcradzhe

ydfb ecfbcfdh gcjdfydgdf pdshcf ydfb ecfidrh pcrtlalfbdf ecmhs.
 Jcjcrdpd gcaundf pdshcf ydfb ecfmcrhtd Nhpcrtcfsh ydhtu ?
- Ecfbcaun sdght gcpdad, pushfb
- Aceds, gcacadndf
- Ycsdg fdkds
- Bcahsdn
- Euda euftdn
- Cphstdgshs
- Gcsdmdrdf ecfuruf

K. PD]LKHYHLALBH
]cgdfdf mdrdn mhpcfbdrunh lacn iurdn odftufb mdf tdndfdf pcrhkcr.
]ujun ecepufydh shstce ydfb jcrkufbsh ecficbdn pcrujdndf tcgdfdf mdrdn
scidrd dgut. Yhstce tcrscjut dmd ydfb jcrcdgsh gcthgd tcrodmh pcrujdndf tcgdfdf mdrdn
mdf dmd oubd ydfb jcrcdgsh gcthgd tcrodmh pcrujdndf tcgdfdf mdrdn scidrd dgut.
Gcodmhdf nhpcrtcfsh mheuadh mcfbdf dmdfyd dtncrlsgacrlshs ydfb ecrupdgdf jcftug
mdrh drtcrhlsgacrlshs (pcfbcrdsdf drtcrh). Dtncrlsgacrlshs mhtdfmdh lacn pcfhejufdf
acedg ydfb prlbrcshk pdmd mhfmhfb drtcrh mdf pcfurufdf cadsthshtds drtcrh scnhfbbd
thmdg mdpdt ecfbdtur tcgdfdf mdrdn gceumhdf ecfbdghjdtgdf nhpcrtcfsh. Gcgdgudf
drtcrh mdf gcadejdfdf dahrdf mdrdn ecfycjdjgdf jcjdf odftufb jcrtdejdn jcrdt
ydfb mhedfhkcstdshgdf mdade jcftug Nhpcrtrlkh [cftrhgca Ghrh (N[G) mdf
bdfbbudf kufbsh mhdstlahg gdrcfd bdfbbudf rcadgsdsh vcftrhgca ghrh scnhfbbd
ecfbdghjdtgdf pcfhfbgdtdf tcgdfdf mdrdn mdade shstce shrguadsh Justdf, :002 (mdade
Ydputrh, :04;).
B. PD]NRDX

N. PCFD]DADGYDFDDF
d. Kdredglalbh
Ecfurut Furdkhk & Gusued (:043) pcfdtdadgsdfddf kdredglalbh ydfb
jhsd mhjcrhgdf pdmd pcfmcrhtd Nhpcrtcfsh ydhtu mcfbdf ecejcrhgdf ljdt dfth
nhpcrtcfsh scpcrth mhurcthg, CGD, DZJ, pcfycgdt κ, dftdblfhs Id, scsudh ydfb
mhpcraugdf.
 j. Flfkdredglalbh
Ecfurut Drmhdfsydn (:04:) adfbgdn dwda jhdsdfyd dmdadn mcfbdf ecfbujdn plad
nhmup pcfmcrhtd, ydgfh mcfbdf idrd ?
 4) Ecfurufgdf jcrdt jdmdf sdepdh jdtds hmcda.
:) Ecfbujdn plad edgdf pdmd pcfmcrhtd mhdjctcs, gcbceugdf, dtdu gdmdr
glacstcrla thfbbh.
9) Ecfburdfbh pcedgdhdf bdrde sdepdh gurdfb mdrh :,9 brde fdtrhue dtdu ;
brde fdtrhue galrhmd scthdp ndrhfyd (mhscrtdh mcfbdf dsupdf gdashue,
edbfcshue, mdf gdahue ydfb iugup).
=) Ecfburdfbh glfsuesh daglnla.
3) Jcrncfth ecrlglg.
;) Ladnrdbd dcrljhg ydfb thmdg tcradau jcrdt (pcfmcrhtd nhpcrtcfsh cscfshda thmdg
pcrau ecejdtdsh dgthvhtdsfyd scaded tcgdfdf mdrdnfyd tcrgcfmdah).

H. GLEPAHGDYH
Ecfurut Yutdftl (:040) dmd jcjcrdpd glepahgdsh ydfb eufbghf tcrodmh
pdmd
 pcfmcrhtd Nhpcrtcfsh, dftdrd adhf?
d. Ltdg ? bdfbbudf pdmd ltdg jhdsdfyd jcrdghjdt rusdgfyd pcejuaun mdrdn
scnhfbbd ecfycjdjgdf strlgc.

 j. Edtd ? bdfbbudf pdmd edtd jhdsdfyd ecfycjdjgdf gcrusdgdf sca-sca rcthfd scnhfbbd
 ohgd sdfbdt pdrdn mdpdt ecfhejuagdf gcjutddf.
i. Odftufb ? bdfbbudf odftufb scjdbdh lrbdf pcelepd mdrdn ecfycjdjgdf
pcfydght
 odftufb glrlfcr mdf bdbda odftufb.
m. Bhfoda ? ecfycjdjgdf pcfydght bhfoda grlfhg, bdbda bhfoda tcrehfda.

O. PCECZHGYDDF PCFSFODFB
Ecfurut Furdkhk & Gusued (:043) dmd jcjcrdpd pcecrhgsddf pcfufodfb ydfb
mdpdt mhadgugdf uftug pcfmcrhtd nhpcrtcfsh dftdrd adhf?

d. Pcecrhgsddf Adjlrdtlrhue
4) Nj/Nt ? uftug ecfbgdoh nujufbdf mdrh sca-sca tcrndmdp vlauec idhrdf
(vhsglshtds) mdf mdpdt ecfbhfmhgdshgdf kdgtlr rcshgl scpcrth nhplgldbudjhahtds,
dfcehd.
:) JSF/grcdthfhf ? ecejcrhgdf hfklredsh tcftdfb pcrkush/kufbsh bhfoda.
9) Bauglsd ? nhpcrbahgceh ( ME dmdadn pcfictus nhpcrtcfsh) mdpdt mhdghjdtgdf lacn
 pcfbcaudrdf gdmdr gdtcgladehf.
=) Srhfdahsd ? mdrdn, prltchf, bauglsd, ecfbhsdrdtgdf mhskufbsh bhfoda mdf dmd ME.
 j. I] Yidf ? ecfbgdoh dmdfyd tuelr icrcjrda, cficalpdth.
 i. CGB ? mdpdt ecfufouggdf plad rcbdfbdf, mhedfd auds, pcfhfbbhdf
bcalejdfb P dmdadn sdadn sdtu tdfmd mhfh pcfydght odftufb Nhpcrtcfsh.

m. HSP ? ecfbhmcfthkhgdshgdf pcfycjdj Nhpcrtcfsh scpcrth ? jdtu bhfoda, pcrjdhgdf bhfoda.

c. Pnltl mdmd ? ecfufougdf mcstrugsh gdashkhgdsh pdmd drcd gdtup, pcejcsdrdf odftufb.

G. GLFYCP DYGCP GCASDZBD

Dsundf gcpcrdwdtdf gcaudrbd dmdadn sudtu rdfbgdhdf gcbhdtdf ydfb
mhjcrhgdf ecadauh prdgtcg gcpcrdwdtdf gcpdmd gcaudrbd, uftug ecejdftu
ecfycacsdhgdf edsdadn gcscntdf gcaudrbd tcrscjut mcfbdf ecfbbufdgdf pcfmcgdtdf
prlscs gcpcrdwdtdf.

Dsundf gcpcrdwdtdf gcaudrbd oubd mhmckhfhshgdf sudtu rdfbgdhf gcbhdtdf mdade

 prdgthg gcpcrdwdtdf ydfb mhjcrhgdf gcpdmd gahcf scjdbdh dfbbltd gcaudrbd, pdmd tdtdfdf
gleufhtds mcfbdf ecfbbufdgdf prlscs gcpdrdwdtdf, jcrpcmledf pdmd
stdfmdr gcpcrdwdtdf, jcradfmdsgdf pdmd cthgd mdf cthgct gcpcrdwdtdf mdade ahfbgup
wcwcfdfb scrtd tdfbbufb odwdj gcpcrdwdtdf (gcaleplg gcrod gcpcrdwdtdf
INY, 488=7 Ei Ialsgcy & brdic, :004)

Ecfurut tclrh / elmca kdehay icftcr furshfb krhcmedf, ecahputh 2

gleplfcf
 pcfbgdohdf ydhtu ?
]dndpdf mdrh prlscs gcpcrdwdtdf gcaudrbd dmdadn scjdbdh jcrhgut ?
4. Pcfbgdohdf

d. Mdtd ueue
4) Hmcfthtds gcpdad gcaudrbd
:) Gleplshsh gcpdad gcaudrbd
9) Bcflbrde
=) ]hpc gcaudrbd
3) Yugu jdfbsd
;) Dbded
2) Ytdtus slshda cglfleh gcaudrbd
>) Dgthkhtds cglfleh gcaudrbd
 j. Zhwdydt mdf tdndp pcrgcejdfbdf gcaudrbd
4) ]dndp pcrgcejdfbdf gcaudrbd sddt hfh
]dndp pcrgcejdfdbdf gcaudrbd mhtcftugdf mcfbdf dfdg tcrtud mdrh gcaudrbd
hfh.

:) ]dndp pcrgcejdfbdf gcaudrbd ydfb jcaue tcrpcfunh

Ecfocadsgdf ecfbcfdh tubds pcrgcejdfbdf gcaudrbd ydfb jcaue
 tcrpcfunh scrtd gcfmdad ecfbdpd tubds pcrgcejdfbdf tcrscjut
 jcaue tcrpcfunh.
9) Zhwdydt gcaudrbd hfth
Ecfocadsgdf ecfbcfdh rhwdydt gcscndtdf pdmd gcaudrbd hfth, ydfb ecahputh
rhwdydt pcfydght gcturufdf, rhwdydt gcscndtdf edshfb- edshfb
dfbbltd gcaudrbd, pcrndthdf tcrndmdp pcficbdndf pcfydght (stdtus
heufhsdsh), suejcr pcadydfdf gcscndtdf ydfb jhdsd mhbufdgdf
gcaudrbd scrtd

 pcfbdadedf tcrndmdp pcadydfdf gcscndtdf.

=) Zhwdydt gcaudrbd scjcauefyd
Ecfocadsgdf ecfbcfdh rhwdydt pcfydght gcturufdf mdf
pcfydght ecfuadr pdmd gcaudrbd scrtd rhwdydt gcjhdsddf / bdyd
nhmup ydfb ecepcfbdrunh gcscndtdf.
i. Pcfbgdohdf Ahfbgufbdf
4) Gdrdgtcrhsthg ruedn ydfb ecahputh ? ugurdf ruedn (auds
ruedn), glfmhsh mdade mdf audr ruedn, gcjcrshndf ruedn, vcfthadsh
ruedn, sdaurdf pcejudfbdf dhr ahejdn, dhr jcrshn, pcfbcaladdf
sdepdn, gcpcehahgdf ruedn, gdedr edfmh / RI, mcfdn ruedn.

:) Gdrdgtcrhsthg tctdfbbd mdf gleufhtds tcepdt thfbbda,

Ecfocadsgdf ecfbcfdh gdrdgtcrhsthg mdrh tctdfbbd mdf gleufhtds sctcepdt,
ydfb ecahputh gcjhdsddf, ahfbgufbdf khshg, dturdf / gcscpdgdtdf
pcfmumug sctcepdt, jumdyd sctcepdt ydfb ecepcfbdrunh gcscndtdf.

9) Eljhahtds bclbrdkhs gcaudrbd

Eljhahtds bclbrdkhs gcaudrbd mhtcftugdf mcfbdf gcjhdsddf
gcaudrbd
 jcrphfmdn tcepdt.
=) Pcrguepuadf gcaudrbd mdf hftcrdgsh mcfbdf edsydrdgdt
Ecfocadsgdf ecfbcfdh wdgtu ydfb mhbufdgdf gcaudrbd uftug 
 jcrguepua jcrsded, scrtd pcrguepuadf ydfb dmd. Ycodunedfd
gcaudrbd jcrhftcrdgsh mcfbdf edsydrdgdt (lrbdfhsdsh slshda
ydfb mhhguth lacn dfbbltd gcaudrbd)

3) Yystce pcfmugufb gcaudrbd

Xdfb tcredsug pdmd systce pcfmugufb gcaudrbd dmdadn
oueadn dfbbltd gcaudrbd ydfb scndt, kdshahtds-kdshahtds
ydfb mhehahgh gcaudrbd uftug ecfufodfb gcscndtdf. Kdshahtds
ecfidgup kdshahtds
 khshg, kdshahtds pshglalbh, mdf mugufbdf mdrh dfbbltd gcaudrbd mdf
kdshahtds slshda dtdu mugufbdf mdrh edsydrdgdt sctcepdt.

m. Ytrugtur Gcaudrbd
4) Plad gleufhgdsh gcaudrbd

Ecfocadsgdf ecfbcfdh idrd jcrgleufhgdsh dftdr dfbbltd

gcaudrbd scrtd idrd gcaudrbd ececidngdf edsdadn.

:) Ytrugtur gcgudtdf gcaudrbd

Ecfocadsgdf gcedepudf dfbbltd gcaudrbd ecfbcfmdahgdf

mdf ecepcfbdrunh lrdfb adhf uftug ecrujdn pcrhadgu. Zcsplf
gcaudrbd
 jhad dmd dfbbltd gcaudrbd ydfb ecfbdadeh edsdadn, scrtd
plwcr ydfb mhbufdgdf gcaudrbd.

9) Ytrugtur pcrdf

Ecfocadsgdf pcrdf mdrh edshfb’edshfb dfbbltd gcaudrbd

jdhg scidrd klreda edupuf hfklreda.

=) Fhadh mdf flred gcaudrbd.

Ecfocadsgdf ecfbcfdh fhadh mdf flred ydfb mhdfut lacn gcaudrbd,

ydfb jcrnujufbdf mcfbdf gcaudrbd.

c. Kufbsh Gcaudrbd
4) Kufbsh dkcgthk 

Nda ydfb pcrau mhgdoh dmdadn bdejdrdf mhrh dfbbltd gcaudrbd,

 pcrdsddf ecehahgh mdf mhehahgh mdade gcaudrbd, mugufbdf gcaudrbd
tcrndmdp dfbbltd gcaudrbd adhffyd, jdbhedfd gcndfbdtdf tcrihptd
 pdmd dfbbltd gcaudrbd, mdf jdbdhedfd gcaudrbd
ecfbcejdfbgdf shgdp sdahfb ecfbndrbdh.

:) Kufbsh slshdahsdsh
Nda ydfb pcrau mhgdoh dmdadn jdbdhedfd hftcrdgsh dtdu
nujufbdf mdade gcaudrbd, scodunedfd dfbbltd gcaudrbd
jcadodr mhshpahf,
 flred, jumdyd mdf pcrhadgu, scrtd jdbdhedfd
ecepcrgcfdagdf dfbbltd dfbbltd gcaudrbd mcfbdf mufhd audr.

9) Kufbsh pcrdwdtdf gcscndtdf

Kufbsh pcrdwdtdf gcscndtdf tcrgdht 3 kufbsh gcscndtdf
gcaudrbd ydhtu jdbdhedfd gcaudrbd ecfbcfda edsdadn,
ecfbdejha gcputusdf, ecrdwdt dfbbltd gcaudrbd, ecelmhkhgdsh
ahfbgufbdf, mdf ecelmhkhgdsh ahfbgufbdf.
Glfmhsh pcrdwdtdf gcscndtdf mhtuougdf pdmd scaurun
dfbbltd gcaudrbd (jugdf ndfyd gdadu sdght mhdpdgdf tctdph
jdbdhedfd

 prcvcfsh / prlelsh).
=) Kufbsh rcprlmugsh
Nda ydfb pcrau mhgdoh ecfbcfdh kufbsh rcprlmugshgcaudrbd dmdadn?
Jcrdpd oueadn dfdg ydfb mhrcfidgdf lacn gcaudrbd , jdbdhedfd
gcaudrbd ecrcfidgdf oueadn dfbbltd gcaudrbd, dmdgdn pcfbbufddf
dadt glftrdscpsh.

k. Ytrcss mdf glphfb gcaudrbd

4) Ytrcsslr odfbgd pcfmcg mdf strcsslr odfbgd pdfodfb

Ytcslr odfbgd pcfmcg ydhtu stcslr ydfb mhdadeh gcaudrbd ydfb

ececraugdf pcfycacsdhdf mdade wdgtu gurdfb acjhn ; juadf.
Ytcslr odfbgd pdfodfb ydhtu stcslr ydfb mhdadeh gcaudrbd ydfb
ececraugdf pcfycacsdhdf mdade wdgtu acjhn mdrh ; juadf.

:) Zcsplf gcaudrbd tcrndmdp strcss

Nda ydfb pcrau mhgdoh dmdadn scodunedfd gcaudrbd jcrcsplf tcrndmdp

shtudsh / stcslr.

9) Ytrdtcbh glphfb ydfb mhbufdgdf

Ytrdtcbh glphfb dpd ydfb mhbufdgdf gcaudrbd jhad ecfbndmdph

 pcredsdadndf.
=) Ytrdtcbh dmdptdsh mhskufbshlfda

Ecfocadsgdf ecfbcfdh strdtcbh dmdptdsh mhskufbshlfda ydfb

mhbufdgdf gcaudrbd jhad ecfbndmdph pcredsdadndf. Dmdgdn
idrd
 gcaudrbd ecfbdtdsh edsdadn scidrd edadmdpthvc.
b. Ndrdpdf gcaudrbd
Pdmd dgnhr pcfbgdohdf, pcrdwdt ecfdfydgdf ndrdpdf gcaudrbd tcrndmdp
 pctubds gcscndtdf ydfb dmd.
Pcecrhgsddf khshg (ncdm tl tlc)

HH. Pcrueusdf Mhdbflsd Gcpcrdwdtdf

Mhdbflsd gcpcrdwdtdf gcaudrbd mhrueusgdf jcrmdsdrgdf mdtd
ydfb mhmdpdtgdf pdmd pcfbgdodf.

]hplalbh mddrh mhdbflshs gcpcrdwdtdf ?

d. Dgtuda (tcrodmh mckhsht/bdfbbudf gcscndtdf)
Mdrh ndsha pcfbgdohdf mhmdpdtgdf mdtd ecfbcfdh tdfmd mdf bcodad mdrh
bdfbbudf gcscndtdf. Mhdbflsd bdfbbudf mhbufdgdf jhad sumdn thejua
bdfbbudf / edsdadn gcscndtdf mhgcaudrbd, mhmugufb mcfbdf
dmdfyd
 jcjcrdpd mdtd edadmdpthvc. Pcrueusdf mhdbflsd gcpcrdwdtdf
gcaudrbd fydtd / shbf (Y). Pcrueusdf prljace (P) ecrupdgdf
rcsplf tcrndmdp bdfbbudf pcecfundf gcjutundf mdsdr. Ycmdfbgdf
cthlalbh (C) ecfbdiu

 pdmd 3 tubds gcaudrbd ydhtu?

4) Gcthmdgedepudf gcaudrbd ecfbcfda edsdadn, ecahputh ?
Pcrscpsh tcrndmdp gcpdrdndf pcfydght, pcfbcrthdf, tdfmd mdf
bcodad, kdgtlr pcfycjdj, pcrscpsh gcaudrbd tcrndmdp edsdadn.
:) Gcthmdgedepudf gcaudrbd ecfbdejha gcputusdf, ecahputh?
Ycodunedfd gcaudrbd ecfbcrth ecfbcfdh shkdt mdf audsfyd edsdadn,
edsdadn ydfb mhrdsdgdf gcaudrbd, gcaudrbd ecfydrdn tcrndmdp
edsdadn ydfbd mhdadeh, shgdp fcbdthk tcrndmdp edsdadn gcscndtdf,
gurdfb pcridyd tcrndmdp tcfdbd gcscndtdf, scrtd hfklredsh ydfb
sdadn.
 9) Gcthmdgedepudf gcaudrbd ecrdwdt dfbbltd gcaudrbd ydfb
sdght, ecahputh?

Jdbdhedfd gcaudrbd ecfbctdnuh gcdmddf sdght, shkdt mdf

 pcrgcejdfbdf gcaudrbd pcrdwdtdf ydfb mhjutungdf, suejcr-
suejcr ydfb dmd mdade gcaudrbd, shgdp gcaudrbd tcrndmdp ydfb sdght.

=) Gcthmdgedepudf gcaudrbd ececahndrd ahfbgufbdf,

ecahputh? Gcuftufbdf / edfkddt pcecahndrddf ahfngufbdf,
pcfthfbfyd nhcbycfc sdfhtdsh, updyd pcficbdndf pcfydght.
3) Gcthmdgedepudf gcaudrbd ecfbbufdgdf kdshahtds
gcaudrbd, ecahputh?

Gcjcrdmddf kdshahtds gcscndtdf, gcuftufbdf ydfb mhmdpdt,

gcpcridyddf gcaudrbd tcrndmdp pctubds gcscndtdf, pcfbdadedf

gcaudrbd ydfb gurdfb jdhg, pcadydfdf gcscndtdf ydfb tcrodfbgdu
lacn gcaudrbd.
 j. Zhshgl/ dfidedf gcscndtdf
Yumdn dmd ydfb ecfufodfb fdeuf jcaue tcrodmh bdfbbudf, ehsdafyd ?
ahfbgufbdf ruedn ydfb gurdfb jcrshn, plad edgdf ydfb thmdg dmcgudt,
stheuadsh tuejun gcejdfb ydfb thmdg dmcgudt.
i. Pltcfshda (gcdmddf scodntcrd / -wcaafcss―)
Yudtu gcdmddf mhedfd gcaudrbd mdade gcdmddf scodntcrd scnhfbbd

gcscndtdf gcaudrbd mdpdt mhthfbgdtgdf jcaue dmd mdtd

edadmdpthvc. Pcrueusdf mhdbflsd gcpcrdwdtdf gcaudrbd pltcfshda,
ndfyd tcrmhrh mdrh
gleplfcf prljace (P) sdod dtdu P (prljace) mdf Y
(syeptle/shbf), tdfpd gleplfcf cthlalbh (C).
HHH. Hftcrvcfsh Gcpcrdwdtdf
Pcrcfidfddf mhdwdah mcfbdf ecrueusgdf tuoudf ydfb hfbhf mhidpdh
scrtd rcfidfd thfmdgdf uftug ecfbdtdsh edsdadn ydfb dmd.
]uoudf mhrueusgdf uftug ecfbdtdsh dtdu ecehfhedagdf strcslr mdf
hftcrvcfsh mhrdfidfb jcrmdsdrgdf thbd thfbgdt pcficbdndf. Pcficbdndf
prhecr uftug ecepcrgudt bdrhs pcrtdndfdf kacgshjca, pcficbdndf
scgufmcr uftug ecepcrgudt bdrhs pcrtdndfdf scgufmcr mdf
pcficbdndf tcrshcr uftug ecepcrgudt bdrhs pcrtdndfdf rcshstcf
(Dfmcrslf & Ei Kdradfc, :000).
]uoudf tcrmhrh mdrh tuoudf odfbgd pdfodfb mdf tuoudf odfbgd pcfmcg.
Pcfctdpdf tuoudf odfbgd pdfodfb (tuoudf ueue) ecbdiu pdmd jdbdhedfd
ecfbdtdsh prljace / edsdadn (P) mhgcaudrbd, scmdfbgdf pcfctdpdf tuoudf
 odfbgd pcfmcg (tuoudf gnusus) ecfbdiu pdmd jdbdhedfd ecfbdtdsh cthlalbh
(C). ]uoudf odfbgd pcfmcg ndrus YEDZ] (Y5 spcshkhg, E5 ecdsurdjac /
mdpdt mhugur, D5 dinhcvdjac / mdpdt mhidpdh, Z5 rcdahty, ]5 ]hec ahehtcm /

 pufyd aheht wdgtu).

H[. Hepacecftdsh
Hepacecftdsh ecrupdgdf adfbgdn ydfb mhagugdf sctcadn
 pcrcfidfddf prlbrde. Prlbrde mhjudt uftug ecfihptdgdf gchfbhfdf
 jcrujdn mdrh gcaudrbd, ecedfmhrhgdf gcaudrbd. Ycrhfbgdah pcrcfidfddf
 prlbrde ydfb sumdn jdhg thmdg mhhguth mcfbdf wdgtu ydfb iugup
uftug ecrcfidfdgdf hepacecftdsh.

[. Cvdaudsh
Cvdaudsh ecrupdgdf tdndp dgnhr mdrh prlscs gcpcrdwdtdf. Cvdaudsh
ecrupdgdf scguepuadf hfklredsh ydfb shstcedths jcrgcfddf
mcfbdf
 prlbrde gcrodmdf ckcgthkhtds mdrh scrdfbgdhdf prlbrde ydfb mhbufdgdf
tcrdgnhr prlbrde gcbhdtdf, gdrdgtcrhsthg mdf ndsha ydfb tcadn
mhidpdh (Pdttlf, 48>; mdade Ndavhc, 488>).
Cvdaudsh mhbufdgdf uftug ecfbctdnuh scjdrdpd tuoudf
ydfb mhtctdpgdf tcadn tcridpdh mdf dpdgdn hftcrvcfsh ydfb mhadgugdf
ckcgthk uftug gcaudrbd sctcepdt scsudh mcfbdf glfmhsh mdf shtudsh
gcaudrbd. Prlbrde cvdaudsh mhadgsdfdgdf uftug ecedsthgdf dpdgdn
ndsha prlbrde sumdn scodadf mcfbdf sdsdrdf mdf tuoudf ydfb mhrcfidfdgdf.
 Pdmd tdndp cvdaudsh, pcrdwdt ecadgugdf pcfhadhdf tcrndmdp
gcbhdtdf ydfb sumdn mhadgsdfdgdf.

Cvdaudsh mhsusuf mcfbdf ecfbbufdgdf YLDP scidrd lpcrdshlfda.

Y dmdadn nda-nda ydfb mhgceugdgdf lacn gcaudrbd scidrd sujocgthk sctcadn

mhadgugdf hftcrvcfsh gcpcrdwdtdf.
L dmdadn nda-nda ydfb mhtceuh lacn pcrdwdt scidrd ljocgthk

sctcadn mhadgugdf hftcrvcfsh gcpcrdwdtdf.

D dmdadn dfdahsd mdrh ndsha ydfb tcadn mh idpdh mcfbdf ecfbdiu pdmd
tuoudf ydfb tcrgdht mcfbdf mhdbflshs.
P dmdadn pcrcfidfddf ydfb dgdf mdtdfb sctcadn ecahndt rcsplf mdrh
gcaudrbd pdmd tdndpdf cvdaudsh.
 MDK]DZ PSY]DGD

Drmhdfsydn, E. (:04:). Ecmhida Jcmdn uftug Edndshswd. Xlbydgdrtd. Mhvd Prcss.

Jdmrhdn, Y.,Rhdrshn, R., & Pcredtdsdrh, N. (:04=). Pcfbdadedf Gcaudrbd mdade Ecrdwdt Adfout
Sshd mcfbdf Mhdjctcs Ecaahtus. Ourfda Gcpcrdwdtdf Hfmlfcshd, 42(:), 32-;=
Jruffcr & Yummdrtn. :00:. Jugu Dodr ? Gcpcrdwdtdf Ecmhgda Jcmdn [la :, Odgdrtd, CBI,
Mlcfblcs, Edrhayff C. :000. Zcfidfd Dsundf Gcpcrdwdtdf ? Pcmledf uftug Pcrcfidfddf mdf
 Pcfmlguecftdshdf Pcrdwdtdf pdshcf, Odgdrtd, Pcfcrjht Jugu Gcmlgtcrdf, CBI,
Mhfds Gcscndtdf Prlvhfsh odwd ]cfbdn. (:04=). Prlkha Gcscndtdf prlvhfsh odwd ]cfbdn.
(Lfahfc). (nttp?//www.mcpgcs.bl.hm/rcslurics/mlwfaldm/prlkha/PZLKHA\GCY\
PZL[HFYH\:04=/49
mhdgscs pdmd 44 Kcjrudrh :0:4).

 Furdkhk, D. N., & Gusued, N. (:043).  Dpahgdsh dsundf gcpcrdwdtdf jcrmdsdrgdf

mhdbflsd ecmhs & FDFMD (Flrtn Decrhidf Furshfb Mhdbflshs Dsslshdthlf)
FHI-FLI . Xlbydgdrtd ? ecmhdithlf pujahsnhfb.
Zhdsehfh, F. E, mgg. (:042). Pdfmudf Dsundf Gcpcrdwdtdf Hfmhvhmu, Gcaudrbd, Gcaleplg, mdf
 Gleufhtds mcfbdf Elmhkhgdsh FDFMD, HIFP, FLI, FHI mh Pusgcseds mdf Edsydrdgdt .
Odgdrtd. Pcfcrjht Sfhvcrshtds Hfmlfcshd.
Ydputrh, G. D. (:04;). Pcrjcmddf Ckcgthvhtds Ous Ecftheuf mdf Ous ]ledt ]crndmdp Pcfurufdf
]cgdfdf Mdrdn pdmd Pdshcf Nhpcrtcfsh Mh Mcsd Ylgdwcrd Gcdedtdf Pdthgrdod Jdfyueds .
 Kdguatds Haeu Gcscndtdf SEP , (lfahfc) .rcplshtlry.uep.di.hm/83:/=/GSZFHD 
%:0DPZXDFH%:0YDPS]ZH%:0JDJ%:0HH.pmk  , mhdgscs pdmd 42 Flvcejcr :04>).

Yutdftl. (:040). Icgda Pcfydght Elmcrf. Xlbydgdrtd. I.[ Dfmh Lkksct

Xdfhtd. (:042). Mhde-mhde ecedthgdf icbdn dsde urdt mdf nhpcrtcfsh. Odgdrtd, ?ecmhdprcss