NEBOSH

International General
Certificate
WORKPLACE HAZARDS and
RISK CONTROL
Instructor:
2015 Mr. Ragesh.A.V
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 2
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 3
 HEALTH and
WELFARE
PROVISIONS
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 4
 Health & Welfare Provisions
Supply of drinking  Rest and eating
water facilities
Washing facilities  Seating
Sanitary  Ventilation
conveniences
 Heating
Accommodation for
clothing  Lighting

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 5

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 6
 Effects
Workers can be exposed to a varying degree of conditions and
resultant temp’s. the effects of excessive cold or heat can have a
harmful effects on workers health and accidents can result due to
fatigue or thermal stress.
People working outside their thermal factor comfort range can suffer
a dramatic loss of efficiency,
ex. Hot metal process working, working in refrigerated warehouses,
working outdoors.

The precise effects will depend upon the type of work being carried
out, the rate of air movement (wind chill), temperature and humidity.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 7

 General Effects
The main effects of working at high and low temp.:

COLD
 Loss of concentration in
mental work,
 Reduced manipulative
powers in manual work,
 Discomfort caused by
shivering.
HOT
 Loss of concentration,
 Reduced activity rate,
 Discomfort caused by
sweating.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 8

 Heat Stress
 Heat syncope,  Fainting due to vasodilation.

 Heat rash or prickly heat,  Skin disorder.

 Heat exhaustion,  Fatigue, nausea, headache, giddiness.

 Anhidrotic heat exhaustion,  Insufficient moisture to sweat.

 Heat cramps,  Painful spasms of muscles.

 Heat stroke.  Breakdown of control mechanisms, body

temperature soar (immediate cooling of
body temp required) otherwise death
ensues.
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 9
 Cold
 Hypothermia – body temperature is very low.
 Frost nip/bite
 Chilblain's – swelling, blister’s, inflammation
 Trench foot (also known as immersion foot) occurs
when the feet are wet for long periods of time.
 Violent shivering

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 10

 Preventive Measures
 Increasing the distance from the temperature source.
 Screening of the work area.
 It will also be necessary for workers to be allowed to become
acclimatized to the conditions.
 Regular work breaks with fluid intake.
 Improved ventilation and humidity control.
 Provision of suitable clothing.
 Screening workers for individual susceptibility,
 ex. Reynard’s syndrome (poor circulation to hands and feet)
 Control of working in extremes of temperature,
ex. Banning midday summer outside work

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 11

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 12
 Stacking
 Should not be so high or leaning,
 Should be kept small with the materials placed on pallets,
 Different types of container should be stacked separately,
 Should not be placed blocking fire points,
 Should not be placed on soft grounds,
 Should not be placed near vehicle routes to avoid vehicles
from hitting them

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 13

 Storage
 Depending on the type of materials to be stored,
 Different materials should be stored apart,
 Different materials should be kept apart for ease of access,
 Should be designed to allow access (forklift, workers),
 Should be kept tidy, suitably lit and ventilated,
 There should be suitable fire precautions,
 Should be protected against unauthorized use and
should have correct signs.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 14

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 15
 Violence
 Any action, incident or behavior that departs from
reasonable conduct in which a person is assaulted,
threatened, harmed, injured in the course of, or as a
direct result of, his or her work.
 Any incident, in which a person is abused, threatened or
assaulted in circumstances relating to their work.

Verbal abuse and threats are the most common types of

incidents, physical attacks are comparatively rare.
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 16
 Risk Factors Relating to Violence at Work

 The position a person holds;

 The nature of the work;
 The location of the work;
 The time of working;
 Alcohol and drugs,
 Visible appearance,
 The availability of weapons.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 17

 Determine the Size of the Problem

 Ask workers informally, through managers and H&S

Representative.
 Encourage workers to report all incidents and keep
detailed records.
 Classify all incidents according to their actual or potential
severity of outcome.
 Try to predict what might happen and how violence may
arise.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 18

 EXAM QUESTION
Outline control measures to prevent the risk of
violence to workers at the workplace. (8)

Ans. Page 230

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Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 20
 Policy

The policy for dealing with violence should be

written into the safety policy statement so that all
workers are aware of it. This will encourage
workers to cooperate with the policy and report
further incidents.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 21

 Determine Controls Relevant to the Risk

 Brief staff on problems that are likely to occur.

 Provide information.
 Set up a policy for alcohol and substance misuse.
 Set up procedures for reporting any occurrence.
 Identify who might be harmed and how.
 Identify who is most vulnerable.
 Train workers to recognized early signs of violence.
 Providing counseling for both perpetrators and victims.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 22

 Determine Controls Relevant to the Risk
 Consider relocation of perpetrators
elsewhere.
 Remove any items that could
be used as a weapon.
 Improve security.
 Redesign the job.
 Arrange safe transport or secure
car parking for people who
work late at night.
 Improve the environment.
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 23
 Monitor
Check regularly to see if the arrangements are working by
consulting workers and worker health and safety
representatives. If violence is still a problem, review work
practices and risk controls.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 24

 Dealing with Incidents
 Debriefing – victims might need to talk through their
experience as soon as possible.
 Time off work – Individuals may need differing times to
recover.
 Support – In some cases victims might need counseling.
 Legal help – legal assistance may be appropriate in
serious cases.
 Other workers – may need guidance or counselling to
help them react appropriately.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 25

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 26
 Types of Substances Misused at Work

Alcohol
Legal / illegal drugs
Solvents

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 27

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 28
 Effects on Health & Safety
 Poor co-ordination and balance;
 Perception ability reduced;
 Overall state of poor health and including fatigue, poor
concentration and stress;
 Poor attitude, lack of adherence to rules;
 Increased risk of violence;
 Increased likelihood of transport incidents.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 29

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 30
 Control Measures
 Employers should have a policy to
deal with the issue.
 Banning workers being under the
influence of alcohol and drugs while
at work.
 Offering opportunities to talk to
someone about how this affects
them.
 Carrying out random drugs and
alcohol tests.
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 31
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 32
 EXAM QUESTION
a) Identify the types of hazards that may cause slips
or trips at work. (4)
Ans. Page 234

b) Identify control measures to reduce the risk

from slip and trip hazards in the workplace. (4)
Ans. Page 235, 236

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 33

 EXAM QUESTION
Outline how slip and trip hazards in the workplace
might be controlled. (8)

Ans. Page 235, 236

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 34

 Related Hazards
 Slips, trips and falls on the same level
 Falls from height
 Collisions with moving vehicles
 Striking by moving, flying or falling objects
 Striking against fixed or stationary objects

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 35

 Causes of Slips, Trips & Falls
 Poorly maintained surfaces – Highly polished,
damaged floor tiles etc.
 Changes in level – ramps, slopes, kerbs etc.
 Slippery surfaces – water, oils, fuels, mud etc.
 Inappropriate footwear.
 Rules not followed – running.
 General obstructions in the walkways – trailing
cables, pipes, air hoses.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 36

 Circumstances in which hazards may arise

 Conditions and environments in which each

hazard may arise.
 Maintenance activities.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 37

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 38
 Risk Assessment
 Weather conditions
 Lighting
 Surfaces
 Unusually high number of people
 Effectiveness of existing controls
 Unexpected movement of people
 Special needs for certain groups of people

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 39

 General Controls
 Designated slip resistant walkways,
 Using high grip surface coatings,
 Highlighting changes in level with hazard warning
strips,
 Provide good lighting,
 Introducing procedures for reporting defects and
for dealing with spillages that might limit the slip
resistance.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 40

 General Controls
 Ensuring high standards of housekeeping to keep
floors clear of obstructions, debris or spillages,
 Provision of made up roughened concrete
walkways on construction sites and where
outdoor works takes place,
 Fitting high grip grit sheets on the edge of steps
and stairs,
 Provision of mats at the entrance to buildings.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 41

 General Controls
 Slip resistance surfaces
 Spillage control and drainage
 Designated walkways
 Fencing and guarding
 Use of signs and PPE
 Information, training, instruction and
supervision

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 42

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 43
 Maintenance of a safe workplace
 Cleaning and housekeeping requirements
 Access and egress
 Environmental considerations (lighting)
 Including during maintenance activities.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 44

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 45
 Control Measures

 Temporary signage must be

displayed
 Barriers may also be required
 Competent supervision of the
activity
 Additional housekeeping is
conducted
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 46
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 47
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 48
 Typical Activities that involve Working at Heights
 Steel erecting
 Fixing cladding, roof work
 Painting and decorating
 Demolition and dismantling
 Bricklaying
 Scaffold erection
 Electrical installation and maintenance

Some works which rarely involve working at heights:

 Welding,
 Inspection,
 Machinery maintenance
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 49
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 50
 Basic hazards & factors affecting risk
 Vertical distance
 Roof Work
 Pitched, Flat & Fragile Roofs
 Deterioration of materials
 Unprotected edges
 Unstable/poorly maintained
access equipment
 Weather
 Falling Materials

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 51

 Methods of avoiding working @ heights

 Where possible, work at

heights should be avoided by
conducting the work at ground
level. This could be achieved by
using different equipment or
method of work.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 52

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 53
 Proper planning and supervision of work

FALL OF PEOPLE
FALL OF MATERIALS
AVOIDING WORKING IN ADVERSE
WEATHER CONDITIONS

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 54

 Proper planning and supervision of work

PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT FALLS

AND FALLING MATERIALS
• guardrails, fencing and toe
boards
• working platforms
• access boards
• ladder hoops

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 55

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 56
 Emergency Rescue
Establish clear emergency escape routes from
major scaffold installations.
Rescue arrangements for workers where a MEWP
fails in raised position.
Workers taught how to minimize the likelihood of
injury.
Suspension Trauma

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 57

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 58
 Equipment

 PERSONAL PROTECTION SYSTEM

 FALL ARRESTING SYSTEM
 TRAINING and INSTRUCTION
 MINIMIZING THE
CONSEQUENCES

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 59

 Head Protection
Hazards to consider:
Loose material kicked into an excavation.
Material falling from a scaffold.
Material falling off a load being lifted by a crane
or goods hoist etc.
Dropping a fitting while erecting or dismantling a
scaffold.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 60

 Head Protection
Actions to be taken:
Decide on which areas of the site hard hats have
to be worn.
Make site rules and tell everyone in the area.
Provide workers with hard hats.
Make sure hard hats are worn and worn correctly.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 61

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 62
 Access equipment
Ladders
Step ladders
Scaffolds
Mobile tower scaffolds
Mobile elevating work platforms
Trestles
Staging platforms
Leading edge protection systems

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 63

Scaffold Parts Definition

BASE PLATE DISTRIBUTE THE LOAD FROM STANDARD OR A RAKER.

BRACE A TUBE FIXED DIAGONALLY ACROSS TWO OR MORE MEMBERS IN A SCAFFLOD FOR
STABILITY.
TOE BOARD A STRUCTURE OF SCAFFOLD BOARDS FIXED TO STANDARDS TO CATCH DEBRIS OR
MATERIALS THAT MAY FALL.
GUARD RAIL A MEMBER INCORPORATED IN THE STRUCTURE TO PREVENT PERSONNEL FROM FALLING.

LEDGER A TUBE SPANNING HORIZONTALLY AND TYING THE SCAFFOLD LONGITUDINALLY. IT MAY ACT
AS A SUPPORT FOR PUTLOG OR TRANSOMS.
PUTLOG A TUBE WITH A FLATTENED END, SPANNING FROM A HORIZONTAL MEMBER TO A BEARING
IN OR ON A BRICKWALL. IT MAY SUPPORT SCAFFOLD BOARDS.

RAKER SCAFFOLD STANDARD USED AS AN OUTRIGGER TO PREVENT THE SCAFFOLDING FALLING

AWAY FROM THE STRUCTURE.
REVEAL PIN A SCREW JACK, FITTING IN THE END OF A TUBE.
REVEAL TIE A TUBE WEDGE BY MEANS OF A REVEAL SCREW BETWEEN TWO OPPOSITE SURFACES.

STANDARD A VERTICAL OR NEAR VERTICAL SUPPORTING MEMBER.

TIE A MEMBER USED FOR FIXING THE SCAFFOLDING OR OTHER STRUCTURE FOR STABILITY.

TRANSOM A TUBE SPANNING ACROSS LEDGERS TO TIE A SCAFFOLD TRANSVERSELY. IT MAY ALSO
SUPPORT
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control BOARDS. Slide 64
 Scaffold

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 65

 Mobile tower scaffolds
 Height of the mobile scaffold should never exceed the
manufacturer’s recommendation.
 Use of outriggers if height is to be exceeded.
 Safe access for working platforms.
 Wheels turned outwards and locked.
 Never move the scaffold with people, materials on top.
 Push them at base level to move.
 Safe distances from overhead power lines, structures.
 Fully boarded platforms with guardrails, toe boards,
inspected by competent person etc.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 66

 Exam question

Identify safe working practices for the use of a

mobile elevating work Platform (MEWP). (8)

Ans. Page 259, 260

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 67

MEWPS – always ensure
 Trained & competent operator.
 Ensure statutory inspections & testing has been carried out.
 Guardrails & toe boards are present.
 Used on suitable and firm ground
 Tires are properly inflated.
 Work area is cordoned off to prevent access.
 Proper illumination.
 Outriggers are extended & chocked.
 Harnesses are used by workers.
 All involved know what to do if equipment fails in raised position.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 68

MEWPS – never
 Operate MEWPs close to overhead power lines or
dangerous machinery.
 Allow a knuckle, or elbow, of the arm to protrude into a
traffic route when working near vehicles.
 Move equipment with the platform in raised position
unless the equipment is specifically designed to do so.
 Overload or overreach from the platform.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 69

Inspection requirements
 Where safety depends on how it is installed or
assembled.
 Where exposed to conditions causing deterioration that
is liable to result in dangerous situations.
 Temporary work platforms like scaffolds.
 Results of the inspection must be recorded.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 70

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 71
 Temporary Work
 The Construction, alteration, conversion, fitting out,
commissioning, renovation, repair, upkeep, redecoration or other
maintenance.
 The preparation for an intended structure;
 The assembly of pre-fabricated elements to form a structure or its
dis-assembly.
 The removal of a structure or part of a structure;
 The installation, commissioning, maintenance, repair or removal
of mechanical, electrical, gas, compressed air, hydraulic,
telecommunications, computer or similar services which are
normally fixed within or to a structure.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 72

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 73
 Main Hazards
 Building
Formwork
Falsework
 Maintenance
 Renovation
 Demolition
 Excavations

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 74

 Exam question

Identify the main hazards associated with

demolition work. (8)

Ans. Page 270

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 75

 EXAM QUESTION

Outline the main hazards that may be

present during the demolition of a
building. (8)

Ans. Page 270

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 76

 Demolition Hazards
 Falls of people
 Fall of Materials
 Flying Materials
 Dust & debris
 Deliberate or unplanned collapse of building or
structure.
 Overloading of floors with debris resulting in collapse.
 Explosions in tanks or other confined spaces.
 Presence of live electricity or gas mains.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 77

 Demolition Hazards
 Presence of dusty, corrosive and poisonous
materials and/or atmospheres.
 Projecting nails in timber.
 Broken glass & cast iron fragments etc.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 78

 Demolition Controls
PRIOR TO DEMOLITION COMMENCING
 Establish safe system of work.
 Conduct a pre-demolition survey.
 Notify & Consult local authorities & residents.
 Isolate services such as gas, water & electricity.
 Appoint competent supervisor.
 All dangerous areas must be fenced off.
 Training in use of demolition equipment.
 PPE.
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 79
 Demolition Controls
DURING THE DEMOLITION PROCESS
 Access to demolition area must be strictly
controlled.
 Demolition should be carried out in reverse
order of erection of the building.
 No freestanding wall should be left on its own.
 Scaffold working platforms should be used.
 Entrances, passages, stairs & ladder runs should
be kept clear of all materials.
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 80
 Demolition Controls
DURING THE DEMOLITION PROCESS
 Disturbed staircases, particularly stone staircases
should not be used.
 Timber with protruding nails should have nails
removed.
 Glass in partitions, doors, roofs & windows
should be removed separately.
 Adequate & suitable lighting should be provided.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 81

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 82
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 83
HAZARDS
 Buried services
 Falls of equipment, materials and
persons in to the excavation
 Collapse of sides
 Collapse of adjacent structures
 Water ingress
 Contaminated ground
 Mechanical hazards

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 84

 EXAM QUESTION
Excavation work is being carried out on a
construction site.
Identify the control measures needed to
reduce the risk to workers. (8)

Ans. Page 279, 280

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 85

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 86
Control measures
 Basic methods of supporting excavations
 Means of access
 Crossing points
 Barriers
 Lighting and signs
 Safe storage of spoil
 Checks for buried services
 Positioning and routing of vehicles, plant
And equipment
 Control of water and other substances
 Personal protective equipment
 Filling in
Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 87
 Inspection requirements for excavation

 At the start of each shift in which the work is

to be carried out.
 After any event likely to affect the strength or
stability of the excavation, such as heavy rain,
blasting etc.
 After any material unintentionally falls or is
dislodged.

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 88

 The END

Workplace Hazards and Risk Control Slide 89