Republic of the Philippines

Province of Cebu
CONSOLACION COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Municipality of Consolacion
Tel. No. (032) 512-6743

EL-102 LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND SOCIETY

A Written Report About:

“Sociolinguistic Varieties of Philippine English by Llamzon (Acrolect,

Mesolect, Basilect”

“Slanguages’ in the Philippines (Jologs or Salitang Kayle, Beki Languag/

Sward speak, Jejemon)

Kachru’s Concentric Circles (Inner, Outer, Expanding Circles

Submitted by:
NGOJO JR, JOEL
PEPITO, ANGEL
PEPITO, GRACE LYNN Submitted to:
QUINAPONDAN, ROSE
Ricky A. Ignacio
QUINAGING, JAH-MAICA
 What is basilect in
The variety of language in a POST-CREOLE CONTINUUM
communication studies?
intermediate between BASILECT and ACROLECT, often
Some speakers may use
retaining semantic and syntactic features not found in the
features that differ strongly
acrolect and tending to vary from speaker to speaker, such as
from the standard variety,
between standard Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole. In
while others select more
short, Mesolect is a variety of speech that is midway between
standard features. The form of
the acrolect and the basilect. The variety of language in a
a variety which employs the
POST-CREOLE CONTINUUM most different from the
'deepest' features is called the
STANDARD or SUPERSTRATE language: for example, Jamaican
basilect (Holm 1988: 54). Thus,
Creole as opposed to standard English.
a basilect is the form of a
variety that is furthest away
from the standard.
 Slanguages’ in the Philippines
(Jologs, or Salitang Kayle, Beki Language/ Sward
speak, Jejemon)
SALITANG KALYE (from Spanish, calle or "street"), salitang
kanto (street corner) and salitang balbal are the Tagalog
terms for "slang". Kalye means "street", thus salitang kalye
implies that "slang" is pedestrian language. Kanto means
"street corner" where most bums while their time away.
Balbal is the Tagalog word that means a term or phrase
borrowed from a foreign language used by commoners or
less educated people, the form of which is altered to suit
certain usage. In general, Filipinos are fond of inventing
words and borrowing foreign terms and use them to add
spice to their spoken language. Even college students
develop their own slang words in school, whether they are
rich or poor. Tagalog slang words come and go, and usually
the life of a slang word depends on where it was created
(e.g., television, radio shows) and how often they are used.
These people wanted to be artsy and creative with their
texting style. Another probable origin of the practice was to
shorten the words, and in the process misspelling the
words. As everyone knows, the default SMS character
capacity has its limits, especially during those early times
before the smartphones; and jejenese was perhaps a way
to deal with the limitation. To complicate matters further,
the jejemon writing completely ignores the grammatical
rules on capitalization and lower keys. Worse still, letters
are mixed with both numbers and punctuation marks to
make up words. Interestingly, even with the coming of the
better text-capable smartphones, the jejemon texting has
remained to be practiced. Is jejemon the modern
hieroglyphics, where shapes and symbols are used to
convey ideas, instead of plain words? There are even talks
circulating that jejemons could be Egyptians in their past
lives? Interesting. Spoken jejenese, these uttered slang are
quite similar to "swardspeak" or "gay" lingo, a slang that
has eventually been embraced by the general population.
Common examples of swardspeak are the words "jowa,"
meaning girlfriend or boyfriend, and "shunga," meaning
stupid. Fashion, on the other hand, is another jejemon
distinguishing element.
topic 2
KANO is the slang for American, which is from the word
AMERIKANO (American). Some Tagalog slang words are
reversed ordering of syllables of words. For example,
ASTIG is from TIGAS, which means a stubborn person or
bully. A related word, GASMATI is from MATIGAS, which
means hard, hard-headed or stubborn. TSEKOT is car, from
Tagalog KOTSE, while GOLI is from LIGO, which means bath
or taking a bath. Interestingly, this same form is followed
in certain Tagalog slang words that were derived from
English phrases. For example, GOLETS is from English
phrase "let's go", which means the same thing in the
Tagalog slang. Some Tagalog slang words are in English but
mean something else. For example, ZOMBIE means one
who has appetite to eat; ZEROX means look-alike; and
CONFERENCE ROOM means toilet or bathroom (most likely
because the "C.R.", which is a common acronym used by
Filipinos to refer to the comfort room, is used by some also
as a place to gossip or chitchat in public places). CHEAP
HEAD is the Tagalog slang for someone who is stupid or
ignorant, while CAULIFLOWER is the slang word for
hemmoroids (now that is really funny!). CHAPTER means
passé, old, has-been.
There are even talks circulating that jejemons could be
Egyptians in their past lives? Interesting. Spoken jejenese,
these uttered slang are quite similar to "swardspeak" or
"gay" lingo, a slang that has eventually been embraced by
the general population. Common examples of swardspeak
are the words "jowa," meaning girlfriend or boyfriend, and
"shunga," meaning stupid. Fashion, on the other hand, is
another jejemon distinguishing element. For one, jejemons
have their own color and style preferences. They are known
to sport the emo or gangster look. They also like to strut in
big baggy pants, oversized shirts and bandanas, and
accessorize themselves with trinkets, "jejecaps" and
sunglasses, with seeming disregard whether these come
together well. Jejemons mostly come from the lower
economic strata, although some of them come from the
higher brackets as well. But while the subculture is already
quite widespread - and generally accepted - many people
still react negatively to jejemons. They say that jejemons
corrupt the language by promoting the wrong usage of
words and punctuation.
2. iMiszqcKyuH!-I miss you!(English)
 Kachru’s Concentric Circles (Inner, Outer, Expanding Circles
topic 3

Abstract
This paper attempts to examine in a descriptive way the pioneering model of “World
Englishes” proposed by Kachru in the mid-1980s that allocates the presence of English
into three concentric circles: The Inner Circle, the Outer Circle, and the Expanding
Circle. The Inner Circle presents the countries where English is used as a native
language and as a first language among people. These countries include the USA, the
UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The Outer Circle includes countries that
have old historical British colonial relations and where English is commonly used in
social life or the government sectors. Most of the countries that belong to this circle
are former colonies of the British Empire, such as India, Malaysia, Singapore, Ghana,
Kenya, and others. The usage of English in these countries is similar to what is known
as English as a second language. The third circle, The Expanding Circle, includes
countries that introduce English as a foreign language in schools and universities,
mostly for communicating in English with the Inner and Outer Circles. Such
countries include Turkey, Saudi Arabia, The Emirates, Japan, China, Korea, and
others. Since its first introduction in 1985, Kachru's Three Concentric Circles Model of
English Language has occasioned a great debate. Many linguists considered it one of
the most influential models for understanding the use of English in different
v
countries. Some, on the other hand, including Kachru himself, criticized the model
v for its oversimplification and the unclear membership to the circles. In addition to an
v overview of criticism on Kachru's model based on different studies, this paper tries to
v locate the place of ELT in Kuwait among the three circles.
v Keywords: applied linguistics, EFL, ESL, pedagogy, language and culture