Vision Ias CSM 2017 Test 30 Final Answers

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Approach – Answer: General Studies Mains Mock Test 877 (2017)
Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words each:
1. (a) The seeds of patriarchy and gender inequality are sown at home, which manifest as a weed at the
societal level. Elucidate. Suggest an ethical framework to systematically address the issue of patriarchy
in the Indian society.
Approach:
 Elaborate on how seeds of patriarchy and gender inequality are sown at home.
 Explain how they manifest at the societal level.
 Suggest an ethical framework to address the issues arising out of patriarchy in India.
Answer:
Gender inequality and patriarchy result in unequal treatment of men and women and demarcation of their
social roles based on gender.
The seeds of gender inequality and patriarchy are sown at home in the following ways:
 Gendered division of household work: women are confined to domestic work and child rearing
activities while men are bread earners and protectors.
 Preference for male son in expectation of being looked after during old age.
 Discriminatory behaviour in the guise of protection. For e.g. restrictions on going out at night and
wearing certain type of clothes etc.
 Nutrition of women and girl child is given less priority.
 Encouraging girls to pursue certain types of career, for example: teachers, nurses etc. so that they can
maintain a balance between household work and earning.
 Stereotypes that emphasize physical strength and independence of men, make females more
susceptible to domestic violence etc.
Discrimination that begins at home is manifested at the societal level in many ways, such as:
 Practices like selective sex abortion, rape, harassment at work, dowry deaths etc. & their justification
with statements like “boys will be boys”.
 It is mostly men who occupy the most visible roles in society, such as politicians, business executives,
judges etc. while women are generally restricted to pink collar jobs.
 Not only are men often preferred over women for most jobs but are also paid more than women for
similar jobs.
 Successful women are perceived as a threat to male dominance. Thus, they face glass ceiling in most
careers.
In light of the abysmal sex ratio, under-representation of women in employment etc. steps should be taken
to combat the issue in a holistic manner.
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Ethical framework to systematically address the issues:
 Household level: Respecting wives as equals and not discriminating between children on the basis of
their gender.
 Societal level: Attitude regarding gender-based roles must change and both men and women should
not reinforce gender stereotypes.
 Education sector: Gender-sensitive environment in schools such as sufficient female teachers,

separate bathrooms for girls and boys, freedom to choose subjects etc.
 Legal system: Gender specific policies & laws must be framed & enforced to bring women at parity
with men.
 Employment sector: No gender bias during recruitment, internal mechanisms to deal with
harassment at workplace etc.
 Decision making: More women should be represented in the village panchayats, state assemblies,
Parliament, judiciary, corporate decision-making bodies etc.
1. (b) What are the factors which drive people to take law in their own hands rather than following the
due process of law? Discuss ways to address the problem of mob justice.
Approach:
 Explain the factors leading to bypassing of rule of law.
 Briefly discuss the scourge of mob justice.
 Mention remedial steps.
Answer:
Rising violent crimes like murder, assault, mob attacks and lynching indicates increasing tendency of
people to take law into their hands rather than following due process of law.
Several factors contribute to such behaviour:
 Deindividuation in mob: As part of a group, people experience loss of self-awareness and identity
and are less likely to follow moral restraints and inhibitions.
 Institutional Weakness: Weak prosecution, long drawn process of justice and biased agencies propel
people to use unlawful means to seek justice. Also, people feel that they can evade law through
corrupt means or loopholes in the judicial process.
 Weak enforcement of rule of law by law enforcment agencies.
 Perceived injustice or unequal and unfair treatment by state or another group may lead to violent
means to seek equality.
 Failure to inculcate right values: Failure on the part of agencies of socialisation like family, school,
neighbourhood and media to inculcate values of rationality, empathy, compassion, justice and
democracy.
 Extremist ideologies: Followers of extremist ideologies or fringe groups may resort to violent means
to achieve their narrow goals.
Mob violence, being a gross violation of basic human rights and democratic values, needs to be addressed
holistically:
 Parents and teachers should try to be role models for children and inculcate values of tolerance,
diversity, empathy and rationality in them.
 Education must promote universal brotherhood and unity.
 Inter-group contacts through festivals, fairs, community gatherings etc. can be promoted to dismantle
prejudices and stereotypes.
 State policies must ensure inclusive development and social, economic and legal justice.
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 Strict enforcement of rule of law. Officials must rise above political and ideological affiliations and
must be sensitised to deal with mobs.
 Special laws to deal with incidents of mob violence must be enacted and enforced.
 Use of CCTV cameras at public places to nullify the leverage of anonymity offered in a crowd.
 Media should be sensitive in reporting news related to caste, religion or region. Also, social media
must be monitored for fake and divisive content.
2. (a) In a democracy, the purpose of the government should be to make it easy for people to do good and
difficult to do wrong. Comment.
Approach:
 Give a brief introduction about the purpose of government.
 Then explain why the government should make it easy for people to do good difficult to do wrong.
Answer:
The objective of any democratic government is to ensure good governance, which promotes growth and
development. For this, the government has a facilitating and regulating role where good behaviour is
promoted while at the same time wrong-doing is not only discouraged but punished by law. For example:
 Good Samaritan law saves lives of accident victims and prevents undue harassment of public.
 Whistleblower Act helps to uncover misdeeds while protecting the whistleblower.
 Sexual harassment law empowers women to do their work fearlessly in their workplace and deter
miscreants.
 Provision of public goods and grievance redressal mechanisms for diversion/delays.
 Mandatory disclosure of assets and details of criminal proceedings by candidates who wish to be
elected to promote healthy democracy along with laws to prevent criminalization of politics.
 Consumer awareness and protection laws.
However, at times, enforcement of good behaviour may be prohibitively expensive and divert resources
away from still more important goals that a state may wish to pursue. Laws may also become counter-
productive and may even exacerbate the problem. For example, anti-liquor law may promote cross-border
smuggling and may drive consumption underground.
The laws, which punish „bad‟ by using criminal penalties, at times fail if the laws are too coercive or
infringe on the rights of the people. For e.g. laws like POTA, AFSPA etc.
Also, it must be emphasized that in a democracy the role of government is not confined to merely passing
laws and promulgating other measures. It has to take a lead in bringing about behavioral changes as well.
For instance, by:
 Enforcing Rule of Law and fairness in government functioning.
 Acting as role model: Political and administrative leaders must act as role models for the people, and
thus try to bring about behavioural changes as well.
2. (b) Discuss John Stuart Mill‟s idea on freedom of thought and expression. Also, give reasons as to why,
according to Mill, representative democracy is the best form of government despite its inherent
weaknesses.
Approach:
 Briefly discuss John Stuart Mill‟s idea on freedom of thought and expression and its importance.
 Explain Mill‟s idea about representative democracy.

Answer:
John Stuart Mill, a political thinker and an activist in the nineteeth century Britain, offered a passionate
defense of freedom of expression. He offered four reasons why there should be freedom of expression
even for those who espouse ideas that appear „false‟ or misleading today:
 No idea is completely false. What appears to us as false has an element of truth. If we ban „false‟
ideas, we would lose that element of truth that they contain.
 Truth does not emerge by itself. It is only through a conflict of opposing view that truth emerges.
 Thirdly, it is only when an idea is exposed to opposing views that we can be sure that this idea is
trustworthy.
 Very often ideas that were considered false at one point by the entire society and therefore suppressed
turned out to be true later on. A society that completely suppresses all ideas that are not acceptable
today, runs the danger of losing the benefits of what might turn out to be very valuable knowledge.
Mill argues that the freedom of thought and expression will contribute:
 To the permanent interests of man as a progressive being.
 To discover and know what is true is in our interests.
Importance:
 Helps us to develop rational thinking and intellectual faculties.
 Makes us open-minded and thoughtful.
 Challenges hypocrisy, self-satisfaction, and intellectual lethargy.
 Public censure undermine intellectual courage and prevents/slows down the discovery of truth.
Mill’s views on representative democracy
Mill‟s argument of democracy is grounded in:
 Utilitarianism: greatest happiness of the greatest number.
 Liberal individualism: tendency to foster self-development and individuality.
According to Mill, in a country with a large population, direct democracy is not feasible, so a democratic
government should be a representative democracy.
A representative government:
 Encourages individuality
 Leads people to take a more active and intelligent participation in society.
 Provides moral training and encourages the development of natural human sympathies.
Inherent weakness of Democracy
 Illiteracy, people‟s apathy, tyranny of majority.
 To remove these weaknesses Mill proposed reforms like plural voting (more votes for those who play
an important role for the country).
 Mill did not consider representative democracy being applicable for all societies (uncivilized and
barbaric societies were suitable for despotic rule, according to Mill).

3. (a) It is argued by some that nuclear weapons have acted more as a deterrent than leading to war and
mass destruction. In this context, discuss whether it is ethically right to possess nuclear weapons to
create nuclear deterrence.
Approach:
 Briefly discuss the need to explore the ethical and moral dimensions of nuclear weapons.
 Then mention the arguments of nuclear weapon states for possessing nuclear weapons.
 Discuss ethical issues involved in possessing nuclear weapons.and whether it is ethically right to
possess nuclear weapons to create nuclear deterrence.
Answer:
Recent controversies, like attempts by North Korea to develop nuclear capability, have raised moral and
ethical questions about possession of nuclear weapons. The position of nuclear weapons states is that the
threat of massive destruction by nuclear weapons, in fact, ensures peace, with their fundamental
arguments being as follows:
 The concept of nuclear deterrence: Deterrence is a psychological phenomenon which involves
convincing an aggressor not to attack by threatening it with harmful retaliation. For example, during
cold war the principle of MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) stopped both USA and USSR from
engaging in a full-fledged war.
 Utilitarianism: Military strategists should strive to produce the greatest possible amount of long-term
utility or satisfaction.
 Disaster Avoidance Principle: It is morally right to select that course of action that minimises the
probability of disaster occurrence.
Counter Arguments
 Nuclear deterrence in itself can be viewed as an immoral act on the grounds that it is putting the lives
of innocent civilians at stake.
 Any use of nuclear weapons that results in substantial non-combatant fatalities would be morally
wrong.
 States should treat others as they wish to be treated in return rather than showing hegemonic attitude
owing to the possession of weapon of mass destruction.
 It is immoral to detonate a nuclear weapon due to both short and long-term catastrophic effects.
3. (b) Differentiate between administration and leadership. Highlighting the traits which characterize an
effective leader, discuss the importance of leadership in ensuring effective public service delivery in a
bureaucratic setup.
Approach:
 Briefly define the two terms – administration and leadership - and bring out the differences between
them.
 Enlist the characteristic traits of an effective leader.
 Then, mention the examples of effective leaders from public life that possess the above-mentioned
traits and hence were successful in carrying out effective public service delivery.

Answer:
Administration is largely concerned with the implementation of objective procedures, guidelines, policies
etc. using existing tools and structures, while leadership is concerned with direction and control of human
and material sources to create value and to evolve structures as per contemporary times and technology
and thus outperform the defined goals and objectives.
ADMINISTRATION LEADERSHIP
APPROACH Impersonal, unidirectional Personal involvement, holistic vision

TOWARDS approach to achieve goals towards goals
GOALS
ATTITUDE/ Passive, limited to stated Ambitious

OUTLOOK objective
CHANGE More inclined towards Change management is an essential

MANAGEMENT maintaining the status quo element of job role to accommodate
exigencies of time
PEOPLE Low emotional involvement Emotional involvement with people; at

MANAGEMENT with people, interaction limited times, may invoke competitive and
to specific roles assigned to inspirational spirits to yield best results
people; collaborative approach
The two can be compared by drawing an analogy between the running of an organization and a vehicle i.e.
leadership is akin to the steering wheel to give direction while administration is akin to the engine to
sustain the motion.
An effective leader must have clarity of vision and astute planning and inter-personal skills to take her
organization/team forward. Following traits are thus, indispensable:
 Perseverance and determination to act boldly and rationally & be thick-skinned to unproductive
criticism.
 Innovative thinking to be able to use the rules and laws to their advantage than be bogged down by
the procedural rigidity.
 Integrity and conscientiousness ensures uprightness, which encourages the sub-ordinates to act from
high moral ground.
 Emotional stability and maturity is required to overcome frustration and understanding the needs
and limitations of the team.
 Team orientation: Cohesiveness and team work should be fostered to optimize the synergistic
potential of the team members.
 Empathy is necessary in public-dealing job roles.
 Intuitiveness: Ability to feel the nerve of a situation is more crucial than academic knowledge,
especially during public emergencies.
In a bureaucratic set up, importance is given to procedural correctness. Compliance with rules and norms
is given precedence over ingenuity. In such a setup, effective leadership is indispensable to achieve the
twin goals of administrative correctness and visionary objectives. Examples such as E Sreedharan who
delivered the tasks with perfection and exemplary display of integrity and maturity, N Prasanth who
asked the public for food donation and invoked empathy among the citizens under Operation Sulaimani
etc. are noteworthy in this regard.

4. (a) Apart from functional knowledge and expertise, the efficacy of a civil servant also depends upon his
emotional intelligence. How does emotional intelligence contribute to efficacy? How can civil servants
enhance their emotional intelligence?
Approach:
 Briefly discuss the essential constituents of an efficient civil servant.
 Explain the role of Emotional Intelligence in efficacy.

 Discuss the steps that civil servants can take to improve their emotional intelligence.
Answer:
For effective and efficient discharge of his functions a civil servant must possess values, subject matter
expertise and certain personality traits. Values guide a civil servant to correctly use his expertise in the
direction of public interest while personality traits provide consistency to his behaviour and enable
appropriate response to situations.
One such important personality trait is emotional intelligence. It refers to understanding one‟s own
emotions and those of others and managing them effectively. In specific terms it consists of features, each
imparting efficacy in the following ways:
 Knowing our own emotions: If civil servant is not aware of his own feelings, he may find it difficult
to make intelligent choices. Further, it results in poor expressiveness which can be detrimental to the
interpersonal relationships involving superiors, peers, subordinates and public.
 Managing our emotions: It implies controlling intensity and expression of emotions. It enables
appropriate response to situations and also imparts consistency to behaviour, which results in good
leadership & improved teamwork.
 Motivating ourselves: Civil servants often complain about thanklessness of their jobs and
demotivating circumstances. Emotional intelligence helps officials to seek long term public goals and
remain enthusiastic and optimistic.
 Recognising and influencing others’ emotions: To know the moods of people around us and
understanding their feelings. It helps in dealing with superiors and peers. With public it generates
empathy and hence better policy formulation and implementation suiting their needs.
 Handling relationships: It enables officials to balance work and personal relationships, which results
in better utilisation of time and peace of mind.
Civil servants can develop emotional intelligence in the following ways:
 Social Skill trainings like sensitivity training and assertiveness training to improve interpersonal
relationships.
 Training modules that involve role playing and psychodrama to understand how other side tends to
feel in different situations.
 Exercise, Meditation, Yoga and learning relaxation techniques.
 Practice participative leadership style and encourage consultation, brainstorming and discussion.
 Following role models who are high on values like empathy and tolerance and observe their style of
functioning.
4. (b) Enumerate the mechanisms that promote accountability of public officials in discharging their
functions and responsibilities in India. Also discuss why ensuring accountability for performance is not
a simple task in government service.
Approach:
 Define accountability in public life.
 Enlist the mechanism to promote accountability.
 Discuss the issues in evaluation of performance that hinder working of accountability mechanisms.
 Conclude with suggestions, taking cues from the Second ARC‟s recommendations.
Answer:
Accountability of public officials refers to the mechanism by which their actions and decisions are
scrutinized to ensure fulfillment of their duties, obligations and job roles. In all democratic nations such as
India, public officials are held accountable to the political executive as well as the public.
Mechanisms to promote accountability
 The Right to Information Act

 Citizen Charters
 Social Audits/Service delivery surveys by Citizens‟ oversight committees/ watchdog bodies
 Performance Management System, punishments and rewards, disciplinary procedures by the Superior
officers
 Departmental/Internal Audit by CAG and other bodies
 Grievance Redressal Mechanisms
Also, the Judiciary, Lokayukta, CAG, CVC, CBI, police and Media are the institutions that help ensure
accountability among public officials.
Despite the above-mentioned mechanisms and institutions, ensuring accountability for performance is not
easy because of following reasons:
 Nature of services: Services rendered are not tangible most of the times, and hence it is difficult to
quantify the outcomes. Further, required efforts are not made to link organizational performance to the
performance of an individual civil servant.
 Long term nature of policies: Public officials implement policies and agendas that have targets set
for five years or more, thus annual evaluation makes little sense.
 Transfers: non-periodic nature of transfers leads to change of the superior officers and also peers,
rendering the evaluation under the Performance Management System short of sufficient information.
 Slow progress of disciplinary proceedings: as per the data provided by the UPSC, such proceedings
take years to conclude and seldom result in substantial penalties.
 Lack of awareness: the general public may not be aware of procedures to enforce Citizen Charters,
social audits etc.
 Lack of resources: resources to conduct social audits, enterprise-based system to collect information
on tasks carried out by the officers are often not in place.
Thus, steps such as Performance Management System, time-bound disciplinary proceedings, allotment of
assignments/posts based on reviews etc. may be taken to ensure accountability.
5. Given below are two quotations of moral thinkers/philosophers. For each of these, bring out what it
means to you in the present context.
(a) “The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated.”
Approach:
 The given quote is related to animal rights. Explain the morality involved in treatment of animals.
 Discuss contemporary issues and debates on use of animals in sports, for food etc.
Answer:
This quotation by Gandhiji underlines the importance of treating animals in a just way, since they are not
only mute living creatures but also our companions since time immemorial, fulfilling various needs of
humans like transport and communication, ecological services, food and nutrition etc.
Over a period of time, while human needs have changed but still caring for all its animals is the
responsibility of a nation. These are as good a treasure as the natural resources like coal, oil etc.

Treatment of animals is a pointer to nation‟s moral standing. It would be inhuman of us to treat animals
with indifference. Killing in any nature is a manifestation of cruelty, and killing of mute creatures that
can‟t defend themselves, is even worse. But still there are instances of cruelty to animals, such as:
Instances of cruelty to animals:
 Inhuman keeping of animals, like narrow and unhygienic confinement of poultry.
 Painful transportation of animals.

 Causing pain to animals for the sake of sports, like Jallikattu and various kinds of races etc.
 Religious practices, sacrifices and rituals causing pain to animals.
 Inadequate laws and infrastructure to uphold animal rights.
These instances highlight that animals are treated not better than objects of gratification, going against
Gandhiji‟s concept of Bio-morality and Bio-equality, where every creature has equal right to survive. This
also violates the Jain philosophy‟s concept of universal soul.
Correctives measures
 Legislative: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act was enacted to uphold animals rights.
 Civil Society: Some NGOs like PETA are mobilising public opinion to protect rights of animals.
To really achieve greatness and reach the highest planes of moral progress, we need to evolve the rights
we give to animals to the level of human rights.
5. (b) “Prejudices are what fools use for reason.”

Approach:
 Explain the meaning of „prejudice‟.
 Bring out the meaning of the given quote by giving examples.
Answer:
The given quote by Voltaire holds true in the context of various justifications forwarded for ill practices of
racism, sexism, caste discrimination, religious fundamentalism and others that breed sectarianism,
dogmatism and violence.
Prejudice and its causes
Prejudice means a preconceived notion or opinion, not based on logical reasoning. It is enduring,
irrational belief against members of a group, because it involves the fallacy illicit generalization, where
every member of the target group is regarded identical. As such, it betrays human rationality and
undermines intrinsic worth of humans, thereby against the basic tenets of humanism. Its genesis lies in the
sense of insecurity and hatred towards another group.
Examples of prejudice and its impact
 Racism: Prejudices against black people have caused misery to millions of people over centuries in
the US and other countries.
 Caste discrimination faced by lower castes in Indian society has defied reason and violated human
dignity.
 Gender prejudice and consequent unequal treatment of females mar our society to this day. The
concept of glass ceiling, traditions of patriarchy and subjugation of females are some of the worst
forms of social evil.
 Religious prejudice against members of other faiths to the extent of not making them friends. This is
ironical as all religions essentially teach equality and love for fellow brethren. Such attitude has given
rise to fanatic organizations such as the ISIS, Boko Haram and others.

It denied humanity the dividends from huge human capital, leading to economic losses as well. For
example, according to a report by McKinsey, ending prejudice against women and curbing gender
discrimination can add $12 trillion to global growth. If only we had deployed reason, we would have won
over our insecurities.
Overcoming prejudice
 Providing information about the target group so that preconceived notions vanish.
 Promote close and open meeting between members of different groups to create sympathy, harmony
between them.
 Deploy persuasive techniques to help people change their attitudes towards the target group.
6. Ensuring that government decisions are not influenced by public officials‟ private interests is a growing
concern. Discuss in the context of India. Also enumerate the core principles reflected by OECD
guidelines for managing conflict of interest in the public sector.
Approach:
 Begin with a brief definition of conflict of interest, specifically in context of public sector.
 Illustrate with examples how conflict of interest has become pervasive in India and lack of stringent
laws in this respect.
 Focus upon core principles enumerated by OECD for managing conflict of interest in the public
sector.
Answer:
Conflict of Interest (CoI) is a situation wherein a person is involved in multiple interests, financial or
otherwise, such that his primary interest (official duty) is infringed by his secondary interest (personal
benefit). A public servant must always put public interest ahead of any personal, financial, or political
benefit they might receive from a decision taken otherwise. Impropriety occurs when a public official
reaps a monetary or other reward from a decision made in his or her public capacity.
In context of India, conflict of interest is nothing new. They are suspected to be so deeply entrenched in
our systems that they‟ve found acceptance as a matter of fact. For instance, there have been instances of
Member of Parliament‟s (MP‟s) personal interest improperly influencing the exercise of his public duties.
In absence of stringent laws, India will likely continue witnessing violations of ethics and morality time
and again.
However, at the same time, public sector environment is rapidly changing. Conflict of interest will always
be an issue for concern. A recent OECD report has identified certain core principles for the management
of Conflict of Interest:
 Serving the public interest: Public officials should not seek or accept any form of improper benefit
in expectation of influencing the performance or non-performance of official duties or functions.
 Supporting transparency and scrutiny: Public officials should respect law as well as broader public
service values such as disinterestedness, impartiality and integrity to be able to bear the closest public
scrutiny.
 Promoting individual responsibility and personal example: Public officials are expected to act at
all times in a way that their integrity serves as an example to other public officials and the public.
 Engendering an organisational culture which is intolerant of conflict of interest by implementing
suitable management policies, processes, and practices.
 Organisational practices should encourage public officials to disclose and discuss conflict-of-interest
matters, and provide reasonable measures to protect disclosures from misuse by others.
7. Discuss, with examples, the significance of principles of public life as recommended by Nolan
committee. Why are these principles considered as an essential set of expectations from public
servants?
Approach:
 Explore the seven principles as recommended by Nolan Committee.
 Illustrate the significance of these principles.

 Enumerate the obligations of public servants owing to the nature of their role and expectations that the
public have from them.
Answer:
The Committee on Standards in Public Life (Nolan Committee) set out seven principles of public life that
underpin the working of public authorities. These are:
 Selflessness: Public officials should act solely in public interest. Their policies or actions are not for
personal gains.
 Integrity: They should not act or take decisions in order to gain financial or other material benefits
for themselves, their family, or their friends. Any interests and relationships must be declared and
resolved.
 Objectivity: Decisions must be taken impartially, fairly and on merit, using the best evidence and
without discrimination or bias.
 Accountability: Public officials are accountable to public for their decisions and actions and must
submit themselves to the scrutiny necessary to ensure this.
 Openness: Public officials should act and take decisions in an open and transparent manner without
withholding any information unless there are clear and lawful reasons for doing so.
 Honesty: Holders of public office should be truthful and declare and resolve any conflict of interest.
 Leadership: Holders of public office should exhibit these principles in their own behaviour. They
should actively promote and robustly support the principles and be willing to challenge poor
behaviour wherever it occurs.
Significance of Nolan’s Principles:
They ensure efficient utilisation of public money, exceptional service delivery to all customers, preference
to organizational interest, putting aside any personal interest and acting objectively and independently.
Organisations which are open lead to enhanced public service as they help officials to proactively act in a
transparent manner.
Nolan’s principles as an essential set of expectations from public servants: Public servants hold
fiduciary positions and have special obligations as they are responsible for managing resources entrusted
to them by the community. Their decisions affect all aspects of a community‟s life. Thus, community has a
right to expect that the civil service functions fairly, impartially and efficiently. These principles ensure
that the decisions and actions of civil servants reflect the policies of the government of the day and the
standards that the community expects in terms of professionalism, responsiveness etc.
8. A peculiar inhuman situation exists for the people fleeing from war zones - they cannot go back to their
homeland for fear of being persecuted and no country is ready to bear their burden due to various
reasons. Citing contemporary examples, discuss the ethical issues involved in such situations.
Approach:
 Describe issue involved in the situation given in the question.
 Discuss whether the response of countries confirms to ethical standards.
 Give a suitable conclusion.
Answer:
Immigration across the world, arising due to war, human rights violation, sectarian violence, etc. has been
a cause of major concern, with people from tension afflicted nations like Syria, Afghanistan, Myanmar,
fleeing their countries of origin to safeguard lives.
International community is under moral obligation towards these immigrants on grounds of human
decency and compassion. Guiding ethical principles in such situations include respect for human life and
dignity, equality among people, empathy.
Various nations have received immigrants from war-torn nations. Their responses depend on multiple
factors like respect for international moral conduct, recommendations by United Nations (UN), threat to
security and domestic peace, distribution of limited resources, etc.
However, many countries are refusing to help the persecuted immigrants on various grounds. This has
given rise to many ethical issues:
 Safeguarding human rights may come at the cost of national interest. For example, Rohingya situation
in India creates internal security concerns. In Bangladesh, it has created huge economic and land
pressure.
 Whether to equate nationals with immigrants and refugees and the extent to which facilities be
provided to these people. Like granting citizenship to Chakma and Hajong refugees is being opposed
by locals.
 Recently, the Indian government introduced certain amendments to the Citizenship Act to facilitate
citizenship for persecuted minorities from its Muslim neighbors, but not others, raising concerns of
narrow sectarian values preceding universal humanitarian ethos.
 Respect for international covenants and capacity of international law and bodies to ensure well being
of refugees. Many countries like Italy have plainly refused to take Syrian immigrants.
 Only those refugees who are able to reach border of any other country are considered under the
Convention on Human Refugees, not those who perish during journey or get stuck in no man‟s land.
Nations have generally been conforming to ethical standards in this respect, with the principle of non-
refoulement, which prohibits forcible deportation of refugees to the nation where they face threat of
human rights violation, being an internationally recognised and respected principle. Countries like
Germany, Sweden and Canada, welcomed migrants from Syria, setting an international precedent in
ethical standards, by offering shelter, opportunity to work, education and public assistance to them for
temporary sustenance.
Yet constraints of domestic policy and security play a decisive role in continuation of such policies. Most
European nations, including Germany have introduced certain restrictions on number of refugees and kind
of services provided.
It is important that a balance between what is right and what is necessary is achieved by nations while
formulating policies having international repercussions with a focus on upholding certain basic rights
including that of life, equality and dignity of all people. Further, UN Convention on Refugees must be
amended to also protect those who fail to enter any country. International community must intervene and
act sternly against regimes that perpetuate gross violations of human rights and persecution of their people
so that the cause itself is cured.

In the following questions, carefully study the cases presented and then answer the questions that follow (in
around 250 words):
9. As the administrator in-charge of your area, you are witness to the widespread food wastage in lavish
parties as well as in restaurants and eateries, on one hand and people starving due to inability to ensure
one square-meal a day, on the other. Realizing that it is not the scarcity of resources, but the habit of
people that is causing paucity in availability of food, you decide that certain measures are needed to be
taken in order to deal with the issue of starvation at the grassroot level.
Given the situation, answer the following questions:
(a) Identify the ethical issues involved in this case.
(b) What measures would you take to deal with wastage of food in your area?
(c) What explains this co-existence of affluence and hunger in developing countries like India?
Approach:
 Identify the ethical issues by bringing out the contrasts of the society in a developing country,
attitudes of people and dilemma to act or not to act for the officer.
 Suggest some implementable innovative measures to curb the practice.
 In part (c), elaborate on the inequality aspect and varying value systems in a society in flux of change.
Answer:
(a) The case captures the ironical situation where the affluent have enough food to waste whereas the poor
are barely able to meet their daily requirements.
The basic ethical issue involved here is lack of cognizance of the inequalities that exist in the society. This
in turn includes various aspects:
 Lack of compassion and sensitivity on the part of people wasting food, at the individual as well as the
community level.
 Lack of foresight and rationality.
 Violation of principles of equality, justice, fairness due to the widespread inequalities.
 Lack of responsibility for actions on part of the affluent.
 Undermining the value of social equality and dignity of all.
An individual exercises various rights over something that he/she has paid for, in many cases even a right
to destroy it – i.e. do as it pleases. But food wastage does not fall into that realm. Food is a right for every
individual, not a commodity that can be acquired and wasted for one‟s pleasure at the cost of someone
else‟s life.
(b) As the administrator in charge of my area, my actions to deal with wastage of food and to address
hunger at grassroot level would be both short-term and long-term and would include:
 As an immediate step, I would ensure that adequate quantity of quality food resources is available in
my district to meet the basic requirements of people who are unable to meet their daily minimum food
intake.
 In order to address the issue of wastage, I will undertake the following measures:
o Introduce a system of analytical assessment of food requirements for functions and programs in
public gatherings and with consent of people, introduce it in private programs as well. This will
be the first step in reducing excess food as well as cultivating awareness about wastage.
o Contacting local NGOs working in food provisioning to poor and encourage them to recruit such
affluent people.

o Where warning works, measures such as penalties on the organizer can also be considered after
doing a feasibility study.
o Cooperation from hotels and restaurants should be sought. They can be persuaded to display
images which curb wasteful behavior.
 Children often act as agents of change in the society They can be roped in through awareness
campaigns in schools/colleges. Establishing linkage systems to create a pool of leftover food which
can be distributed among the needy. For this I would also approach the private sector to pitch in
through Corporate Social Responsibility and other means.
 Already certain projects of a similar nature are functioning in different parts of India. For e.g. Include
Roti Bank, Feeding India Initiative, Operation Sulaimani, etc.
 Creating efficient storage systems for preservation of food items that can be distributed later.
 Emphasising on buffet system in hotels and eateries to reduce wastage of food.
(c) The reasons for co-existence of hunger and affluence in developing countries like India are:
 Concentration of resources in a few hands resulting in uneven and unequal distribution. This has been
a feature of almost all developing countries.
 Societal divisions are also stark. Many in the current generation have not experienced poverty and
many are oblivious to hardships that the poor face.
 Inability of the state to provide robust security nets and welfare schemes to the population due to
financial constraint.
 Corruption in form of leakages, ghost beneficiaries, etc. diverts scarce funds allocated to the needy.
 Low infrastructural and technological development results in lack of efficient and accessible storage
houses and linkages for safe collection and distribution of food.
These factors operate to create a divide between the affluent the needy and ensures their coexistence in
developing countries.
10. The excluded and marginalized section of society are worst hit by globalization. Take the case of
Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) like Sentinelese of Andaman & Nicobar islands; their
population has reduced drastically and they are facing various other problems as well. In this context
answer the following questions:
(a) What are the challenges faced by PVTGs due to globalisation?
(b) If you are posted as a Development Officer in such an area, what will be your priorities to reduce
their vulnerabilities and ensure welfare?
Approach:
 Give a brief introduction about relation between globalization, the way it affects and challenges it
poses to vulnerable sections such as PVTGs.
 For part (b), first think of various measures to reduce vulnerabilities and the developmental goals you
would like to achieve. Then present them in a prioritised format in the answer.
Answer:
Political, economic and social impacts of globalization have both positives and negatives. However, on
the weak and the vulnerable, many times the impacts have had debilitating consequences. Globalisation
favours the strong and the competitive. As such, the weaker sections of society require government‟s
support to sustain and adapt themselves. PVTGs, because of their very nature, have been mostly secluded
from outside contact and are thus distance away from government‟s protection. As such, impact of
globalization on them has been most severe.

(a) Challenges faced by PVTGs due to globalization:
 Increased contact with the outside makes them vulnerable and prone to being exploited.
 Disturbance in their way of life: Increased contact brings increasing challenges. Infrastructure
projects such as national highways or tourism circuit in A&N islands pass through PVTG habitations.
 Ecological challenges: due to overexploitation of natural resources, destruction of habitats and
opening up of forests for promoting tourism.

 Exposure to diseases: such as TB, Leprosy etc. hitherto unknown to them due to increasing
movement of people.
 Indebtedness: by bringing them into the folds of monetary regime, the global economy has
overburdened them with various debts due to inadequate livelihood resources.
 Losing of culture: Globalization promoted individualism and consumerism which stands opposed to
the community oriented values of tribal.
 Exploitation of traditional knowledge: patenting of traditional knowledge without sharing the
benefits with these communities is also a concern. In ensuing legal battles the claim of these
communities lose out in the absence of adequate documentation.
(b) As a Development Officer, to reduce vulnerabilities and ensure welfare, the priority will be as follows:
 Population, health and traditional knowledge surveys: It is necessary for the formulation of
targeted policies, conservation of traditional wisdom and to ensure economic benefits which duly
belong to them.
 Protecting and Preserving their unique way of living: by announcing strict guidelines related to
right to privacy, sustainable tourism etc.
 Health and research: health facilities to stabilize population and to devise ways to treat genetic
diseases affecting particular tribes.
 Making them stakeholder in development: by educating and skilling them especially in green
industries. Additionally, making them torch-bearers of ecological protection as most of the PVTGs
live in ecologically rich environments.
 Awareness camps: Efforts to be made to sensitize citizens and tourists visiting the country about the
threats and best practices which impact PVTGs.
11. Undercover journalism exposes injustices, negligence, corruption and wrongdoing and yet going
undercover to expose wrongdoing remains controversial. But, undercover journalists contend that they
are fulfilling a fundamental duty of finding truth through their journalism. They argue that public
enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy and the duty of the
journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of
events and issues. So, there are some supporters of this kind of journalism, which sometimes infringe
the privacy of individuals. However, some journalists also urge avoiding surreptitious methods of
gathering information except when traditional open methods will not yield information vital to the
public. In this context, answer the following questions:
(a) What are the ethical issues involved in the practice of undercover journalism?
(b) Do you support the practice of undercover investigation by journalists? Give reasons in support of
your answer.
Approach:
 The first part clearly demands the ethical issues involved in undercover jouranlism, so specify them.
 The second part demands a critical examination of whether undercover journalism is justified or not.
This should be answered accordingly.

Answer:
Dubbed as the fourth pillar of democracy, media has many times taken upon itself the right to undertake
investigations that are carefully scripted to expose the defaulters as they take the bait offered. In the age of
digital media and growing competition, sting operations have become a favored tool for journalists.
The question that looms in the background however is whether such methods amount to deliberate
entrapment and are an invasion of privacy; or are they justified?
(a) Ethical issues involved
 Defining Public interest: Only when a larger public goal is being met, such as expose of corruption
or nepotism, can such journalistic practices be justified. Defining such a goal is difficult and many
times investigative journalism is done to settle political scores or achieve TRPs.
 Transparency versus Harassment: Most sting operations are carried out against public servants,
which results in their harassment by sensationalization of issue by media.
 Fairness versus privacy: Sometimes it leads to serious infringement in the privacy of individuals.
 Verification of truth: Authenticity of undercover journalism cannot be verified independently. The
act of verification and crosschecking is central to ethical journalistic practices.
 Violation of Right to Equality: Just because one is a public servant, does that grant access to his
private life in the name of „public interest‟?
(b) Should undercover journalism be done?
Arguments against
 The method used in any entrapment is to first induce the person to commit the offence; thereby
trapping him „red handed‟. This amounts to deliberately inducing the person concerned to commit a
crime, therefore unethical.
 Sometimes this method is used to victimize the innocent people and leave them traumatized.
 It is used to evoke the public sentiment and sensationalizing the issue.
Arguments for
 In most cases, sting operations are undertaken when there have already been reported instances of
deliberate concealment of information.
 Law enforcement agencies also use similar methods to nab the wrong doers; otherwise extracting true
information is difficult. Even though their acts have legal sanctity, the political control over them
sometimes leads to a deliberate bias. For e.g. a government would be inclined not to investigate a
corruption charge against itself.
 Media being an important pillar of democracy should be allowed to discuss the issues of public
interest, with due checks and balances.
 Secrecy has become a part and parcel of bureaucratic functioning, therefore, getting information
through proper channels has become difficult.
From the above, it is clear that undercover journalism should be supported as it can bring transparency
and accountability. However, it should be used as the very last resort to extract information. Before going
for it, the provisions under RTI Act and Whistleblower Protection Act should be effectively implemented,
to ensure fair and transparent governance. It should be restricted to specific issues which have a clear
public interest involved. A separate ethics committee like the editorial board of the media house should
consider the merits beforehand. To prevent bias, diversity in such boards/committees should be
encouraged.
Hope lies only in rational thought and acting without violating our ethical codes of conduct.

12. You are the chief executive of ABC Ltd., an automotive component manufacturing company. Until
recently, all of your production plants were located in City X. However, the cost of production has risen,
causing profits to decline. A number of factors have led to an increase in the production costs. First, the
union representing the workers in your plant waged a successful strike resulting in increased salary
and benefits. A second factor has been imposition of stringent environmental regulations. Shareholders
are concerned about the declining fortunes of the company. Many of the competitors have moved their
operations to less-developed cities, where the operating costs are less than in City X. ABC Ltd. is a
major employer in the city where it is located, and you know that a plant closure will cause economic
dislocation in the city.
(a) What are the ethical issues involved in this case?
(b) How can the interests of different stakeholders be reconciled in this case?
Approach:
 After giving a brief introduction of the facts of the case give the ethical issues involved in the case.
 Suggest a way by which the interest of all parties can be synthesised.
Answer:
An industry is not merely the factory and worker employed. Its working depends crucially on the social
environment where it operates and kind of regulations it is subject to. The case given presents a situation
where because of rising costs due to multiple factors, relocating the industry is being actively considered.
This will lead to economic distress in the city.
(a) Ethical issues involved
 Corporate Social Responsibility: Company is economic driver of the region as it gives employment
to large number of people. Therefore, relocating it must be weighed accordingly.
 Profit v/s interest of employees: Production cost may be reduced by relocation to less developed
city, but it will lead to huge unemployment.
 Transfer of burden: Is it ethical to cause environmental damage at some other place merely to save
production cost?
 Public versus organizational interest: Whether relocation is merely for increasing organizational
profit or some public interests would also be served?
(b) Reconciling the interests
The various stakeholders and their interests are:
 The shareholders of the company have interests in higher profits, which the high costs in the current
city are jeopardising.
 The employees are interested in securing better wages and working conditions, and above all,
continuation of employment.
 The local people, as they are economically dependent on the company for their livelihood.
 The society as a whole, as the operations of the company must be environment friendly.
Thus, continuing the operation in City X will protect the economic interest of the people in the region but
would be detrimental to the company‟s profits, while relocating to a less developed city would increase

the profit margins, but may lead to a collapse of livelihoods and economy in city X. Also, environment
regulations may not be as strict at the new location, thereby increasing pollution.
So, to reconcile these different interests, following steps may be taken:
i. Recognition of the social responsibility which the company has and putting across its interests to all
the stakeholders in a transparent manner. The company must make all efforts to minimise costs
without relocations and by taking into confidence employees, shareholders and local people.
ii. If not, then partial shifting of the company to less-developed cities: The Company may restructure its
units and determine if shifting some of them to smaller cities may help it to lower the total operating
cost. If profitable, it may also consider outsourcing some of the work to other companies who are
already operating in small cities.
iii. Giving different options to existing employees – such as continuing in marketing or servicing center
as per qualification, shifting to the new location or lump sum salary for 2 or 3 months as termination
amount.
iv. Adopting latest technology to reduce cost of production: This will increase productivity and reduce
the environmental damage. Though initial cost of adopting may be high but it will be beneficial to the
company as well as the society overall in the longer run.
13. You are posted as a District Education Officer (DEO) in a Maoist affected district. You have been
specifically given the responsibility to work on the literacy mission. After reading the education reports
and doing field visits, you find that the number of out of school children has increased drastically and
the motivation among students and teachers is also low. While certain basic infrastructure is already in
place, the major hurdle in attracting students to these schools include the attitude of inhabitants
towards education and the security risks involved in sending children to schools.
(a) Analyse the reasons behind such an attitude.
(b) As a DEO, what are the steps that you would take in order to increase the school attendance and
change the prevalent attitude of inhabitants towards education?
Approach:
 Brief case analysis in the introduction including stakeholders as well as issues faced in education.
 Analyse the reasons for such an attitude.
 Discuss the steps that should be taken by the DEO.
Answer:
The given case presents a dilemma of development in violence affected areas. For example – education in
such areas are not just dependent on the availability of whole infrastructure and affordability and distance
of school from home. Ensuring safety is equally important. Further, this is a case where the output, in
form of infrastructure is already there, but the outcome in form of education is missing.
(a) Factors which shape the attitude which has led to reluctance in attending schools are:
 Legitimacy of state is still debatable among many sections of society in such areas. Even when it is
there, the violent elements use fear to instill negative attitude towards state and its organs.
 Lack of trust in the state in general and education system in particular.
 Further, curriculum is not rooted in their culture and thus they don‟t identify with modern education.
 Livelihood is majorly dependent on forests which they feel do not require modern education given in
schools.
 They only have unskilled employment opportunities in nearby areas. Thus, they see no point in
wasting resources on education.
 Lack of higher education opportunities as the number of colleges are not adequate.
 Fear for safety of their children as well as harassment.
 Poor school infrastructure, absence of book and stationary and number and quality of teachers do not
attract students to school.
However, few people have optimistic attitude towards education as well. They see it as a way out and an
integrating force with mainstream. Thus given certain opportunities they are ready to send their children
to school, as seen in the case of Dantewada where literacy indicators showed significant improvements.
(b) Steps that would be taken to increase the school attendance and changing the prevalent attitude
of inhabitants towards education:
 Involving influential people of the society and roping in NGOs, which can help bridge the trust
divide between state and people.
 Redeveloping of destroyed educational institutions and provide full infrastructural support required
by students.
 Securing the school premises: By requesting the government to station troops around the school to
inspire confidence in public about safety.
 Residential schools: their establishment takes care of day-to-day needs as well, which helps a student
focus completely on learning.
 Building ecosystem: such that students passing out of the schools have better livelihood opportunities
or have accessible options to go to different colleges.
 Scholarship: to ensure bright students are not left behind for the want of money for enrollment in
schools and college.
 Targeting students: Out of school students, orphans, internally displaced etc. should be targeted with
different approach as they don‟t constitute a homogenous group. Use of Midday Meal schemes, free
distribution of stationary to attract children to schools.
 Continuous monitoring: using monitoring cells in local administration and ensure reporting to the
higher authorities to maintain accountability
 Teacher training: they should not only be qualified but also be sensitive towards the situations faced
by the children.
 Awareness generation: through cultural and community engagements, using posters and pamphlets,
community radio etc.
These measures when dovetailed with good governance and efficient utilization of funds will ensure
attitudinal and behavioral shift towards education.

14. Mr. Pradeep is a senior civil servant in the central government and is involved in the budgeting
department. In the course of performing his duties, he comes to know about diversion of funds
earmarked for SC/ST sub-plan for other purposes. While he is not directly responsible for this aspect of
the budget, he raised his concerns to the department concerned. He also learns that the minister
responsible as well as senior most civil servants are aware of the practice and have given tacit approval
for it. Soon thereafter, Pradeep was summoned to talk on the issue and was told that since the matter is
not within his jurisdiction, he should „keep his nose out of it‟. After much soul searching, Pradeep
decided to obey his supervisors by leaving the matter alone. Based on the information given, answer the
following questions:
(a) Elaborate on the internal dissonance that Pradeep faces in the given situation.
(b) On what basis can the decision of Pradeep be justified?
(c) Had you been in Pradeep's place, what would have been the course of action chosen by you?
Recognise the merits and demerits, if any.
Approach:
 Briefly give the facts of the case.
 Highlight the problems faced by him in taking decisions.
 Discuss the ethical dilemma faced in taking decision.
 In the last part, give a step by step course of action, with arguments. Mention the ethical values
addressed by undertaking the approach you suggest.
Answer:
The case involves a situation where an experienced civil servant finds about diversion in expenditure for
purposes other than it was authorized for. Despite reporting this misuse, he has been asked to keep himself
out of it. The dilemma he faced is that taking action against mismanagement or let it continue as it is.
(a) Since Pradeep is a senior civil servant in the central government and is involved in the budgeting
department, so it is his duty to ensure effective functioning of budgeting process.
On the other hand, he is also beset with the following concerns:
 Matter not within his jurisdiction.
 Obeying the advice of seniors – they are more experienced. Also there might be a concern about
progression of career in case of not obeying.
 He lacks courage and integrity to uphold what is right, though being honest.
So he faces an internal dissonance - is his inaction justified in the name of departmental duty or should he
be stronger and report the wrongdoings?
(b) On what basis can the decision of Pradeep be justified?

Basis of his action:
 He gave more importance to his departmental duty and internal experience over fundamental values
of civil services, such as integrity and objectivity.

 He might have reconciled with the proposition that funds are not being used for personal gains, but
are only being diverted for other expenses. This is a common practice. For e.g. funds meant for SC/ST
sub plan are many a times used in education, health and sanitation, which may not be specific to
SC/ST welfare but have common impact on everyone.
 He might have evaluated the possible risks to his career and come to a conclusion that not following
the instructions might have a negative consequence.

His action can‟t be justified because being a civil servant one is expected not only to be honest, but also
must have integrity to uphold what is right. Therefore, tacit approval is akin to lack of integrity and
probity in public life.
(c) Had I been in Pradeep‟s place, I would have tried to bring the diversion of funds to the notice of the
government. I would have ensured that the fund is spent according to the budgetary allocation.
If there was any merit to my seniors or ministers‟ claims, it must have been given in writing rather than
orally. Discretion is an important part of performing duty, but it cannot become a conduit for diversion of
funds. I would also have involved the requisite ministries so that internal pressure is built up for proper
utilization of funds.
Merits:
 I will perform my public duty by ensuring that fund is used only for the purpose for which it is
allocated.
 It will ensure effective functioning of budgeting process and will uphold the financial integrity of the
government.
 It will ensure full availability of funds required for the growth and development of weaker sections of
the society.
Demerits:
 I will undermine the orders of my supervisor thus amounting to in-subordination of authority.
 An accepted and common but illegitimate practice of fund diversion might create an unnecessary
political trouble.
Justification:
 I should uphold my public duty without fear or favour and ensure financial integrity of the budgeting
process.
 The Fund should be utilized as per the allocation sanctioned by the Parliament. Any diversion of fund
amounts to the breach of the Parliament.
 It will impact the growth and development of the weaker section of society. My action will help in
achieving the larger objective of social justice.
So it becomes my responsibility to perform my constitutional, legal and moral duty.
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VISION IAS

Approach – Answer: General Studies Mains Mock Test 877 (2017)

 Education sector: Gender-sensitive environment in schools such as sufficient female teachers,

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must be monitored for fake and divisive content.

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APPROACH Impersonal, unidirectional Personal involvement, holistic vision

ATTITUDE/ Passive, limited to stated Ambitious

CHANGE More inclined towards Change management is an essential

PEOPLE Low emotional involvement Emotional involvement with people; at

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 Explain the role of Emotional Intelligence in efficacy.

 The Right to Information Act

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 Painful transportation of animals.

5. (b) “Prejudices are what fools use for reason.”

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 Illustrate the significance of these principles.

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opening up of forests for promoting tourism.

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(a) What are the ethical issues involved in this case?

(a) Ethical issues involved

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So, to reconcile these different interests, following steps may be taken:

(a) Analyse the reasons behind such an attitude.

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(b) On what basis can the decision of Pradeep be justified?

 Briefly give the facts of the case.

 Highlight the problems faced by him in taking decisions.

 Discuss the ethical dilemma faced in taking decision.

 Matter not within his jurisdiction.

(b) On what basis can the decision of Pradeep be justified?

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the instructions might have a negative consequence.

Copyright © by Vision IAS

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