Traffic Engineering &

Management
Dr. Shankar Vishwanath
Ex Director (Engg Services & Projects)
Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai

Capacity Building Programme on Sustainable Urban Transport

17th to 20th March 2015 at RCVP Noronha Academy, Bhopal
 Capacity Building Programme
at
Bhopal (17th to 20th March 2015)
Traffic Management Session on 19.03.2015 by
Dr. Shankar Vishwanath

Traffic Conditions in Bhopal

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3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Bhopal: The Two Cities

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Bhopal to adopt Traffic
Engineering Technique,
Intelligent Parking System

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Traffic Engineering &
Management

13
Agenda
• Introduction - Traffic Engineering and
Management
 Transportation Demand Management
 Improving Mobility Options - PULL
Measures
 Economic Measures – PUSH Measures
 Parking Management
 Traffic Planning & Strategy
 Traffic Engineering
 Road Safety & Traffic Calming Measure
 Traffic Detection Systems and
Intelligent Transportation System
 Overview of the entire module very
briefly
 Introduction of various measures to
achieve modal shift from private
mode of transport towards
sustainable transportation modes
i.e. public transport, NMT.
 Discuss about network design and
planning methodologies to
achieve effective traffic
management. 14
 Technological advancements to
control, and improve efficiency of
existing network
Image Source: ITDP

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Traffic Engineering and Management (TE&M) - Introduction

Traffic Engineering & Management

Definition:
Process of:
 planning,
 monitoring and
 controlling or influencing
existing traffic flows

Objectives:
 Increase efficiency of existing
infrastructure;
 ensure reliable and safe
operation;
 address environmental goals;
 ensure fair allocation of
infrastructure space (space for
pedestrians, cyclists, public
transport, car users, etc.) 16
among competing users.
Strategy for effective TE&M

17
 What TE&M doesn’t mean and does mean?
• TE&M doesn’t mean:
• facilitating automobile
travel speeds
• improve vehicle traffic
movement at the expense
of other modes

 But rather,
 Facilitate increased travel
choices
 improved road safety
 improved efficiency for all
modes—including transit,
bicycling, and walking 18
 reduced emissions and
resource use Image Source: ITDP
TE&M few examples

• Enabling more
efficient, reliable
transit trips;
• Redesigning
existing roads;
• Adding bicycle
lanes and
providing
pedestrian signals;
• Promoting
ridesharing
programs; and
• parking
management 19
strategies.

Image Source: ITDP

Agenda

• Introduction - Traffic Engineering and

Management

 Transportation Demand Management

 Improving Mobility Options - PULL
Measures
 Economic Measures – PUSH Measures
 Parking Management
 Introduction of various measures to
achieve modal shift from private
mode of transport towards
sustainable transportation modes
i.e. public transport, NMT.

 Traffic Planning & Strategy

 Traffic Engineering
 Road Safety & Traffic Calming Measure
 Traffic Detection Systems and 20
Intelligent Transportation System
Transportation Demand Management
As covered by Paul Barter

21
 Success = ‘moving people and goods
efficiently’?

‘Efficiently moving
people and goods
NOT just vehicles’

22

Paul Barter, Reinventing Transport

Impact of “Traffic focus” – Congestion remains
(but at ever higher levels of total traffic)

The predict-and-provide traffic-focused approach never seems to

overcome congestion in big cities. Traffic expands to fill the space.

23

Image Source: GIZ-SUTP

… need of an alternative framework (Todd Litman
Framework, adapted a little)
policies which are not too often
Focus on ‘Traffic’
(focus on cheap vehicle movement and traffic speed; congestion as main problem; ... Sounds
OK to many people but prompts focus on road & parking expansion)

Focus on ‘Mobility’ is more efficient

(=focus on efficient movement of people and goods)

Focus on ‘Accessibility’ (and ‘place value’) is even better!

(=focus on convenience of reaching opportunities AND policies that reduce the need to travel)

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Paul Barter, Reinventing Transport Taipei

TDM or “Mobility Management”?

Various policies and projects that increase

transport system efficiency:
 Improve travel options
 Provide incentives to use efficient options
 More accessible land use development
 Policy and planning reforms

TDM measures motivate people to:

• shift modes
• make fewer trips
• drive fewer km and more efficiently
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• appropriate vehicle ownership choices

Adapted from : Improve Travel Options with Transportation Demand Managemen and Todd Litman
Why is TDM important for Developing
Countries like India?

• Low cost of investment

• Buy time in which to improve mobility options

India has rapid motorization into cities ill-suited to cars

• Urban densities are high

• Modest main road network capacity and density

• LOW road space per person

• High urban land prices: expensive to expand

26
roads and parking
 TDM best as a comprehensive framework not as
isolated instruments
 Land use development controls
 Public transport integration Economic
 Parking controls and management Measures

 Regulatory controls such as

odd/even systems
 Physical measures such as bus
and pedestrian priority Comprehensive TDM Strategy

 Pricing & charges through

Smart Multi-mode
fuels, annual taxes Land-Use Transport
System
 Congestion charging

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 …based on three broad categories
Improve Transport Options
- Public transit improvements;
- Walking and cycling
improvements
- Mobility management
marketing programs;
- Rideshare/commute trip
reduction programs;
- HOV priority lanes;
- Flexitime/telecommuting;
- Carsharing services;
- Taxi service improvements;
- Guaranteed ride home
program;
- Shared bicycle services
Economic Measures
- Congestion pricing;
- Distance-based fees;
- Commuter financial
incentives;
- Parking pricing;
- Parking regulations;
- Fuel tax increases;
- Cross-subsidies (such as
from motoring towards
public transport)
Smart Growth and
Land Use Policies
- Smart growth;
01.04.2015
Transit-oriented
development;
- Location-efficient
development;
- Parking management;
- Car-free planning;
- Traffic calming;
- Transport planning
reforms
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 …based on their approach and the stakeholders involved

TDM Measures Implemented By Key Stakeholders

Improving Mobility Options City, State, National Everyone! Especially
governments, transit children and older adults,
service and shared bicycle individuals with
service operators disabilities, low income

01.04.2015
individuals

Economic Measures City, State, National Large employers, freight

governments, private haulers, low
companies (as employers), income individuals,
toll road and parking
facility operators
Smart Growth and Land Use City, State, National Real estate developers,
Policies governments, developers, large employers, home
households (when they buyers
select a home) and
businesses (when they 29
select a building location)
 The “push and pull” perspective

30

Source: Müller, P., Schleicher-Jester, F., Schmidt, M.-P. & Topp, H.H. (1992): Konzepte flächenhafter Verkehrsberuhigung in 16 Städten”, Grüne Reihe
des Fachgebiets Verkehrswesen der Universität Kaiserslautern No. 24.
 The “push and pull” perspective
Measures with push AND pull effects
• Redistribution of carriageway space
• Broader sidewalks, landscaping, bus priority space
• Changes to time cycles at traffic lights in favour of
public transport and NMT
• etc

Source: Müller, P., Schleicher-Jester, F., Schmidt, M.-P. & Topp, H.H. (1992): Konzepte flächenhafter Verkehrsberuhigung in 16 Städten”, Grüne Reihe
des Fachgebiets Verkehrswesen der Universität Kaiserslautern No. 24.
Does TDM seek a ban on cars (or anything like that)?

No…. It aims to enhance choice!

because it is car-dominated policies that reduce choice, allowing little
space or funding for other options.

Levels playing field to

enable car-alternatives to
compete on
 convenience and
 time efficiency
 perceived costs to users

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Agenda

• Introduction - Traffic Engineering and

Management

 Transportation Demand Management

 Improving Mobility Options - PULL
Measures
 Economic Measures – PUSH Measures
 Parking Management

 Traffic Planning & Strategy

 Traffic Engineering
 Road Safety & Traffic Calming Measure
 Traffic Detection Systems and
Intelligent Transportation System
 Discuss about network design and
planning methodologies to
achieve effective traffic
management. 33
 Technological advancements to
control, and improve efficiency of
existing network
Failures in Urban Transport Planning

Some effects
 Worsening air pollution & Congestion in New Delhi
noise
 Poor and deteriorating road
safety
 Increased congestion
 Deteriorating operating
conditions for public
transport
 Pedestrians and cyclist
increasingly marginalised by
private motor vehicles

> Less liveable cities 34

Action Plan for efficient TE&M

1. … creating Liveable Cities & Urban Life

What influences Liveability?

Direct transport related factors: Other factors:

 Infrastructure • Safety/Crime
 Accessibility • Schools and education
 Quality of architecture • Recreation
 Urban design • Political stability
 Public Transportation • Availability of
 Public places ...etc. goods/services
• Economic/Business
conditions
35
Conventional TMP - an hub-and-spoke network

Expressways
and Highways

Arterial

Collector and
Through Distributor
Traffic
Movement
and Speed Local

Access to Property

intelligible way for private vehicle systems network classification but fails 36
however to achieve transport system-urban environment integration
Sustainable Planning – Integrating concept of Road and
Space
Conventional Planning -
efficiency oriented i.e.
Conventional Scope
promote and improve of a Road Plan
mobility

Conventional Scope
of a Land Plan

Sustainable Planning - Scope of a street

integration of the plan for sustainable
global mobility network strategic planning 37
in its urban
environment
Traffic Master Plan (TMP)

38
2. … better intersection designs, layouts and control

Junctions/Intersections
 Intersection is an area shared by two or more roads.
 Designated area for the vehicles to turn to different directions

… complex in nature
 vehicles moving in different direction want to occupy same space at the
same time
 In addition, the pedestrians also seek same space for crossings

Poor design of junctions

 Traffic flow
 Capacity of road
 May lead to severe accidents 39
Conflicts at an intersection
 Different for different types, e.g. 4-legged junction Conflicts in a Traffic Signal
 essence of the intersection Through Traffic = 4

control: Right Turn = 4

P
 Resolve these conflicts; P
Right Turn –
8
through =
 So as to provide efficient
movement:
 Vehicular traffic
P P
 pedestrians

Controlling and
minimizing intersection P P

conflicts Merging = 4

Diverging = 4
 Method adopted must depends on:
P P P Pedestrian = 8
 the traffic volume;
 road geometry;
Total = 32 Conflicts
40
 cost involved;
Berlin
 Importance of the road
Categories of intersection – Time Sharing Intersection
 Time Sharing Intersection – most common (through signalization)
at any moment of time, certain flows are allowed while other conflicting
streams are barred from entry
 Space sharing intersection

41

Berlin
Categories of intersection
 Space sharing intersection
 Time Sharing Intersection

42

Berlin
As per IRC ( Indian Roads Congress) Standards
Intersection improvements – not an very good example

Bangalore
Source: B-TRAC
(http://www.bangaloretrafficpolice.gov.i
n/index.php?option=com_content&view
=article&id=160&btp=160)
43
Pedestrian accessibility
neglected
Intersection improvements – ex. Reducing conflicts
between turning vehicles and NMT users

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Intersection control

Intersection Control Options: How much judgment can drivers

safely exercise to avoid collisions? Three levels of control are
available.

Level I Passive control – basic rules of the road apply

 No control
 Guide signs only
 Warning sings with or without guide signs
Level II Assignment of ROW to major street or rotational ROW
 GIVE WAY control (roundabouts are in this category)
 Two-way STOP control
 All-way STOP control
Level III Positive alternate assignment of exclusive ROW
 Traffic signals: 2-phase, multiphase
 Traffic control agent/officer 45
 3. … introducing proper Traffic Signage
The Functions and Classification of Traffic Signs

• What are traffic signs for?

to regulate traffic, warn about hazards and to guide the road
user.
Different Types of Traffic Signs
 Mandatory – instructions for priorities and banned movements;

 Cautionary – of hazards; and

 Informatory – on directions, routes and facilities.

Blue circles: What road users MUST DO

Red rings: What you MUST NOT do

46

As per Urban Road Specification: Part 4 Berlin

- Signages
Sign information balance

• Prime purpose of traffic signs is to communicate essential info. to the road

user.
• A balance is required:

Distracting attention
from traffic

Sufficient Overloading visual input

Information
Clutter

• Signs must be simple in content & layout and be large enough & so coloured 47
to have adequate target value & legibility.
Some examples of non standardized sign boards

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Non Standardized No Parking signage boards

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General: Requirements of Signing

• SEE: Noticeable (Striking – contrast with background. Sufficiently large).

Avoid obscuration by trees, bridges, other signs, other vehicles (if possible!?).
Reflectorise.

• READ: Legible at sufficient distance.

• UNDERSTAND: At a glance.

• ACT: Must be far enough in advance to take action safely. Not so far that
driver forgets. Hence usually advance warning sign on high speed roads (2
signs on Highways/Expresways).

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4. … Road Markings*
• Functions of Road Markings  Rudimentary
1. Segregation of traffic Requirements
2. Stop and go 1. Day visibility i.e.
3. Give way instruction whiteness/contrast
4. Overtaking or not 2. Night visibility i.e.
5. Two lanes to one lane/ lane traffic retroflectivity
6. Inter-vehicle distance 3. Wet night visibility
(humid/rain/ fog)
7. Parking zone or no parking
4. Anti-skid
8. Speed indication
9. Direction
10. One way
11. Pedestrian crossing
12. Type of vehicles allowed
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As per Urban Road Specification: Part 3 - Marking

 Types of Road Marking

Cycle Lane Marking

Note: Figures not to scale

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Bus Lane Marking

Pedestrian Crossing
Source: Urban Road Specification : Part 3 - Markings
5. … illuminating streets

• Provide a safe and secure

environment at night;
• Extend the use of walkways into
the night.
• To enhance travel on the roads and
at intersections;
• Facilitate the extended use of
outdoor spaces;

Failure leads to provide consistent

lighting
• makes it harder for drivers and
their night vision
53
• The dark areas are a safety hazard
to drivers, pedestrians and cyclists.
Guidance for lighting of public streets, roads

• Provided by Indian
Standards (BIS, 1981)
• Hardly enforced by any
regulatory authority
• Municipalities unaware of
standards
• Common reasons for
inefficient street lighting
• Selection of inefficient
luminaries;
• Poor design and installation Tremendous potential to
• Poor power quality - Reduce energy use
• Poor operation and - Costs
maintenance practices - GHG emissions
54

Source: Energy Efficient Street Lighting

6. ... strengthening road safety mechanisms

Issue of National Concern - India – Road Safety Statistics

1 road accident every minute, and 1 road accident death

every 4 minutes.
According to MoRTH
• The loss to the Indian economy due to fatalities and accident injuries
estimated at 3% of GDP in 1999-2000;
• Particularly severe as 53.1% of road accident victims were in the age group
of 25 to 65 years;
• In 2010, there were around 5 lakh road accidents,
• Resulted in deaths of 134,513 people and
• injured more than 5 lakh persons
• Mostly pedestrians, bicyclists and two-wheelers, comprising the most; 55
• unprotected road users, accounting for around 40% of all fatalities.
Source: Road Accidents in India - Ministry of Road Transport and Highway
 India – Road Safety Statistics
Number of Road Accidents, Number of Persons Killed and Number of Persons Injured
Per Lakh Population: 1970 – 2011

50

45 45 45 46 45
44
43 42 42 42 42 42 42
41 41 41
40 39 39 39 40 40
39 38
35
34
30 29
25
23
20 21

15 16
13
11 11 12
10 10 10 10
8 8 8 8 9 9
6
5
3 4
0
1970

1980

1990

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011
Number of Accidents per Lakh Population Number of Persons Killed Per Lakh Population 56
Number of Persons Injured per Lakh Population

Source: Road Accidents in India - Ministry of Road Transport and Highway

Causes of Road Crashes - High Percentage of Driver Errors

Causes of Road Accidents: 2010

Fault of Cyclicst, Defect in Defect in Road
1.2
Fault of Pedestrian, condition of
Condition, 1.2
2.7 motor
vehicle, 1.7 Weather
Condition, Fault of Cyclicst
0.9
Fault of Pedestrian

All other
Defect in condition
causes, 14.3
of motor vehicle
Defect in Road
Condition
Fault of Driver, 78 Weather Condition

All other causes

Fault of Driver
57

Source: Road Accidents in India - Ministry of Road Transport and Highway

Road Safety Initiatives - Government of India

• Engineering
Areas of Intervention
• Enforcement
4 EEEE
( Adoption of a multi • Emergency Response
pronged strategy) • Education

Implementation • The Road Safety Programme

Strategy • The Leading Agency
(all states/UT required) • The Enforcement Plan
• The Communication Strategy
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7. … actively using Intelligent Transportation
System technologies?

What is ITS?
Application of advanced sensors,
computers, electronics, and
communications technologies
and management strategies in
an integrated manner providing
travel information to increase the
safety, efficiency, reliability 59
and sustainability of the
transportation system.
Adapted from : Implementing ITS the Smart Way, Dr. Robert L. Bertini, 2010
What is ITS for… in traffic operations and
management?
Supports the concept of sustainable transport by-
“making the lack of urban space less critical”

 Providing equitable access,

improved mobility and
reducing demand for
motorised private transport
• Improving the modal split
in favour of NMT
 Improving the transport
efficiency and productivity
 Providing Safety
 Reducing the environmental
impacts
• Improving liveability,
especially in congested
60
city centres
Source: Real time information via use of electronic display in Singapore (Source:
Karl Fjellstrom, 2004)

Source: 4e: Intelligent Transport System, GIZ Publication, 2005

Elements of ITS?

 Advanced Traffic Management

(ATM)

 Traffic Cameras

 Variable Message Signs (VMS)

 Road/Weather Information

Systems (RWIS)

 Traffic Management Centre

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(TMC)

Source: Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), 2012

 Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP),
An multi modal project taken up by Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority
(MMRDA), aims to bring about improvement in current traffic and transportation situation in
the MMR (Mumbai Metropolitan Region).

Innovations introduced
in the systems include
• Signal controllers
• Red lamp
monitoring
• Night time dimming
• Overhead video
detectors
• Single source LED
Aspects
• Signal poles
• Pedestrian bush
buttons

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 Bangalore Traffic Improvement Project - B-TRAC 2010
Initiative of Bangalore City Police
Objective - to establish efficient traffic management in Bangalore.
• Reduce traffic congestion by 30% in the Central Area of Bangalore City
• Reduce accidents by 30% in the city of Bangalore
• Achieve significant reduction in pollution
• Achieve substantial compliance of Traffic Laws and Rules
• Set up an effective Trauma Care System

Various components form

a part of the improvement
plan, some of them being:
• Road markings
• Signage–Over head &
Stand alone
• Enforcement Cameras – 5
nos. at critical locations
• Surveillance Cameras –
160 nos.
• Upgradation of Signals
including Vehicle Actuation –
182 nos. 63
THANK YOU!
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