PARABOLA

1. Equation of standard parabola :

y2 = 4ax, Vertex is (0, 0), focus is (a, 0), Directrix is x + a = 0 and Axis is
y = 0. Length of the latus rectum = 4a, ends of the latus rectum are L(a, 2a)
& L’ (a,  2a).

2. Parametric Representation: x = at² & y = 2at

3. Tangents to the Parabola y² = 4ax:
a
1. Slope form y = mx + (m  0) 2. Parametric form ty = x + at2
m
3. Point form T = 0

4. Normals to the parabola y² = 4ax :

y1
y  y1 =  (x  x1) at (x1, y1) ; y = mx  2am  am 3 at (am 2 2am) ;
2a
y + tx = 2at + at3 at (at2, 2at).

ELLIPSE
x2 y2
1. Standard Equation :  = 1, where a > b & b² = a² (1  e²).
a2 b2

b2 a
Eccentricity: e = 1  , (0 < e < 1), Directrices : x = ± .
2 e
a
Focii : S  (± a e, 0). Length of, major axes = 2a and minor axes = 2b
Vertices : A ( a, 0) & A  (a, 0) .

2b 2
Latus Rectum : =
a

 2a 1 e 2 
2. Auxiliary Circle : x² + y² = a²

3. Parametric Representation : x = a cos  & y = b sin 

4. Position of a Point w.r.t. an Ellipse:
The point P(x1, y1) lies outside, inside or on the ellipse according as;

x12 y12
  1 > < or = 0.
a2 b2

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5. Line and an Ellipse:
2
The line y = mx + c meets the ellipse x2  y = 1 in two points real,
a 2 b 2

coincident or imaginary according as c² is < = or > a²m² + b².

6. Tangents:
x x1 yy 1
Slope form: y = mx ± a 2m 2  b 2 , Point form : 2
 1,
a b2

xcos ysin
Parametric form:  1
a b
7. Normals:

a2 x b2 y
 = a²  b², ax. sec   by. cosec  = (a²  b²), y = mx 
a2  b2 m .

x1 y1
a 2  b 2m 2
8. Director Circle: x² + y² = a² + b²

HYPERBOLA
1. Standard Equation:

x2 y2
Standard equation of the hyperbola is   1 , where b 2 = a2 (e2  1).
a2 b2

a
Focii : S  (± ae, 0) Directrices : x = ±
e
Vertices : A (± a, 0)

2b2
Latus Rectum (  ) : =
= 2a (e2  1).
a
2. Conjugate Hyperbola :

x2 y2 x2 y2
 1 &   1 are conjugate hyperbolas of each.
a2 b 2 a 2 b2

3. Auxiliary Circle : x2 + y2 = a2.

4. Parametric Representation : x = a sec & y = b tan 

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5. Position of A Point 'P' w.r.t. A Hyperbola :
2 2
x1 y1
S 1    1 >, = or < 0 according as the point (x1, y1) lies inside, on
a2 b2
or outside the curve.
6. Tangents :
(i) Slope Form : y = m x  a 2m 2 b 2

xx 1 yy 1
(ii) Point Form : at the point (x1, y1) is
2
  1.
a b2
x sec  y tan
(iii) Parametric Form :  1 .
a b
7. Normals :
a2 x b2 y
(a) at the point P (x1, y1) is  = a2 + b 2 = a2 e2 .
x1 y1
ax by
(b) at the point P (a sec , b tan ) is  = a2 + b 2 = a2 e2 .
sec  tan
(c) Equation of normals in terms of its slope 'm' are y

= mx 
a 2
 b2 m .
a  b m2
2 2

x y x y
8. Asymptotes :  0 and  0 .
a b a b
x2 y2
Pair of asymptotes :  0 .
a2 b2
9. Rectangular Or Equilateral Hyperbola : xy = c2, eccentricity is 2 .
Vertices : (± c , ±c) ; Focii :   
2c, 2 c . Directrices : x + y =  2 c

Latus Rectum (l ) :  = 2 2 c = T.A. = C.A.

Parametric equation x = ct, y = c/t, t  R – {0}

x y x
Equation of the tangent at P (x1, y1) is  = 2 & at P (t) is + t y = 2 c.
x1 y 1 t
Equation of the normal at P (t) is x t3  y t = c (t4  1).
Chord with a given middle point as (h, k) is kx + hy = 2hk.

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