DESIGN OF ABUTMENT

INPUT DATA
Levels
Proposed road level = 192.860
Existing ground level = 188.446
Depth of foundation = 2000 mm
Founding level = 186.446
Depth of superstructure = 900 mm
Size of bearing = 0 x 0 0
Size of pedestal = 0 x 0 x 0
Number of bearings = 0
Bed block level = 191.885
Thickness of wearing coat = 75 mm
C/C distance between face of dirt wall = 10400 mm
Projection of girder = 400 mm
C/C distance between bearing = 10000 mm

Dimensions
Top width of abutment = 450 mm
Bottom width of abutment = 850 mm
Back batter = 1 in 8.5975
Size of foundation = 4950 x 10000 x 2000
Width of toe = 1700 mm
Width of heel = 2400 mm
Length of abutment = 10.00 m

Dirt wall thickness = 400 mm

Dirt wall height = 0.975 m
Top width of Return wall = 0 m
Bottom width of Return wall = 0 m

Fly wing = No
Depth of wing wall = 0.00
Thickness of wing wall = 0.00

Concrete data and Permissible stresses

Grade of concrete = M 30
Grade of steel = Fe 500
3
Unit weight of Concrete = 25 kN/m
2
Allowable Bending Stress = 10.00 N/mm
(IRC:21-2000,Table - 9,Page18)
2
Allowable stress in Steel = 240 N/mm
(IRC:21-2000,Table - 9,Page18)
Modular ratio = 10

Soil data
3
Unit weight of Soil g = 50 kN/m
o
Angle of internal friction of soil f = 30
o
Surcharge angle b = 0
Angle of inclination of wall from o
a = 83
verticle face
Angle of friction between wall o
d = 20
and soil
2
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 600 kN/m
 Arrangement of Abutment System
e2
300
3500 400 0 RL 192.860 Formation Level in Metre
300 Approach Slab
0 300 400
150 -400 900
RL 191.885 Top of Abutment Cap in Metre
Abutment Cap 400
350 RL 191.485 Top of Abutment stem in Metre
-50 225
262
450

6414 3789 3439

o
60

G.L RL 188.446

0 RL 188.446
A Top of Footing in Metre
2.00 400
400 800 RL 186.446
Foundation Level in Metre

453 2400 400 450 1700

850
4950
SECTION OF ABUTMENT SYSTEM
Longitudinal eccentricity between CG of
e1 = 0.575 m
Bearing and CG of Abutment Stem
Longitudinal eccentricity from centre of dirt
e2 = 0.025 m
wall to centre of pedestal
Self Weight of Abutment Structure

Lever
Moment @
Arm
Element Description of Length Bredth Weight Toe of
Shape Nos. Depth (D) Area (m2) about
No. structure (m) (B) (kN) Footing
point A
(kN.m)
(m)
1 Footing Rectangle 1 10.0 2.125 0.80 1.7 2.125 425.00 903.125
Triangle 1 10.00 2.40 0.40 0.48 3.350 120.00 402.000
Rectangle 1 10.00 2.40 0.40 0.96 3.750 240.00 900.000
2 Abutment Wall Rectangle 1 10.0 0.45 3.439 1.54755 1.925 386.89 744.758
Triangle 1 10.0 0.4 3.439 0.6878 2.283 171.95 392.619
Rectangle 1 10.0 0.45 -0.05 -0.0225 1.925 -5.63 -10.828
Triangle 1 10.0 -0.05 -0.05 0.0013 2.133 0.31 0.667
3 Abutment Cap Rectangle 1 10.0 0.4 0.4 0.160 1.900 40.00 76.000
4 Dirt Wall Rectangle 1 10.0 0.4 0.9 0.360 1.900 90.00 171.000
Approach slab Rectangle 1 10.0 0.3 0.3 0.09 2.250 22.50 50.625
5
bracket Triangle 1 10.0 0.3 0.15 0.0225 2.200 5.63 12.375
6 Return Wall Rectangle 2 2.40 0.00 5.614 26.9472 3.750 0.00 0.000
Triangle 2 0.40 0.00 3.439 1.3756 2.417 0.00 0.000
7 Pedestal Rectangle 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 1.300 0.00 0.000
8 Fly wing Rectangle 0 0.453 0.00 0.00 0.000 5.177 0.00 0.000
Triangle 0 0.453 0.00 0.26 0.000 5.101 0.00 0.000
9 Soil over burden Rectangle 1 10 2.40 4.414 3.750 5296.80 19863.000
Triangle 1 10 0.40 3.439 2.417 171.95 415.546
Triangle 1 10 2.4 0.4 4.15 120.00 498.000
TOTAL 34.31 7085.40 24418.89

C.G of abutment about A 113.74

=
34.31
= 3.32 m
Dead load from superstructure = 394.36 kN
 Abutment Design

SUMMARY OF LOAD CALCULATION

CASE1: WORKING CONDITION

Moment due to Active Earth Pressure = 336.42 x 6.414 x 0.42

= 906.270 kN.m/m

Moment due to Live load Surcharge = 125.881 x 0.5 x 6.414

= 403.702 kN.m/m
x
Total Moment due to soil & surcarge = 1309.97 kN.m/m
For 10.00 m carrigeway
Total Moment due to soil & surcarge = 13099.710 kN.m

CHECK FOR STABILITY

(Refer IRC : 78 - 2000, Cl.No.706.3.4, Pg.No.21)
Sl.No. DESCRIPTION VERTICAL HORIZONTA RESISTING OVERTURNI
OF FORCES FORCE L FORCE (kN) MOMENT NG MOMENT
(kN) (kN-m) (kN-m)

Dead load from

1 394.36 - 512.67 -
superstructure
Live Load from
2 527.62 - 1015.67 -
Superstructure
Load from
3 7085.40 - 24418.89 -
Abutment structure
Active Earth
4 Pressure & 1682.63 4622.99 - 13099.71
surcharge
5 Braking force - 157.30 - 1197.66

6 Secondary force - 0.00 - 0.00

i) Construction stage
a) F.O.S against Sliding 0.6 x W > 1.5
=
H
0.51 9690.01
=
4780.29
= 1.03
SAFE

b) F.O.S against Overturning Mr > 2

=
Mo
24418.89
=
14297.37
= 1.71
SAFE

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

ii) Working condition

a) F.O.S against Sliding 0.5*W > 1.5
=
H
0.51 9690.01
=
4780.29
= 1.03
SAFE

b) F.O.S against Overturning Mr > 2

=
Mo
25947.22
=
14297.37
= 1.81
SAFE
CASE 2 : SEISMIC CONDITION

x x
Moment @ bottom of Toe due
= 454.40 6.414 0.5
to seismic due to soil

336.42 x 2.14

= 738.00 kN.m/m

Moment @ bottom of Toe due x

to seismic and static due live = 31.95 x 0.66 6.414
load surcharge
= 135.27 kN-m/m

Active earth pressure due to

surcharge for static
= 0.20 x 60.00 xx 0.348
2
= 4.177 kN/m

Total pressure = 4.177 x 6.414

= 26.79 kN/m

Horizontal component = 26.792 x cos 20

= 26.792 x 0.94
= 25.176 kN/m

Moment @ bottom of Toe due

= 25.18 0.5 6.414
to static
= 80.74 kN-m/m

Moment @ bottom of Toe due

= 500.00 80.74
to seismic
= 419.26 kN-m/m

For 10.00 m carrigeway

Total moment due soil and
= 4192.60 kN-m
surcharge

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

CHECK FOR STABILITY

(Refer IRC : 78 - 2000, Cl.No.706.3.4, Pg.No.21)
Sl.No. DESCRIPTION VERTICAL HORIZONTA RESISTING OVERTURNI
OF FORCES FORCE L FORCE (kN) MOMENT NG MOMENT
(kN) (kN-m) (kN-m)

Dead load from

1 394.36 - 759.14 -
superstructure
Live Load from
2 105.52 - 1015.67 -
Superstructure
Load from
3 7085.40 24418.89
Abutment structure
Load from soil
4 pressure & 445.99 1225.35 11572.63
surcharge

5 Seismic force - 37.86 500.00

6 Breaking force 157.30 1197.66

7 Secondary force 0.00 0.00

i) Construction stage
a) F.O.S against Sliding 0.5*W > 1.25
=
H
0.5 7531.39
=
1420.50
= 2.65
SAFE

b) F.O.S against Overturning Mr > 1.5

=
Mo
24418.89
=
13270.29
= 1.84
SAFE
ii) Working condition

a) F.O.S against Sliding 0.5*W > 1.25

=
H
0.5 8031.27
=
1420.50
= 2.83
SAFE

b) F.O.S against Overturning Mr > 1.5

=
Mo
26193.70
=
13270.29
= 1.97
SAFE

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

CHECK FOR BASE PRESSURE

For working condition
S.B.C. of soil = 600 kN/m2

Total load W = 9690.01 kN

ML = Mr - Mo
= 25947.22 - 14297.37
= 11649.85 kN.m
x = ML/W = 1.202 m
Length of footing L = 10.00 m
Total width of footing B = 4.95 m
B/6 = 0.83 m

Eccentricity e = B/2 - x
= 1.27 m > (B/6) SAFE
Pressure,
Max Pressure at Base
= (W/BxL)x(1+(6e/B)
= 600.00/(10.00x4.95)x(1+6x1.27/4.95)
= 497.76 kN/m2
Min Pressure at Base
= (W/BxL)x(1-(6e/B)
= 600.00/(10.00x4.95)x(1-6x1.27/4.95)
= -106.24 kN/m2
Hence Max Pressure < S.B.C SAFE
For seismic condition

S.B.C. of soil = 900 kN/m2

Total load W = 8142.77 kN

ML = Mr - Mo
= 26193.70 - 16288.45
= 9905.25 kN.m
x = ML/W = 1.216 m
Length of footing L = 10.00 m
Total width of footing B = 4.95 m
B/6 = 0.83 m

Eccentricity e = B/2 - x
= 1.26 m > (B/6) SAFE
Pressure,
Max Pressure at Base
= (W/BxL)x(1+(6e/B)
= 600.00/(10.00x4.95)x(1+6x1.26/4.95)
= 415.45 kN/m2
Min Pressure at Base
= (W/BxL)x(1-(6e/B)
= 600.00/(10.00x4.95)x(1-6x1.26/4.95)
= -86.45 kN/m2
Hence Max Pressure < S.B.C SAFE

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

DESIGN OF RETURN WALL

0.30 FRL= RL192.860 Due to surcharge Due to Soil

h= 4.414 m
Top of footing =
RL188.446 0.5 h 0.42 h

0.90 1.2*Ka*g Ka*g*h

C/s of Return wall

Soil parameters
f = 30 °
b = 0 °
a = 83 °
d = 20 °
g = 50 kN/m3
KA = 0.348

1). Active Earth Pressure

Active Earth pressure, p= = Ka g h
= 0.348 x 50 x 4.414
2
= 76.824 kN/m

Total Pressure= = 0.5 x p x h

= 0.5 76.824 4.414

= 169.551 kN/m
Horizontal component= = 169.551 x cos x 20
= 159.326 kN/m

Vertical component= = 169.551 x sin x 20

= 57.990 kN/m

lever arm h
Moment @ bottom of Toe= = 159.326 0.42 4.414
x x
= 295.371 kN.m/m
2). Live load Surcharge
(Refer IRC:78- 2000, Cl.710.4.4, Pg.No.55)
Live load Surcharge = 1.2 x Earth fill
= 1.2 x 50
= 60.000 kN/m2

Active Pressure due to surcharge = Ka x 1.2 x 50

= 0.348 x 1.2 x 50
= 20.886 kN/m

Total Pressure = 20.886 h

= 20.886 4.414
= 92.189 kN/m

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

Horizontal component = 92.189 x cos 20

= 86.629 kN/m

Vertical component = 92.189 x sin 20

= 31.530 kN/m

lever arm
Moment @ bottom of Toe = 86.629 0.5 x
x 4.414
= 191.191 kN.m/m

Total Vertical Comp.Force due to soil & surcharge = 89.520 kN/m

Total Horizontal comp.Force due to soil & surcharge = 245.955 kN/m
Total Moment due to soil & surcharge = 486.562 kN.m/m

Hight of Dpro at base of wall 4.414 m

Therefore "d" available = 0.900 900 mm

Grade of concrete = 30
Grade of Steel = 500
According to IRC-21:2000
Design Constants:
2
σcbc = 10.00 N/mm
3
σst = 240 N/mm
Modular Ratio m = 10

Neutral Axis k = m σcbc/( mσcbc + σst)

Factor
= 10 x 10.000
= 10 x 10.000 + 240

= 0.29
500
Lever Arm
Factor j = 1-(k/3)

1 - 0.294
=
3

= 0.90

Moment
Factor Q = 0.5 x σcbc x j x k

= 0.5 x 10.000 x 0.90 x 0.29

= 1.33

dreq 486.56 x 1000000

=
1.33 x 1000

= 605.7 mm
Dia of bar = 32 mm
Overall Depth Provided = 900 mm
Clear Cover = 50 mm
Center of reinforcement = 16 mm
Effective depth Provided = 834 mm < dreq SAFE

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

Area of Steel Required M x 106

=
j x σst x d

Area of Steel Required 486.56 x 1000000

=
0.902 x 240 x 834.000

2
= 2695.09 mm /m

Minimum reinforcement required = 0.12 % of cross sectional area

= 0.12% x 900 x 1000
2
= 1080 mm /m

Ast,req > Astmin

2
Hence required Ast = 2695.09 mm /m
Diameter of bar = 32 mm
2
Spacing required = 298.4 mm
Spacing provided = 125

Provide 32mm dia bars @125mm C/C

Total Steel Provided on
= 6433.98 mm2
Embankment Face
SAFE
Check for Shear
As per IRC-6:2000, Cl:304.7.1.1.1.

Shear Force V = 245.955 kN

Design Shear stress tv = 245.955 x 1000

= 1000 x 834
= 0.29491
=
Pt = (100 x Ast) / (B x d)
Pt = 100 x 6433.98
= 1000 x 834.00
= 0.771
As per IRC-6:2000, Table 12B, Page no 37. 0.37
0.06
0.31 x

tc = 0.37515

0.50 0.771 0.75

tc > tv SAFE 0.271

0.25

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

DESIGN OF DIRT WALL

Dirt wall is designed as a cantilever member subjected to following loads

1)Active earth pressure
2)Live load surcharge
3)Braking force

0.4 Live load surcharge Active earth pressure

h= 0.975 m

0.5 h 0.42 h

C/s of Dirt wall 1.2*Ka*g Ka*g*h

Height of Dirt wall, h = FRL-Top of Abutment cap

FRL= 192.86 m
h = 192.86 191.885
= 0.975 m h = 0.975

Top of Abutment cap= 191.885 m

Soil parameters
f= 30 ˚
b= 0 ˚
a= 83 ˚
d= 20 ˚
g= 50 kN/m3
KA = 0.348

1). Active Earth Pressure

Active Earth pressure, p = Ka x g x h

= 0.348 50 0.975

2
= 16.970 kN/m

Total Pressure = 0.5 x p x h

= 0.5 16.970 0.975

= 8.273 kN/m

Horizontal component = 8.273 x cos x 20

= 7.774 kN/m

Vertical component = 8.273 x sin x 20

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

= 2.829 kN/m

lever arm
Moment @ bottom of Dirt wall = 7.774 x 0.42 x 0.975

= 3.183 kN.m/m

2). Live load Surcharge

(Refer IRC:78- 2000, Cl.710.4.4, Pg.No.55)
Live load Surcharge = 1.2 x Earth fill

= 1.2 x 50

= 60.000 kN/m2

Active Pressure due to surcharge = Ka x 1.2 x g

= 0.348 x 1.2 x 50

= 20.886 kN/m2

Total Pressure = 20.886 x h

= 20.886 x 0.975

= 20.363 kN/m

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

Horizontal component = 20.363 x cos 20

= 19.135 kN/m
500
Vertical component = 20.363 x sin 20

= 6.965 kN/m

lever arm
Moment @ bottom of Dirt wall = 19.135 x 0.5 x 0.975

= 9.328 kN.m/m

3). Braking Force

Following Vehicles are considered to act on Dirt Wall
a) 70R Bogie
b) Class A ( Two Lane )
According to the IRC-21:2000, Cl:214.20, Page no 33,
braking force is taken as 20% of actual load of wheel on the span
a) 70R Bogie H
1.2

85.00 85.00 a=
Wheel Load 2.13 1.93 0.975 2.175

In Plan
0.22
0.86 0.86
FOOTING
Minimum Axel width in longitudinal direction1.37
= m

Effective width of dispersion, beff

1.2a + b1 (Refer Cl.305.16.2 of IRC:21- 2000)
Braking force acts at 1.2 m above Road level (Refer Cl.214.3 of IRC:6- 2000)
Thickness of wearing coat = 75.0 mm
b1 = 0.86 + 2 x 0.075 = 1.010 m

beff = 1.2 x 2.175 + 1.010 = 3.620 m

beff > Spacing of the wheels (1.2m)
hence dispersion width over laps

Total Dispersion Width = 2.13 + 1.93 + 3.620 / 2

Tb = 5.870 m

Total axel load = 170 kN

Braking Force(20% of axel load), H = 34.0 kN (Refer Cl.214.2 of

Braking Force per metre width = H/Tb IRC:6- 2000)
= 5.792 kN/m

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

b) CLASS A (2 No.)
57.0 57.0 57.0 57.0
Wheel Load 0.9 1.8 1.7 1.8

In Plan 0.25 0.25

0.5 0.5
Minimum Axel width in longitudinal direction 1=.2 m

b1 = 0.5 + 2 x 0.075 = 0.650 m

beff = 1.2 x 2.175 + 0.650 = 3.260 m

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

beff > Spacing of the wheels (1.2m)

hence dispersion width over laps
Total Dispersion Width = 0.5+0.15+0.25+1.8+1.7+1.8+(4.506/2)
Tb = 7.830 m
Total axel load = 228 kN
Braking Force(20% of axel load) = 45.6 kN
Braking Force per metre width = 5.824 kN/m

Hence Class 'A' 2 Vehicle is critical, hence governs the design

lever arm
Moment due to Braking = 5.824 x 2.175
= 12.67 kN/m

Total Bending Moment = 12.67 + 3.183 + 3.183 + 9.328

= 28.362 kN.m/m

Design S.F = (7.77+19.14+5.82)

= 32.733 kN

Depth Required 28.36 x 1000000

=
1.33 x 1000
dreq = 146.2 mm

Overall Depth Provided = 400 mm

Clear Cover = 50 mm
Diameter of bar = 32 mm
Center of reinforcement = 16 mm
Effective depth Provided = 334 mm > dreq

Area of Steel Required 28.36 x 1000000

=
0.902 x 240 x 334
j st. stress eff.depth
2
= 392.27 mm /m

Astmin = 0.20% x 400 x 1000

2
= 800.00 mm /m

Astreq < Ast min

2
Astreq = 800.000 mm

Spacing required = 1005 mm

Spacing provided = 150 mm

Provide 32mm dia bars @150mm C/C

2
Total Steel Provided on Embankment Face = 5361.65 mm /m
SAFE
MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

Check for Shear

(Refer IRC-6:2000, Cl.304.7.1.1.1,

Shear Force V = 32.733 kN

Design Shear stress tv 32.733 x 1000

=
1000 x 334

= 0.098 N/mm2 0.31

0.08
100Ast/(bd) 100 x 5361.65 0.23 x
=
1000 334
x

= 1.605
0.25 1.605 0.50
As per IRC-6:2000, Table 12B, Page no 37. 1.355

tc = 0.664 N/mm2 0.25

tc > tv SAFE

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

LOADINGS

70-R Wheeled

170 170 170 170 120 120 80

1.37 3.05 1.37 2.13 1.52 3.96

0.4 10
0.97
RA RB

170 x 10.4 + 170 x 9.03 + 170 x 5.98 + 170 x 4.61 + 120 x 2.48
RA =
+ 120 x 0.96 + 80x-3

= 528 kN

Class A

68 68 68 68 114 114 27 27

3 3 3 4.3 1.2 3.2 1.1

0.4 10
2.6
RA RB

68 x 10.4 + 68 x 7.4 + 68 x 4.4 + 68 x 1.4 + 114 x -2.9 + 114 x -

RA =
4.1 + 27x-7.3 + 27 x

= 38 kN

For two lane of Class A = 76.6 kN

Class 70 R Tracked
Total load = 350 + 350 = 700 kN

50 50 50 50 50 50 50

0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653

4.57

50 50 50 50 50 50 50

0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653 0.653

0.4 10
0.253
RA RB

50 x 10.4 + 50 x 9.75 + 50 x 9 + 50 x 8.44 + 50 x 7.79 + 50 x

RA =
7.14 + 50x6.48
500
= 295 kN
MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

Eccentricity in transverse direction

Width of carriageway = 10.00 m

No of lanes = 3.00

1 lane of Class A

0.45

0.5

0.15 1.80

10.00

eT = 5 - 1.8
= 3.25 m

2 lanes of Class A

0.45

0.5

0.15 1.80 1.2

10.00

eT = 5 - 3.50
= 1.50 m

3 lanes of Class A

0.45

0.5 1.2 1.2

0.15 1.80 1.80 1.80

10.00

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

eT = 5 - 5.25
= 0.25 m

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

1 lane of Class 70 R

0.45

0.86

0.15 1.93

10.00

eT = 5 - 2.00
= 3.005 m

1 lane of Class 70 R + 1 lane of Class A

0.45

0.86 0.5

0.15 1.93 1.2 1.80

10.00

500 500 277 277

1.93 1.88 1.80

Eccentricity due to load = 2.3001

eT = 5 - 3.33
= 1.670 m

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

DESIGN OF ABUTMENT WALL

The abutment wall is designed as a section subjected to Axial force and Bending moment for the following forces
1) Self weight
2) Dead load from superstructure
3) Vehicular live load from superstructure e= 0.025
4) Braking forces
5) Horizontal forces due to secondary effects
6) Active Earth Pressure 400 0
7) Live load surcharge
300 900
0.5 FRL= RL192.860 Due to surcarge Due to Soil150 0.575

Abutment Cap 400

h= 4.414 m 350 191.485

0.5 h 0.42 h 3.039

Topof foot RL188.446
1.2*Ka*g Ka*g*h 450
188.446
Soil parameters C/L of wall
f = 30 ˚
b = 0 ˚
a = 83.365574 ˚
d = 20 ˚
g = 50 kN/m3
Ka = 0.348
Ca = 0.442

1). Self weight

1)Dirt wall = 0.4x0.9x1x25
= 9 kN/m

lever arm
Moment @bottom of Wall = 9 x 0.025
= 0.23 kNm/m
2)Abutment cap
Rectangular area = 0.4x0.4x1x25
= 4 kN/m
Moment @bottom of Wall = 4 x -0.025
-0.1
Triangular Area = 0.5x-0.05x-0.05x1x25
= 0.03125
Moment @bottom of Wall = 0.03125 x 0.208333333
= 0.006510417

3)Wall = 0.45x3.04x1x25
= 34.18875 kN/m

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

2). Dead load from super structure

Total, R 394.36 (from staad analysis)

Load per meter width = R 10.00
Wd = 39.44 kN/m
lever arm
Long. Moment ( ML ) = Wd x e1
= 39.44 x 0.575
= 22.68 kNm/m

3). Vehicular live load from super structure

Following Vehicular loads are considered
Eccentricity, e1= 0.575 m

Total R/meter Moment

Type of Load Reaction

in kN Rm ML=Rm*e1
R
A) Class A( 2 No.) 76.58 7.66 4.40
B) Class A( 3 No.) 114.87 11.49 6.61
C) 70R Tracked 590.90 500.00 287.50
D) 70R Wheeled
565.91 56.59 32.54
+ Class A (1 No.)
D) 70R tracked +
629.19 62.92 36.18
Class A (1 No.)

Hence 70R Wheeled + Class A Vehicle governs the design

Long. Moment ML = 287.50 kNm/m

Total , R= 629.19 kN

Moment
Type of Load eT Resultant
MT=Rm*eT
A) Class A( 1 No.) 3.25 554 1800.50
B) Class A( 2 No.) 1.50 1108 1662.00
C) 70R Wheeled 3.01 1000 3005.00
D) Class A( 3 No.) 0.25 1662 415.50
E) Class A( 1 No.)
1.67 1554
+ 70R Wheeled 2595.04

Total transverse moment = 3005.00 kNm

Total transverse moment/m = 300.50 kNm/m

4). Braking forces

(20 % of Axle Load upto 2 Lane & 5 % live load for additional lane.)
As IRC-6:2010, horizontal seismic forces in the direction perpendicular to the traffic = 20.00 % (without impact)

Total Axial load(kN) 1st 2nd lane 3rd Lane For Static
Total in Force/A BM at
Type of Load
kN bt /m Fdl
2 lane 3 lane 20.00% 5.00% Force
1) Class A 2 VEHICLE
76.58 76.58 15.32 3.83 19.15 19.15 1.91 14.58
2) Class A 3 VEHICLE
114.87 114.87 22.97 5.74 28.72 28.72 2.87 21.87
3) 70R tracked +
629.19 629.19 125.84 31.46 157.30 157.30 15.73 119.77
Class A (1 No.)
4) 70R Tracked 590.90 590.90 118.18 29.55 147.73 147.73 14.77 112.48
5) Class A( 1 No.)
565.91 566 113.18 28.30 141.48 141.4775 14.1478 107.72
+ 70R Wheeled
Max = 119.77
Effective width of dispersion,beff=
1.2*a+b1
b1 for Class A = 0.41 beff= 9.55
b1 70R Tracked = 1.00 beff= 10.14 9.55 Hence bef = 9.55 m
b1 70R Wheeled = 1.02 beff= 10.16

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

Total width of dispersion = 9.55 m lever arm for the

total force/trestle= #DIV/0! kN Braking force(m)= 7.61
Long. Moment due to braking = 119.77 kNm/m

lever arm for the

secondary forces(m)= 3.789

5). Horizontal forces due to secondary forces

Span length = 10000 mm

Length of Bearing L = 0 mm
Width of Bearing B = 0 mm
Total depth of Bearing D = 0 mm
No. of Steel laminates = 4
Thickness of steel laminate = 3 mm
Shear Modulus G = 1 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity of concrete
E = 27386.1 N/mm2
a
Co efficient of thermal expansion = 1.17E-05 / oC
(IRC 6-2010, Cl 218.4, Page 46)
o
Maximum Temperature = 37.5 C
(IRC 6-2010, Fig 8, Page 42)
o
Minimum Temperature = 10 C
(IRC 6-2010, Fig 9, Page 43)
o
Temperatue difference t = 27.5 C

Strain due to Temperature = 0.00032

Deformation due to Temperature = Strain x Span

= 0.00032 x 10000
= 3.22 mm

Shear deformation = Deformation / Depth

= 0.27

Force on each bearing = Shear deformation x Shear modulus x Area of bearing

= 0.00 N
= 0.0 kN

Number of bearings = 0
Force on abutment = 0.00 kN
Force / meter length along abutment = 0.00 kN/m

Moment @bottom of Wall = 0.00 x 3.789

= 0.00 kN-m/m

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

6). Active Earth Pressure

Active Earth pressure, p = Ka g h
= 0.348 50 4.414
= 76.824 kN/m2

Total Pressure = 0.5 x p h

= 0.5 76.824 4.414
= 169.551 kN/m

Horizontal component = 169.551 cos 20

= 159.326 kN/m

Vertical component = 169.551 x sin 20

= 57.990 kN/m

lever arm
Moment @ bottom of Abutment = 159.326 0.42 4.414
= 295.37 kN.m/m

7). Live load Surcharge

(Refer IRC:78- 2000, Cl.710.4.4, Pg.No.55)
Live load Surcharge = 1.2 Earth fill
= 1.2 x 50
= 60.000 kN/m2
Active Pressure due to surcharge
= Ka xx 1.2 x 50
= 20.886 kN/m2

Total Pressure = 20.886 x h

= 20.886 x 4.414
= 92.189 kN/m
Horizontal component = 92.189 x cos 20
= 86.629 kN/m
Vertical component = 92.189 sin 20
= 31.530 kN/m

lever arm
Moment @ bottom of Abutment = 86.629 0.5 4.414
= 191.191 kN.m/m

Total Vertical Force, P = 676.18 kN/m

Total Longitudinal Moment ML = 916.64 kNm/m

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

DESIGN OF ABUTMENT AS WALL

Longitudinal moment ML = 916.64 kNm/m

Effective depth required dreqd. = √(M /Q.b)

916.64 x 1000000
= 1.33 x 1000

= 831.30 mm
Overall depth provided = 650.00 mm
Clear Cover = 75.00 mm
Diameter of bar = 16 mm
Half dia. of Bar = 8.00 mm
Effective depth provided = 567.00 mm < dreq
SAFE
Area of Steel Required 916.64 x 1000000
=
0.902 x 240 x 567.00

Ast = 7468.2 mm2

Spacing required = 27
Spacing provided = 150 mm

Provide 16mm dia bars @150mm C/C

2
Total Steel Provided = 2680.83 mm /m SAFE

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

Check for Shear

(Refer IRC-6:2000, Cl.304.7.1.1.1,

Shear Force V = 245.955 kN/m

Design Shear stress tv 245.955 x 1000

=
1000 x 567

= 0.43 N/mm2 0.42

0.05
100Ast/(bd) 100 x 2680.83 0.37 x
=
1000 x 567

= 0.473
0.75 0.473 1.00
As per IRC-6:2000, Table 12B, Page no 37. -0.277

tc = 0.315 N/mm2 0.25

tc < tv SAFE

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

CALCULATION OF ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

i) Static case
Active earth pressure is calculated using Columb's theory as per IRC:78 - 2000, Cl.710.1.3

Soil parameters
Unit weight of soil g = 50 kN/m3
Angle of internal friction of soil f = 30 °
Surcharge angle b = 0 °
Angle of inclination of wall from horizontal face a = 83 °
Angle of friction between wall and soil d = 20 °

F.L
RL 192.860 Due to surcarge Due to Soil

h= 6.414 m

0.5 h 0.42h
Found. Lvl
RL 186.446 1.2 x Ka x g Ka x g x h
Static Earth Pressure Diagram

Active earth pressure coefficient

sin 2 (f - a )
Ka = 2
sin a x sin ( a - d ) sin ( f + d ) sin ( f - b ) 2
1 +
sin ( a - d) sin ( a + b )

= 0.842711305
2
0.9866519x 0.894 x 1 + 0.766 x 0.5

0.894 x 0.993

= 0.348

Active Earth Pressure

Active Earth pressure p = Ka x g x h

= 0.348 x 50 x 6.414
2
= 111.633 kN/m

Total Static Pressure PA = 0.5 x p x h

= 0.5 x 111.633 x 6.414
= 358.01 kN/m

Horizontal component = PA x cos 20

= 358.008 x 0.94
= 336.418 kN/m

Vertical component = PA x sin 20

= 358.008 x 0.34
= 122.446 kN/m

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

Live load Surcharge

(Refer IRC:78- 2000, Cl.710.4.4, Pg.No.55)
Live load Surcharge = 1.2 x Earth fill
= 1.2 x 50
= 60.000 kN/m2

Active Pressure due to surcharge = Ka x 1.2 x 50

= 20.886 kN/m
Total Pressure = 20.886 x h
= 20.886 x 6.414
= 133.960 kN/m

Horizontal component = 133.960 x cos 20

= 133.960 x 0.94
= 125.881 kN/m

Vertical component = 133.960 x sin 20

= 133.960 x 0.34
= 45.817 kN/m

Total Vertical Comp.Force due to active earth

= 168.263 kN/m
pressure & live load surcharge
Total Horizontal comp.Force due to active earth
= 462.299 kN/m
pressure & live load surcharge

For 10.00 m carrigeway

500
Total Vertical Comp.Force due to active earth
= 1682.632 kN
pressure & live load surcharge
Total Horizontal comp.Force due to soil &
= 4622.993 kN
surcharge

ii) Seismic case

Seismic active earth pressure coefficient

( 1 + Av ) cos2 ( f - l - a) x 1 2
Ca =
cos l cos2 a cos ( d + a + l ) 1 + sin ( f + d ) sin ( f - b - l )
cos ( a - b ) cos ( d + a + l )

Where,
l = tan-1(Ah/1-Av)

= 5.8 °

2
0.952 1
Ca = x
0.829 1 + 0.766 x 0.411
0.9933035 0.844

= 0.442

Total AEP due to

PAE = 0.5 x g x h2 x Ca
Static and Siesmic

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

= 0.5x50x6.414x6.414x0.442
= 454.4 kN/m

F.L
RL 192.860 Due to surcarge Due to Soil

h= 6.414 m

0.66 h 0.5 h
Found. Lvl
RL 186.446 0.2 x 1.2 x g x Ca (Ca - Ka) x g x h

Seismic Earth Pressure Diagram

Active Earth pressure p = (Ca - Ka) x g x h

= 0.094 x 50 x 6.414
= 30.057 kN/m2

Total Seismic
PAEQ = 0.5 x p x h
Pressure
= 0.5 x 30.057 x 6.414
= 96.39 kN/m

Horizontal component = PAEQ x cos 20

= 96.393 x 0.94
= 90.580 kN/m

Vertical component = PAEQ x sin 20

= 96.393 x 0.34
= 32.968 kN/m

Live load Surcharge

(Refer IRC:78- 2000, Cl.710.4.4, Pg.No.55)
Live load Surcharge q = 0.2 x 1.2 x Earth fill
= 0.2 x 1.2 x 50
= 12.000 kN/m2
(Refer IRC:6- 2010, Table 1, Pg.No.6)

Active Earth pressure

p = Ca x q x h
due to surcharge
= 0.442 x 12.000 x 6.414
= 34.01 kN/m

Horizontal component = 34.01 x cos 20

= 34.01 x 0.94
= 31.95 kN/m

Vertical component = 34.01 x sin 20

= 34.01 x 0.34
= 11.63 kN/m

Total Vertical Comp.Force due to active earth

= 44.599 kN/m
pressure & live load surcharge
Total Horizontal comp.Force due to active earth
= 122.535 kN/m
pressure & live load surcharge

For 10.00 m carrigeway

Total Vertical Comp.Force due to active earth

= 445.989 kN
pressure & live load surcharge
Total Horizontal comp.Force due to active earth
= 1225.345 kN
pressure & live load surcharge

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

DESIGN OF ABUTMENT STEM

The length of column (Height) = 4414mm

The following details obtained from Abutment Stem Design:
Load (Nd) = 676.18kN
Moment (Md) = 916.64kN
Stem thickness (h) = 850mm
Breadth (b) = 1000mm
Grade of concrete = M30
Grade of steel = Fe500
Tension face reinforcement = 16 @ 150 c/c
Area of 16 mm dia. bars = 201sq.mm

Compression face reinforcement = 16 @ 150 c/c

Area of 16 mm dia. bars 201sq.mm
No. of bars in tension face = 13.33 [or] 14
No. of bars in comp. face = 6.67 [or] 7
Area of steel in tension face ( AS ) = 2815sq.mm
Area of steel in comp. face ( A'S ) = 1407sq.mm
Modular ratio ae = 10
As per page 365 of Reynold's Handbook
To find eccentricity,
Md 916.64 x 1000
e = = = 1355.6mm
Nd 676.18
h 850
= = 141.7mm
6 6
h 850
= = 425.0mm
2 2
3h 3 x 850
= = 1275.0mm
2 2
Therefore, e > h/2 > 3h/2
Effective cover to tensile steel = 50 + 16 = 58mm
2
Effective depth = 850 - 58 = 792mm
fcu

h = 850 d = 792

58
b= 1000
Assumed depth of N.A = 243.00mm -25%
REVISE DEPTH OF N.A

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

K1 = b.x = 1,000 x 243 = 243000sq.mm

To determine the centroid of stressed area
1/2 K1.x + ae.As.d + (ae-1) A's.d'
x =
K1 + ae.As + (ae-1)A's

0.50x2,43,000x243 + 10x2,815x792 + (10x1.5-1)x1,407x58

= = 182.09mm
2,43,000 + 10x2,815 +1.5x(10-1)x1,407

e-x 1,355.61 - 182.09

b1 = + 1 = + 1 = 2.482
d 792

x x 243 243
b2 = 1- = 1- = 0.138
2d 3d 2x792 3x792

d' 58
b3 = (ae - 1) 1- = (10x1.5-1) x 1- = 10.658
x 243
Compressive stress in concrete
Nd.b1
Fcs = d'
b2.b.d + b3.A's. 1-
d
676.18 x 1000 x 2.482
= 58
0.138x1,000x792 + 10.658x1,407x 1-
792
= 13.646Mpa

Nd
FC =
bx+aeAs+(ae-1)A'S

676.18x 1000
=
1000x243+10x2,814.87+(10-1)1,407.43

676176.30
=
283815.57

= 2.382Mpa

Fcs max = 500

= 13.65 + 2.38
= 16.03MPa > 10.00Mpa
UNSAFE

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

Calculation of Tensile stress in steel

Permissible tensile stress in steel = 240.00Mpa
fcs (0.5 K1 + b3 A's) - Nd
fst =
As
13.646x (0.5x2,43,000 + 10.658x1,407) - 676 1000
x
=
2814.867018
= 421.499Mpa

fst max = ( fst + Fc )

= 421.50 - 2.38
= 419.12MPa > 240.00Mpa
UNSAFE

Check for the depth of Neutral Axis:

Actual depth of Neutral Axis based on the stress level in concrete and steel and the effective depth is calculated from the
formula
d 792
xa = fst = 421.50 = 193.70mm
1+ 1+
ae.fcs 10x13.65

193.70 - 243.00 = -25.45% < 5%

% error is assumed N.A = x 100
193.70 REVISE DEPTH OF N.A

CHECK FOR MINIMUM REINFORCEMANT IN THE SECTION :

The length of column = 4414.0mm
Min. radius of gyration r = sqrt(I/A)
= sqrt[(1,000x850^3) / (12x850x1,000)]
= 245.4mm

Effective length factor = 1.75

(Refer IRC:21-2000, Cl.306.1, Table 13)
Effective length leff = 1.75 x 4,414 = 7724.5mm
Slenderness ratio, leff/r = 7,724.50 / 245.37
= 31.48 SHORT COLUMN

Min. steel in pedestal = 0.30% of gross area

(Refer IRC:21-2000, Cl.306.2.2, Pg.No.59) 0.30 x 1,000 x 850
= 100 = 2550sq.mm

(Ast + Asc)( 16 f 150 c/c + 16 f 150 c/c )

Actual area of steel provided = 2814.867018 + 1407.4335 = 4222sq.mm
> 2550sq.mm SAFE

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

SEISMIC COEFFICIENT

Seismic coefficient is calculated as per provisions made in IRC 6 - 2010, IS 1893 - 1984 and IITK
guidelines.
Soil type = Medium soil
Zone number = II
Zone factor Z = 0.16
(Refer IRC 6 -2010, Table 6, Pg.No.47)
Importance factor I = 1.20
(Refer IRC 6 -2010, Table 7, Pg.No.51)
Reduction factor R = 2.50
(Refer IRC 6 -2010, Table 8, Pg.No.52)

CALCULATION OF TIME PERIOD

(Refer IRC 6 -2000, Appendix - 2, Pg.No.61)
T = 2√D/(1000F)
Where,
T = Fundamental period of the pier/abutment in secs for horizontal vibrations
D = Appropriate dead load of the superstructure and live load in kN
Horizontal force in kN required to be applied at the centre of mass of
F = superstructure for one mm deflection at the top of the pier/abutment along
the considered direction of horizontal force.

Grade of concrete = 30
Dead Load = 394.36 kN
Live load = 590.90 kN
Self Weight of Abutment = 553.53 kN
Total ( w ) = 1538.79 kN

Height of abutment L = 3439 mm

Breadth of abutment B = 10000 mm

Thickness of abutment wall t = 450 mm

Young's Modulus E = 5000√Fck

2
= 27386.128 N/mm

Moment of inertia Igr = (B x t3 / 12)

10000 x 9.11E+07
=
12

4
= 7.59E+10 mm

T=2√W/(1000F)

FL3 / 3EI = 1

F = 3EI/L3

3 x 27386.13 x 7.59E+10
=
40672093519

= 153.39516 kN

T = 0.200 Sec

Sa /g = 2.50
( Refer IRC:6-2010, Cl.219.5.1, Pg.No.50)

Design horizontal seismic coefficient

Z I Sa
Ah =
2Rg

(0.16x1.2x2.5)
=
2x2.5

= 0.096

Av is taken as (1/2)Ah as per IS: 1893: 1984

Av = 0.048

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

For 10.00 m carrigeway

Seismic force at
= 0.096 x 394.36
bearing level
= 37.86 kN

Longitudinal
moment upto = 37.86 x 3.789
footing top level

= 143.45 kN-m

Longitudinal
moment upto
= 37.86 x 4.589
footing bottom
level
= 500.00 kN-m

Per running meter carriage way

Seismic force at
= 3.79 kN/m
bearing level

Longitudinal
moment upto = 14.34 kN/m
footing top level

Longitudinal
moment upto
= 50.00 kN/m
footing bottom
level

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

DESIGN OF FOOTING

Abutment hight above footing = 5.8 m

3
Unit weight of soil = 50.0 kN/m
3
Unit weight of concrete = 25.0 kN/m

B 2.4 1.0 1.7 A

0.4 0.8 0.8

4.95

2
-106.242 kN/m
2
497.758 kN/m

2
186.606 kN/m
2
308.627 kN/m
Upward pressure diagram

290.7 kN/
10.16 kN/ 20 kN/m 20 kN/

Downward pressure diagram

Design of toe slab
Outstand w.r.t face of Column = 1.7 m
Design Bending Moment at face of support = 182.20 + 445.97 28.90
triangle rectangle rectangle

= 599.26 kN-m/m

dreqd. = √(M /Q.b)

599.26 x 1000000
= 1.33 x 1000

= 672.15 mm
Overall depth provided = 800.00 mm
Clear Cover = 75.00 mm
Diameter of bar = 16 mm
Half dia. of Bar = 8.00 mm
Effective depth provided = 717.00 mm > dreq
SAFE
Are of Steel Required 599.26 x 1000000
=
0.902 x 240 x 717.00

Ast = 3861.0 mm2

Spacing required = 52
Spacing provided = 150 mm

Provide 16mm dia bars @150mm C/C

Total Steel Provided = 1340.41 mm2/m SAFE

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

Check for shear stress

Shear is critical @ distance 'd' from face of support

Centre line of abutment

critcal section

0.717 0.983 m

308.63 497.758 kN/m2

kN/m2
2
388.395 kN/m

1.7

Shear Force across the

critical section
V = 53.75 + 381.8 19.66
triangle rectangle rectangle

= 415.88 kN/m

500
Developed Shear Stress t = V
bd

415.88 x 1000
=
1000 x 717.00

= 0.58 N/mm2

100 As 1340.41 x 100

=
bd 1000 x 717.00

= 0.19 %

Permissible Shear Stress

(Refer IRC:21 -2000,Cl.304.7.1.3.3, Table 12B, Pg.No. 37)

For 100 As/bd tc (Mpa)

0.25 0.23
0.50 0.31

Allowable Shear Stress, tc= 0.310 MPa < t SAFE

Design of heel slab

Outstand w.r.t face of Column = 2.4 m

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

Design Bending Moment at the face of

= 837.22 + 29.26 + 19.51
support

281.13 -305.98

= 910.83 kN-m/m

dreqd. = √(M /Q.b)

910.83 x 1000000
=
1.33 x 1000

= 828.66 mm

Overall depth provided = 800.00 mm

Clear Cover = 75.00 mm
Diameter of bar = 16 mm
Half dia. of Bar = 8.00 mm
Effective depth provided = 717.00 mm < dreq SAFE

Are of Steel Required = 910.83 x 1000000

0.902 x 240 xx 717
j st. stress eff depth

Ast = 5868.38 mm2/m > Ast(min)

Ast(min) = 0.12% x 800 x 1000

= 960 mm2/m

Ast,required = 5868 mm2/m

Spacing required = 34
Spacing provided = 150 mm

Provide 16mm dia bars @150mm C/C

Total Steel Provided Ast,provided = 1340.41 mm2/m SAFE

Check for shear stress

Shear is critical @ face of support
critical section

2.4

-106.24 kN/m2

186.6 kN/m2

2.4

Shear Force across the

critical section
V = 697.68 + 48.00 96.44

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES
 Abutment Design

= 649.24 kN/m

Developed Shear Stress t V

=
bd

649.24 x 1000
=
1000 x 717

= 0.91 N/mm2

(As per IRC: 21-2000, Table 12A)

100 As 1340.41 x 100

=
bd 1000 x 717
x
= 0.187 %

Permissible Shear Stress

(Refer IRC:21 -2000,Cl.304.7.1.3.3, Table 12B, Pg.No. 37)

For 100 As/bd tc (Mpa)

0.30 0.51
0.25 0.51

Allowable Shear Stress, tc= 0.510 MPa < t SAFE

MANGLAM ASSOCOATES