F.A.L.

CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila

HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING SITUATION 4 – Turbines

Lecture No.19: Hydraulics Engg. III Reservoirs A and B have elevations 250 m and 100 m respectively, and are
connected by a pipe having a diameter of 250 mm and a length of 250 m. A
Prepared by: Marc Erick Von A. Tiosing, RCE, RMP turbine is installed at a point in between reservoirs A and B. The discharge
in the pipeline is 140 L/s. Use C = 120.
LECTURE CONTENT 10. Determine the head loss in the pipe due to friction.
✓ Fundamentals of Fluid Flow 11. Determine the head extracted by the turbine.
✓ Bernoulli’s Energy Equation 12. Determine the power generated by the turbine.
✓ Pumps and Turbines
✓ Fluid Flow Measurements SITUATION 5 – Orifice
✓ Orifice A jet issues from the side of a tank under a head of 4 m. The side of the tank
✓ Venturi meter has an inclination of one horizontal to one vertical. The total depth of water
✓ Pitot Tube in the tank is 9 m.
✓ Head Losses 13. Compute the maximum height to which the jet rises, measured from
✓ Reynolds Number the center of the orifice.
✓ Pipe Network 14. Compute the point it strikes a horizontal plane 1.2 m below the
✓ Three Reservoir Problems bottom of the tank.
15. Compute its theoretical velocity as it strikes the plane.
SITUATION 1 – Fundamentals of Fluid Flow
Water flows through a 75 mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 3 m/s. SITUATION 6 – Orifice
1. Determine the volume flow rate (L/s). 16. A large cylindrical steel tank 4 m high with its bottom on a level
A. 12.12 C. 16.47 ground contains two layers of liquid. The bottom layer is water 2 m
B. 13.25 D. 22.09 deep. The top layer is occupied by a liquid whose specific gravity is
not known to a depth of 1 m. A 50 mm diameter orifice with a
2. Determine the mass flow rate (kg/s). coefficient of velocity of 0.98 is situated 1 m from the bottom of the
A. 12.12 C. 16.47 tank. The jet from the orifice hits the ground 2.75 m horizontally
B. 13.25 D. 22.09 away from the vena contrata. Determine the specific gravity of the
liquid at the top layer.
3. Determine the weight flow rate (N/s). A. 0.5 C. 1.5
A. 118.90 C. 161.57 B. 1 D. 2
B. 130.02 D. 216.70
SITUATION 7 – Falling Head Orifice
SITUATION 2 – Bernoulli’s Energy Equation 17. A 1.5-m diameter vertical cylindrical tank 3m high contains 2.5 m of
Water flow through a pipe at 130 L/s that changes gradually in diameter water. A 100 mm diameter circular sharp-edged orifice is located at
from 154 mm at point A to 429 mm at point B. B is 4.6 m higher than point its bottom. Assume C = 0.60. How long will it take to empty the tank?
A. The respective pressures at point A and B are 70 kPa and 48.3 kPa. All 18. An open cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter and 10 m high contains 6
minor losses are insignificant. m of water and 4 m of oil (SG = 0.8). Find the tine to empty the tank
4. Determine the head loss in the pipe. through a 100-mm diameter orifice at the bottom. Assume C c = 0.9
A. 3.20 m C. 4.96 m and Cv = 0.98.
B. 4.65 m D. 9.62 m

5. Determine the total energy at B.

A. 3.20 m C. 4.96 m
B. 4.65 m D. 9.62 m

6. Determine the total energy at A.

A. 3.20 m C. 4.96 m
B. 4.65 m D. 9.62 m

SITUATION 3 – Pumps
A pump draws water at 20 liters per second from reservoir A and lifts i to
reservoir B as shown. The head loss from A to 1 is three times the velocity
head in the 150 mm diameter pipe and the head loss from 2 to B is fifteen
times the velocity head in the 100 mm diameter pipe. Refer to Figure
HYD3.001.
7. Determine the powered delivered by the pump.
8. Determine the pressure head at point 1.
9. Determine the pressure head at point 2.

Figure HYD3.001
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila

SITUATION 8 – Submerged Orifice

19. A cylindrical tank 4 m in diameter is divided by a vertical partition
along its diameter. A submerged orifice 20 cm x 20 cm (C = 0.60) is
located on the side of the partition. At a certain instant, the water
level on one side is 6 m higher than the water level on the other side.
How long will it take for the water surfaces to be at the same level?

SITUATION 9 – Venturi meter and Pitot Tube

20. Water flows through a horizontal Venturi meter having an inlet
diameter of 31 cm and throat diameter of 19 cm. If the pressure at
the inlet is 750 kPa and that at the throat is 550 kPa, find the
discharge through the Venturi meter. Neglect any losses.
21. A glass tube with a 90° bend is open at both ends. It is inserted into
a flowing stream of oil (SG = 0.90) so that one of the openings is
directed upstream and the other is directed upward. If the oil inside
the tube is 50 mm higher than the surface outside, determine the
velocity measured by the tube.

SITUATION 10 – Head Losses

Water flows at a rate of 0.80 m3/s in a 900-m long pipe. The total head loss
in the pipe is 4 m. 29. Determine the discharge in m3/s from the reservoir of the highest
22. Determine the diameter of the pipe using Darcy – Weisbach formula elevation.
with f = 0.018. 30. Determine the discharge in m3/s from the reservoir of the
23. Determine the diameter of the pipe using Manning’s formula with n intermediate elevation.
= 0.014. 31. Determine the discharge in m3/s from the reservoir of the lowest
24. Determine the diameter of the pipe using Hazen–Williams formula elevation.
with C = 130.
SITUATION 14 – Practice Problem
SITUATION 11 – Reynolds Number Reservoir A is the source of water supply and is at Elev. 150 m, B is the
Crude oil having a density of 856 kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity of 0.0072 junction at Elev. 91.46, C is a town at Elev. 30.49 m with 25000 inhabitants,
Pa-s flow through a 60 mm diameter pipe at a rate of 0.24 m/s. D is another town at Elev. 15.24 m with a population of 30,000. Length AB
25. Determine the Reynolds Number. is 15,240 m, BC is 9150 m, BD is 6100 m. Determine the size of the pipes if
26. Determine the friction factor. the consumption is 150 L per capita per day. For the pipes, friction factor f
27. Determine the total head lost if the pipe is 1,500 m long. = 0.02. Determine the required diameter, in meters.
32. Pipe AB.
SITUATION 12 – Pipe Network 33. Pipe BC.
28. Water is flowing at the rate of 300 lit/s from A to E as shown in the 34. Pipe BD.
figure. Compute the flow in each pipe in lit/s and the total head loss.
Assume f = 0.025 for all pipes.

SITUATION 13 – Three Reservoir Problems

Determine the rate of flow in m3/s, into or out of each reservoir in the pipe
system shown in the figure. Elevations shown are in meter. For the pipes,
the roughness coefficient n = 0.011.
Pipe Length (m) Diameter (mm)
1 1220 300
2 900 200
3 1500 150
 F.A.L. CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER
2ND Floor, Cartimar Building, C.M. Recto Avenue, Quiapo, Manila

CONCEPTS 𝐶𝑐 =
𝐴𝑎
𝐴𝑡
Fundamentals of Fluid Flow
Where 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣, thus 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣.
Volume flow rate, 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
Mass flow rate, 𝑀 = 𝜌𝑄 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 𝑣𝑎 = 𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔ℎ
Weight flow rate, 𝑊 = 𝛾𝑄 = 𝛾𝐴𝑣 𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔ℎ
Head Loss on Orifice:
Continuity Equation – the amount of fluid per unit of time passing every 𝐻𝑜 = (1 − 𝐶𝑣2)𝐻
section of a flowing stream is constant.
a. For incompressible fluids: Two Types of Steady Flow in Pipes
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = ⋯ = 𝐴𝑛 𝑣𝑛 a. Laminar Flow - The flow is said to be laminar when the path of
individual fluid particles does not cross or intersect. For laminar
b. For compressible fluids: flow, Reynolds number is less than 2000.
𝜌𝑄 = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2 = ⋯ = 𝜌𝑛 𝐴𝑛 𝑣𝑛 b. Turbulent Flow - The flow is said to be turbulent when the path
𝛾𝑄 = 𝛾1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝛾2 𝐴2 𝑣2 = ⋯ = 𝛾𝑛 𝐴𝑛 𝑣𝑛 of individual particles is irregular and continuously cross each
other. For turbulent flow, Reynolds number is greater than 2000
Bernoulli’s Energy Equation – the energy of flowing fluid per unit time but less than 4000.
passing any upstream section is the same as the energy per unit time
passing any downstream section plus the loss of head between the two Reynolds Number – a dimensionless parameter representing the ratio of
sections. the inertia forces to the friction forces.
a. For incompressible fluids: 𝜌𝑣𝐷
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿1−2 𝑣𝐷
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑅𝑒 =
b. For compressible fluids: 𝜈
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
+ ln 𝑝1 + 𝑧1 = + ln 𝑝2 + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿1−2 Major Loss - This is a continuous loss of head due to friction between the
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
pipe wall and the fluid.
Term Head Definition Specific Energy 1) Laminar Flow, 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 2000
Hagen-Poiseuille Equation
𝑣2 Kinetic energy per
velocity head 32𝜇𝐿𝑣 64 𝐿 𝑣 2
2𝑔 unit weight ℎ𝑓 = = ⋅ ⋅
𝑝 𝛾𝐷 2 𝑅𝑒 𝐷 2𝑔
pressure head Potential energy per 2) Turbulent Flow
𝛾
unit weight a) Darcy-Weisbach Formula:
𝑧 elevation head 𝑓𝐿𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔𝐷
Impulse-Momentum Equation – the impulse of the force on a body is 0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
equal to the change in the momentum of the mass of the body. ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷5
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )
b) Manning-Chezy Formula:
Some Important Definitions in Fluid Flow 1 2⁄3 1⁄2
𝑣= 𝑅 𝑠
a. Streamline – an imaginary line within the flow for which the 𝑛
6.35𝑛2 𝐿𝑣 2
tangent at any point gives the direction of flow at that point. ℎ𝑓 =
b. Streamtube – an element of the flowing fluid bounded by 𝐷 4⁄3
streamlines which enclose or confine the flow. 10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 =
c. Steady Flow – when the velocity of flow at a given point in the 𝐷 16⁄3
stream remains constant with time, or 𝑑𝑣⁄𝑑𝑡 = 0.
d. Uniform Flow – if, at a given instant, the velocity remains c) Hazen-Williams Formula:
constant in a stretch or length in the flowing stream of fluid, or 𝑣 = 0.8492𝐶𝑅0.63 𝑠 0.54
𝑑𝑣 ⁄𝑑𝑠 = 0. 10.67𝐿𝑄1.85
ℎ𝑓 = 1.85 4.87
e. Discharge or Flow, Q – the volume of fluid passing a section at a 𝐶 𝐷
stream per unit time, or 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣.
f. Head Loss – the energy per unit of weight (or mass) lost due to Values of 𝑓 for Darcy-Weisbach Formula:
friction and local disturbances. For laminar flow,
g. Power – the energy per unit time, or 64
𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸 𝑓=
𝑅𝑒
h. Pump – a mechanical device which, when installed in a pipe For turbulent flow (Colebrook-White Equation),
system, adds energy (output) to the system.
1 𝜀⁄𝐷 2.51
i. Turbine – a mechanical device which, when installed in a pipe = −2 log ( + )
system, extracts energy (input) from the system. √𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 √𝑓

Fluid Flow Measurements

Device Coefficients:
a. Coefficient of Discharge, 𝐶:
𝑄𝑎
𝐶=
𝑄𝑡
b. Coefficient of Velocity, 𝐶𝑣:
𝑣𝑎
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑣𝑡
c. Coefficient of Contraction, 𝐶𝑐 :