Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2019)

IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19K34-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-8113-8

CNN Algorithms for Detection of Human Face

Attributes – A Survey
Vallimeena P, Uma Gopalakrishnan, Bhavana B Nair, Sethuraman N Rao
Amrita Center for Wireless Networks & Applications (AmritaWNA)
Amrita School of Engineering, Amritapuri
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
India
e-mail: anudhas24@gmail.com, umag@am.amrita.edu, bhavanabnair@am.amrita.edu, sethuramanrao@am.amrita.edu

Abstract— In recent years, CNN algorithms are being size of the dataset increases and helps to learn high-level
increasingly applied for various computer vision based features from the training dataset. Also, the Machine Learning
applications such as disaster management systems using crowd- network needs two different algorithms for feature extraction
sourced images. Flood is one such frequent natural disaster that and classification [4] whereas deep learning uses only one
threatens human life and property. Research is in progress to network. The three fundamental deep learning architectures
find the extent of damage in flood hit areas by calculating the are Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural
depth of the water using flood images containing humans Networks and Recursive Neural Networks among which CNN
captured by smartphone cameras. Algorithms, which can detect a is designed for image processing.
human face and its attributes such as age, gender and ethnicity
with these crowd-sourced images, can provide valuable
information during such situations. A multitude of CNN TABLE I. TYPES OF MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHM. TABLE
algorithms is available for these tasks. Each one of them is STYLES
different in their architecture which in turn influences the
accuracy of the results. In this survey, we compare the state of
Supervised • Decision Trees
Learning
the art CNN algorithms which perform each of these tasks, • Naive Bayes Classification
namely, face detection, age and gender classification, and • Ordinary Least Squares Regression
ethnicity classification. We compare these algorithms with • Logistic Regression
respect to their performance and accuracy so that an appropriate • Support Vector Machines
algorithm can be selected for the above application. • Ensemble Methods

Keywords— CNN; VGG; Inception; ResNet; Face Detection;

YOLO; Face Classification; Gender; Age- group; Ethnicity.
I. INTRODUCTION
Machine learning is an application of Artificial
Intelligence that makes the machine learn from training data
set and perform prediction on test data. It has a wide range of
applications like autonomous cars, intelligent transport system
[1], cybersecurity, classification of human faces, etc. TABLE I.
summarises categorization of Machine Learning Algorithms
based on their type.
Image processing is the most popular application of
Machine learning which can analyse and provide rich
information from images using computer vision techniques.
The image dataset may consist of many objects like vehicles,
lamp posts, animals, humans, etc. In detecting and classifying
such objects, machine learning algorithms can provide
accurate results.
However, Machine Learning networks are simple,
involves less learning and can be used only for a dataset of
limited size. But the deep learning provides better
performance (accuracy and execution time in test data) as the
Unsupervised • Clustering Algorithms
Learning
• Principal Component Analysis
• Singular Value Decomposition
• Independent Component Analysis
Reinforcement • Q-Learning
Learning
• State-Action-Reward-State-Action (SARSA)
• Deep Q Network (DQN)
• Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG)
There are various applications that require face
detection [5] and classification using CNN architectures. One
such application is flood monitoring system [6]. In flood
monitoring system, water depth is estimated using an object as
reference from the images whose height should be known.
Many of the images from flood situations have humans. So,
humans are chosen as reference object and the average height
of the humans is determined based on the age-group, gender
and ethnicity of the humans [7]. The flood monitoring system
has to be trained to detect the faces of the humans and predict
the age-group, gender and ethnicity of the faces detected.
Similarly, the researchers working on different applications
can utilize the results of this paper to choose their CNN
architecture.

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19K34-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-8113-8
Based on the different deep learning mechanisms,
CNN architecture used and size of the dataset, the
performance of the system varies. The accuracy of the system
can be further improved using better training dataset. This
work compares different CNN architectures trained for
classification of face attributes like age- group, gender and
ethnicity. Comparison gives the accuracy achieved by
different algorithms that help to choose the architecture for
different applications.
This paper is organised as follows. Section 2 explains
the Flood Monitoring system, Section 3 starts with an
introduction on CNN architectures and then describes each
architecture. Section 4 compares different face detection
algorithms, Section 4 compares different algorithms for face
classification based on age-group, gender and ethnicity.
Section 4 concludes this work based on the comparison and
also discusses the potential options for further enhancement of
this work.
II. FLOOD MONITORING
A flood monitoring system is proposed to aid the rescuers
with information such as water depth to help with rescue
actions. Estimating water depth helps to continuously monitor
the flooded region. Our current research on flood monitoring
system focuses on images with humans. Humans are used as
the reference object and the average height of the humans are
used as reference value to estimate the water depth.
Our flood Monitoring System [7] includes five modules
namely face detection, age-group and gender classification,
Ethnicity classification, Semantic segmentation, and Water
depth estimation.
The face detection algorithm is applied to the input image
that gives a bounding box around the human faces. According
to the standard ‘golden ratio’, human height is 8 times the
height of the face. With this concept, the average height of the
human is determined in pixels in the image. Using age-group,
gender and ethnicity classification of human faces detected,
the average height of the human is determined in feet. These
two values along with the output of semantic segmentation are
used in estimating the water depth.
Hence, CNN architectures have to be applied in flood
monitoring system in face detection, age-group and gender
classification, ethnicity classification modules.
III. CNN ARCHITECTURES
ANN (Artificial Neural Networks) is one of the most
dominant tools for machine learning. It is inspired by the
features of the human neural system. It consists of three
layers: Input layer, Hidden layer, and Output layer. Each layer
has numerous nodes. Depending on the requirement of
different applications like pattern recognition in images,
speech recognition different ANN algorithms are developed
with more number of hidden layers called deep learning
algorithms.
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CNN [8] is a type of Artificial Neural Networks that
performs feature extraction and classification within a single
deep neural network. When the CNN employs different deep
learning mechanisms like Back Propagation, Stochastic
Gradient Descent, Learning Rate Decay, Max Pooling, Batch
Normalization, Long Short-Term Memory, Transfer Learning,
etc., based on the requirement of the architecture designed and
the application, the system will provide better results.
Layers [9] in CNN:
● Convolutional Layer - Filters are applied for feature
extraction
● Pooling Layer - Max pooling for dimensionality reduction
● Fully Connected Layer - For classification of objects
Stride and Padding values are two important
parameters for a filter for deciding the size of the output
image. Stride value says the number of columns a filter should
shift after a convolution operation. Padding appends the image
with extra pixels in all the side. Also, Max pooling and
Activation functions are two important mechanisms of CNN.
Max pooling is to downsample the size of the image (reduce
the dimension) and Activation functions [10] is to receive the
output from a node. Sigmoid, Tanh, ReLU, SoftMax are most
commonly used activation functions.
The first CNN architecture is LeNet [8] for recognizing
handwritten digits from images of size 32*32. But, this is not
efficient for high dimensional images. When there is a need
for processing large sized images, this architectures straggles
behind due to unavailability of computational resources.
Secondly, a deep CNN architecture with more layers and a
greater number of filters per layer was developed called
AlexNet [8]. It uses 11*11, 5*5, 3*3 convolutions. The
architecture includes 5 convolutional layers and 3 fully
connected layers. It includes ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit)
activation unit. Then, ZFNet [8], an improved version of Alex
Net with 7*7 convolutions is developed by varying the
parameters of Alex Net and maintains the same architecture. It
uses ReLU activation unit and batch stochastic gradient
descent. Amongst the existing CNN architectures, Inception,
VGG Net and ResNet are widely accepted and used. Our
survey focuses on face classification algorithms based on
these algorithms.
A. Inception
As the region of information in each image varies largely
in size, it is difficult to choose the right filter size. So, multiple
filters of different sizes (1*1, 3*3, 5*5) are used followed by
max pooling and then the outputs are concatenated. The filters
of different sizes make the network computationally
expensive. So, 1*1 convolution is added before the different
sized filters. This forms the inception module. Inception v1
(Google Net) [11] has 9 inception modules and is 22 layers
deep. Two auxiliary classifiers and SoftMax activation units
are used [12]. To increase the accuracy and reduce the
computational complexity, inception v2 is developed with all
5*5 filters are replaced with two 3*3 filters and then all n*n
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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19K34-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-8113-8

filters are replaced with 1*n and n*1 filters. Filter banks are IV. FACE DETECTION
made wider for easy representation and to reduce the loss of
information [13]. Inception v3 adds RMSprop Optimizer, The face is a unique identifier for an individual. Hence,
Factorized Convolutions, Batch Normalization, and Label face detection becomes the primary step in face classification
Smoothing. TABLE II. Summarise the functionalities of each and face recognition algorithms.
deep learning mechanism.
Wang, et al., 2018 in [17] have compared the traditional
machine learning algorithms of face detection and concluded
TABLE II. DEEP LEARNING MECHANISMS AND THEIR that the Viola-Jones method (Haar Cascade) is the best
FUNCTIONALITIES
method. This section compares Haar Cascade with other state
Mechanism Functionality of the art techniques.
Optimizer Tweak and change parameters to minimize loss
function A. Haar Cascade
Factorized Convolution For reducing dimension
The Haar filters [18] are used to extract the features from
the images. The process of feature extraction involves a large
Normalization Adjusting(normalizing) the input values to number of calculations, so integral image [19] is used.
improve the performance and stability
AdaBoost [20] is used to select the best features from a large
Label Smoothing To prevent overfitting set of features. A cascade of classifiers is used to locate the
region of the face in the image.
In Inception v4, the operations that are before inception The Classifier is accurate for images with frontal
modules are modified and new reduction blocks are orientation but for faces in other angles, this does not work
introduced. Reduction blocks reduce the dimension of the well. Also, it is difficult to tune the parameters of these
input image (reduce 35*35 to 17*17 to 8*8) [14]. Then a classifiers.
hybrid model of inception and ResNet is developed by adding
1*1 convolution after all the operations to make the dimension
of input and output image the same.

B. VGGNet
VGG [15] developed by Visual Geometry Group from
Oxford as an upgrade of AlexNet architecture. It has three
models: VGG-16 (16 layers), VGG-19 (19 layers) and model
fusion. As the filters of smaller size stacked together can
extract more features than large sized filters, the 11*11 and Fig. 1. Face Detection using Haar Cascade
5*5 filters in AlexNet are replaced with 3*3 in VGG, thereby
making the architecture deeper. So, it is the most preferred
B. Dlib Detector
method for feature extraction and can be fine-tuned with
Transfer Learning for different applications. The VGG Dlib is a toolkit that can be used for face detection. The
architecture starts with a set of 3*3 convolutional layers with 1 Dlib can perform face detection along with Histogram of
pixel of stride and padding. Followed by three fully connected Oriented Gradients (HOG) and Support Vector Machine
layers and soft-max layer. Max pooling and ReLU activation (SVM) or with CNN. Dlib with HOG and SVM works well
functions are effectively utilized. for frontal faces. In many cases, it can also detect faces that
are not perfectly frontal. Dlib with CNN can detect faces in all
C. ResNet angles.
ResNet (Residual Neural Networks) architecture has 52 But when the results of the two models are compared, there is
layers. It is equipped with a stack of residual blocks [16]. Each no significant difference in the accuracy.
residual block comprises of a neural network segment and an
identity loop. Residual block with shortcut link in it forms the
residual network. As the architecture becomes deeper, the
signal required to transmit the weights also increases called
vanishing problem and optimization mechanism based on a
large number of parameters decreases the performance of the
architecture called degradation problem. These two challenges
are solved by adding identity loop in residual blocks.

Fig. 2. Face Detection using Dlib

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19K34-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-8113-8

C. YOLO V. FACE CLASSIFICATION

YOLO [21] is an object detection algorithm which can have a Human faces convey numerous pieces of information such
human face as one of the classes. The conventional face as age, gender, and ethnicity. These details about a human in
detectors are used for single class detection such as the human an image can be obtained from the face. One application of
face. But YOLO can detect any number of classes in an image. estimating age-group, gender, ethnicity is flood monitoring
system that estimates the water depth using humans as the
The Yolo is derived from R-CNN. R-CNN uses a
selective search technique to choose the regions for SVM. reference object and the average height of a human is
This technique chooses a huge number of regions, from which determined using their facial features.
2000 regions are selected. This selective search technique
doesn’t involve any learning process and SVM classifies all A. Based on Age and Gender
the 2000 regions. The CNN architectures Inception, VGG, and ResNet have
shown the best results compared to other architectures [8].
To overcome the limitation of 2000 regions, Fast R- TABLE IV. Compares different CNN architectures trained and
CNN was developed, that inputs the complete image instead tested with the different dataset for age-group and gender
of 2000 regions. The CNN layer generates feature maps, from classification.
which regions are identified. Further, Faster R-CNN was
developed without involving selective search technique.
TABLE IV. COMPARISON OF CNN ARCHITECTURES BASED ON AGE-
All the R-CNN methods only look at the region of the GROUP AND GENDER
proposal, not the complete image. In YOLO, the complete
image is divided into grids and bounding boxes are drawn Architecture Year Dataset Accuracy
around objects within each of the grids. Each bounding box is
provided with a probability value for a particular class of Inception v3 [22][23] 2015 Adience Dataset 85%
object.
ResNet [24] 2017 IMDB-WIKI 95.3%

GoogleNet [25] 2017 Adience Dataset 98%

LMTCNN (Lightweight 2018 Adience Dataset 85%

Multi-Task CNN) [26]

VGG [27] 2018 MORPH-II 98.6%

Inception v3 was trained on unconstrained image dataset

that gives 85% accuracy. In LMTCNN, the accuracy of
Fig. 3. Face Detection using YOLO Inception v3 was maintained improving the speed of execution
and model size for implementing on the Android operating
system. Both GoogleNet and VGG have produced remarkable
TABLE III. COMPARISON OF FACE DETECTION ALGORITHMS accuracy. GoogleNet resulted in good accuracy of 98% by
Face Detection Detection Time No of faces detected utilizing the pre-trained network. VGG in [27] has acquired a
Algorithms (s) good accuracy of 98.6% by exploring transfer learning
Haar Cascade 0.202 7 faces
techniques. The popular datasets include images taken of
people from different camera perspectives and in different
Dlib 0.63 9 faces backgrounds like roads, parks, etc. So, these datasets can be
YOLO 1.2 12 faces used for applications on crowdsourcing.

TABLE III compares the three face detection B. Based on Ethnicity

algorithms discussed above based on their time taken to detect
the faces and number of faces detected. All the three
algorithms use the same image as input and the image has
totally 12 faces. The face detection algorithms are executed in
macOS with 1.8 GHz Intel Core i5 processor and 8GB
memory. Since YOLO involves more learning and a greater
number of layers in the neural network, it takes larger
execution time. Still, it can detect all the human faces in
different orientations accurately. Therefore, it is clear that
YOLO detects faces better compared to Haar cascade and
Dlib.
Based on the performance of different CNN algorithms on
age-group and gender classification, ethnicity classification is
performed using VGG architecture and the results are
compared with traditional ANN algorithm.
a) ANN
Most considered parameters for ethnicity classification are
skin-color, forehead area, face shape. Two different
experiments have been analysed.
Ethnicity classification in [28] using ANN includes two steps,

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 Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2019)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19K34-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-8113-8
Extraction of skin color and Normalized forehead area
calculation using Sobel Edge Detection method. FERET
Database with 447 samples (357 for training, 90 for testing) is
used. The experimental results show 82% accuracy.
Ethnicity classification in [29] includes Gender
identification using PCA, face shape recognition using active
appearance model (AAM) and active shape model (ASM),
feature and key point extraction, Euclidean distance
calculation and final classification using SVM. The
experiment was tested on Android platform and the accuracy
is 86.4%
b) CNN
Ethnicity classification in [28] uses FERET Database with
357 samples and VGG- 16 architecture with 13 convolution
layers, 3 fully connected layers, pooling with 2*2 window and
stride 2. ReLU activation function and Categorical cross
entropy for loss function are used. The accuracy on testing is
98.6%. TABLE V. Compares the ANN and CNN Architectures
Based on Ethnicity.
TABLE V. COMPARISON OF ANN AND CNN ARCHITECTURES
BASED ON ETHNICITY
Architecture Dataset Accuracy
ANN FERET 82%
CNN (VGG) FERET 98.6%
In ethnicity classification, VGG architecture of CNN
has achieved a better accuracy of 98.6% as compared to 82%
using ANN (TABLE IV). Both the architectures have used
FERET dataset for ethnicity classification. Therefore, in
addition to age-group and gender classification, VGG
architecture performs accurately for ethnicity classification as
well.
VI. DISCUSSION
From Table 3, it is clear that YOLO performs well
for face detection. In our flood monitoring system, all the
human faces detected cannot be used for water depth
estimation. In cases, such as child carried over the shoulder,
the child’s face cannot be considered. So, the algorithm that
can detect the maximum number of faces has to be used.
Hence, YOLO is chosen for face detection in flood monitoring
system.
From Table 4 and Table 5, it is clear that VGG
performs well in all facial feature-based human classification.
For age-group and gender classification, GoogleNet has also
achieved 98% accuracy. Increase in the accuracy of flood
monitoring system helps to continuously monitor a flooded
region temporally. The system can determine whether the
water level is increasing or decreasing with time. Hence,
Google Net is used for age-group and gender classification
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and VGG architecture is used for ethnicity classification in
flood monitoring system.
VII. CONCLUSION
We have compared all state-of-the-art algorithms for
human face detection and facial feature based human
classification and have found the best algorithm based on their
performance and accuracy.
As part of the future work, an extensive survey in
different layers in each architecture can help in identifying the
scope of improving performance. The hybrid models of
inception and ResNet, in general, have proved to give better
results than VGG. Hence, there is more scope for hybrid
models in different applications.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are extremely grateful to our beloved Chancellor,
Dr. Mata Amritanandamayi Devi, also known as Amma, for
providing us the guidance, motivation and a supportive
environment to work on this project.
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