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02.understanding Process Equipment For Operators & Engineers-70
02.understanding Process Equipment For Operators & Engineers-70
F Fouling
FCU. See Fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCU) with carbonate, 91
Feed distributor, 55, 55f refrigerant, 265
Fiber glass, 56 tubes, 128–129, 131
Fin-fan air coolers, 379–380 Fouling factor, 142–143, 148–149
Firebox, 163–165 crude tube side, 143
Fired heater Fractionation efficiency, 155. See also Tray
adjusting excess oxygen, 377, 377f fractionation efficiency
cleaning, 297 Fractionator flooding
convective tubes, 302 crude debutanizer, 47
heater tubes’ exterior, 303–304 pressure measurements, 48, 49–50f
radiant tubes, coke removal tower internal inspection, 49–50, 50f
from, 302–303 tower pressure drop survey, 47–48
spalling and hydroblasting, 303 Fractionator wash oil grids. See Wash oil grids
CO2 emission suppression, 385 Frictional loss, 96
combustion air preheat in drain line, 114
air-to-fuel mixing efficiency, 161 in furnace, 99–100
effect of, 162 thermosyphon circulation, 101
excess air, 161 water circulation, 98–99
flame temperature, 160–161 in water piping, 88
radiant tube wall failure, 162b Friction factor, 149
rate of coke formation, 159, 160f inside process piping, 142
limitations, 149, 150f Furnace draft losses, 99–100
tube failure, 163
box steam installation, 165 G
corrective action, 165–166, 166f Gas compressors, 4
snuffing steam, 164–165, 164f Gas density, 253–255
upper explosive limit, 163–164 Gas oil hydrotreater, 41
Flame temperature, 160–161 GHR Energy, Norco, Louisiana
Flash zone, 19 hot water, 332
Flash zone temperature, 175–176, 178f steam leak, 332
Flooding distillation tower, 47–48 sulfur deposits, 333
Flow measurement, plant safety, 323–324 Global warming, 371
Fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCU) Governor valve, 214
air blower horsepower, 195f, 197–198 Gravity settling de-entrainment, 44
depropanizer, 357 Greenhouse gas, 365
Fluid properties, 142
Fluid velocity, 142 H
Flux, 23 Hardness deposits, 88–89
Flux limitations, 103 steam radiator, 93
Flux limited situation, 105, 124 Haze point limitation, 155b
Foam/froth, vapor-liquid mixture, Head-end, 275
38, 38f Head pressure
Foaming, surfactants effects on, 111 feet of head conversion, 65
Forced circulation, 265 vs. height, 63–64, 64f
Forced refrigerant, 265 velocity conversion, 64–65
Index 395