Universiy of Cagayan Valley

New Site Campus, Balzain, Tuguegarao City

College of Information Technology
First Semester, S.Y.2021-2022

Lesson 2: World Wide Web

Learning Activities:

The World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (www, W3) is an information space where documents and other web
resources are identified by URIs, interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the
Internet. It has become known simply as the Web. Hypertext documents are commonly
called web pages, which are primarily text documents formatted and annotated with the
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Webpages may contain links to images, video, and
software components that are rendered to users of a web browser application, running on the
user‟s computer, as coherent pages of multimedia content. Embedded hyperlinks permit users to
navigate between web pages. When multiple web pages are published with a common theme or
within a common domain name, the collection is usually called a web site.

The World Wide Web was created in 1989 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, working at the European
Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland and released in 1992.

Tim suggested three main technologies that meant all computers could understand each other
(HTML, URL and HTTP). All of these remain in use today.

 WEB 1.0
Documents are numbered with addresses that should be inputted to retrieve the
file. This is called the web 1.0 or the read-only web, wherein the information or
hypertext file is accessed by the user. There were no facilities to interact with it
other than to read or view the content.
 WEB 2.0
The Web 2.0 the read-and-write Web started with the need to interact
disadvantages. Users wanted to e-mail Web sites and interact on social networking
sites. The Web 2.0 enabled users or viewers to edit the content of the files they were
accessing.
 WEB 3.0
Today, the Web 3.0 or the semantic executing web is being developed. The web 3.0
is envisioned to be a smarter access of hypertext files and a version that would
enable a wider range of search in a fast manner.

Parts of a Web Address

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 Universiy of Cagayan Valley
New Site Campus, Balzain, Tuguegarao City
College of Information Technology
First Semester, S.Y.2021-2022

A web address is typically composed of four parts: For example, the address
http://www.google.ca is made up of the following areas:

 http:// - This Web server uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This is the most
common protocol on the Internet.
 www - This site is on the World Wide Web.
 Google - The Web server and site maintainer.
 . ca - This tells us it is a site in Canada.

Endings of web pages tells us a bit about the page. Some common endings to web addresses are:
 . com (commercial)
 . edu (educational institution)
 . gov (government)
 . net (network)
 . org (organization)

You might also see addresses that add a country code as the last part of the address such as:
 . ca (Canada)
 . uk (United Kingdom)
 . fr (France)
 . us (United States of America)
 . au (Australia)
 . ph (Philippines)

Web Technologies

The WWW is considered to be one of the applications in the internet and computer
networks. This based on three fundamental technologies that are said to be part of the
WWW development.

1. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

It is a standard markup language used for creating web page. HTML is classified as the
set of markup symbols or codes appended in a file intended for presentation on a World
Wide Web browser page.

2. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

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 Universiy of Cagayan Valley
New Site Campus, Balzain, Tuguegarao City
College of Information Technology
First Semester, S.Y.2021-2022

It is a classified as the set of standards allowing users of the World Wide Web to
interchange information seen on web pages.

3. Uniform Resource Locators (URL’s)

The uniform resource locator (URL) is the unique identifier of a web page. The location
window displays the URL of the current page. You can go directly to a web page if you
know its URL: click once in the location window and type it in.

Web Servers and Web Browser

It is a software application for recovering, presenting, and navigating information

resources on the World Wide Web. There are different browser applications that are
currently used in the WWW such as Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari and more.

Web Accessibility

Web accessibility means that websites, tools, and technologies are designed and
developed so that people with disabilities can use them. More specifically, people can:

 perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the Web

 contribute to the Web

Web accessibility encompasses all disabilities that affect access to the Web, including:

 auditory
 cognitive
 neurological
 physical
 speech
 visual

Web accessibility also benefits people without disabilities, for example:

 people using mobile phones, smart watches, smart TVs, and other devices with small
screens, different input modes, etc.
 older people with changing abilities due to ageing
 people with “temporary disabilities” such as a broken arm or lost glasses

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 Universiy of Cagayan Valley
New Site Campus, Balzain, Tuguegarao City
College of Information Technology
First Semester, S.Y.2021-2022

 people with “situational limitations” such as in bright sunlight or in an environment

where they cannot listen to audio
 people using a slow Internet connection, or who have limited or expensive bandwidth

Research and Information Seeking

Web Search Engine

These are programs designed to search or mine the World Wide Web based on keywords
provided by the user. They return results such as Websites, files, photos, or media files.
Examples of these are Bing, Duckduckgo, Google, and Yahoo.

Research Indexing Sites

These are Websites dedicated to compile and index researches done by academic
researchers, engineers, social scientist and so on. Examples are IEEE, Xplore, Google
Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Massive Online Open Course (MOOC) sites or tutorial sites

These are Websites dedicated to teach and inform focused on different areas. The
delivery of information is similar to a classroom lecture setup, wherein lectures and
assignments are delivered and submitted, respectively, online. Examples are Coursera,
edX, and Udemy.

Employment Websites

These are Websites that enable companies to post job vacancies and also accommodate
job seekers by providing a resume-submission facility. Examples are Jobstreet,
JobsDB, and Bestjobs.

Electronic Commerce (e-commerce)

This is a technology that uses electronic means to trade products and currencies. It also
includes any technology that introduces ease in business management and customer
convenience.

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 Universiy of Cagayan Valley
New Site Campus, Balzain, Tuguegarao City
College of Information Technology
First Semester, S.Y.2021-2022

Browsing and Searching

A browser is an application designed specifically to access and display webpages, including the
webpage's content such as text, images and videos.

Examples of Web Browsers

The five most popular web browsers are:

 Google Chrome
 Mozilla Firefox
 Microsoft internet Explorer
 Microsoft Edge
 Apple Safari

Browsing the Web

 A web page is a document on the World Wide Web.

 A web browser is the computer program you use to retrieve and view web pages.
 The most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.

How to browse the Internet

For the most part, there are three ways to browse:

1. If you know the address of the site you wish to visit, all you need to do is type the address
into the browser's address bar and approve it by pressing the Enter key or by clicking on
the browser's "go" or "enter" button.
2. If you are looking for information without knowing beforehand which site you might find
it on, you will need to use a search engine, which lets you find information you are
searching for with the help of keywords.
3. If you wish to surf the Internet without any real goal in mind, all you need to do is start
from a Web page and follow links as you browse.

Browsing vs. Searching

Browsing

Exploration of the World Wide Web by following one interesting link to another, usually with a
definite objective but without a planned search strategy. In comparison 'surfing' is exploration
without a definite objective or search strategy, and 'searching' is exploration definite in both
objective and strategy.

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 Universiy of Cagayan Valley
New Site Campus, Balzain, Tuguegarao City
College of Information Technology
First Semester, S.Y.2021-2022

Searching

Exploration of the World Wide Web by following one interesting link to another, usually with a
definite objective and a planned search strategy. In comparison surfing is exploration definite in
objective but not in strategy, and browsing is exploration without a definite objective or search
strategy.

Serving the Web

 Web pages are stored in computers called web servers.

 Any organization can setup a web server.
 A web site is a collection of web pages.
 The starting point for a web site sometimes is called a home page.

Hyperlinks

 Hyperlinks typically appear as highlighted (underlined and colored) phrases.

 Your mouse cursor will turn to a "pointing finger" when you've found a hyperlink.
 Click once to follow a hyperlink.
 Graphics can be hyperlinks.

Web Site

A site or area on the World Wide Web that is accessed by its own Internet address is called a
Web site. A Web site can be a collection of related Web pages. Each Web site contains a home
page and may also contain additional pages. Each Web site is owned and updated by an
individual, company, or organization. Because the Web is a dynamically moving and changing
entity, many Web sites change on a daily or even hourly basis.

Home Page

The term home page has a couple of meanings. It is the Web page that your browser uses when it
starts, and also the Web page that appears every time you open your browser. Clicking the home
page icon on your browser screen will take you to the specific page you have set as your
browser's home page.

Home page also refers to the main Web page out of a collection of Web pages. On each site,
often you will see home page as a choice on a Menu Bar. Clicking on the word Home on a Web
page will take you to the home or main page of that particular Web site.

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 Universiy of Cagayan Valley
New Site Campus, Balzain, Tuguegarao City
College of Information Technology
First Semester, S.Y.2021-2022

Search Engine

A search engine (sometimes called a Searchbot) is a tool (using both hardware and software)
which indexes Web pages so that they can be retrieved by entering keywords into a search form.

Searching: you may want to search the internet for specific answers or try to find new,
interesting websites to explore. To do this, you can use a search engine to find the information
you are looking for.

Two popular search engines are:

 Google (www.google.com)
 Microsoft Bing (www.bing.com)

Google is the most popular, powerful and easy-to-use search engine of the two. In fact, Google‟s
search engine has become so well known that „to Google something‟ has become a verb that
means to search for something. In future, if someone asks you a question that you do not know
the answer to, you can tell them to just „Google it‟.

Google is the most popular search engine in the world

Microsoft‟s Bing search engine is also a very popular English search engine and this is all thanks
to its integration with Microsoft Windows.

In order to search for information on the internet, enter the search engine‟s address in your
address bar. Once the search engine loads, there will be a space on the page for you to enter your
search criteria. For example, if you want to find a website to teach you how to play the guitar,
you may search for the phrase „learn to play guitar‟ and press Enter.

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 Universiy of Cagayan Valley
New Site Campus, Balzain, Tuguegarao City
College of Information Technology
First Semester, S.Y.2021-2022

Search results for the phrase ‘learn to play guitar’

How a search engine works

Robots (a kind of software) called spiders go around the Web, indexing its content in vast
databases so that they can be queried.

Since no search engine can reach all pages in one day (the whole process generally takes several
weeks), each engine adopts its own strategy, with some going so far as to calculate how
frequently certain sites are updated.

Using a search engine

When the search engine's user fills out the form, he or she picks the words to be searched (and
sometimes those not to be searched), with the help of Boolean operators like "and," "or," and
"not" (symbolized by +, -, etc.). The request is sent to the search engine, which checks its
databases for each of these words, then refines the search by removing the pages which don't fit
the criteria.

Search Techniques

Search engines search through billions of webpages stored on hundreds of millions of websites to
information matching your search. Most search engines try to place the best options near the top
of the search results, with the results becoming worse as you move to the second and third pages.

Since the first search results are usually the best, if you do not find what you are looking for on
the first page or two of the results, you should try a different search phrase or try to use an
advanced search technique.

The table below highlights a few of the most useful search techniques.

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 Universiy of Cagayan Valley
New Site Campus, Balzain, Tuguegarao City
College of Information Technology
First Semester, S.Y.2021-2022

These techniques can be very useful. However, thanks to improvements in search engines, you
should generally find the information you are looking for without requiring any additional
techniques. When you find a website that you would like to use again in the future, you can
bookmark the URL. This will place it on a favorites list in the web browser for easy access in the
future. In Google Chrome and Edge you simply click on the star shape to the right of the URL in
the address bar to create a bookmark.

Web Crawler

A web crawler is a relatively simple, automated program, or script that methodically scans or
"crawls" through Internet pages to create an index of the data it's looking for. Alternative names
for a web crawler include web spider, web robot, bot, crawler and automatic indexer.

A web crawler can be used for many purposes. Probably the most common use associated with
the term is related to search engines. Search engines use web crawlers to collect information
about what is out there on public web pages. Their primary purpose is to collect data so that
when Internet surfers enter a search term on their site, they can quickly provide the surfer with
relevant web sites.

Web crawling is an important method for collecting data on, and keeping up with the rapidly
expanding, Internet. A vast amount of web pages are continually being added every day and
information is constantly changing. A web crawler is a way for the search engines and other
users to regularly ensure that their databases are up to date.

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 Universiy of Cagayan Valley
New Site Campus, Balzain, Tuguegarao City
College of Information Technology
First Semester, S.Y.2021-2022

Bookmarks

While surfing the Web, you'll often come across an interesting website or page and want to
record its address so that you can return to it later. This is what bookmarks (sometimes called
favorites) are used for.

Downloading and Uploading

Uploading means data is being sent from your computer to the Internet.

 Examples of uploading include sending email, posting photos on a social media site and
using your webcam. Even clicking on a link on a web page sends a tiny data upload.

Downloading means your computer is receiving data from the Internet.

 Examples of downloading include opening a web page, receiving email, purchasing

music files and watching online videos.

References:
1. Argel A. Bandala. (2016) Empowerment Technologies, Diwa Learning System
2. https://webfoundation.org/about/vision/history-of-the-
web/?gclid=CjwKCAjwrcH3BRApEiwAxjdPTZk4J3K3n5YWh0UBkSRXCqa9cCMhl
F1lNEeWvevdDlibGpF8lyOJnBoC-n4QAvD_BwE
3. https://webfoundation.org/about/vision/history-of-the-web/

Prepared by:

CELY BETH S. BACUD, MIT

Instructor

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