214

215
 nt ne
e se euro
r n
s a ry re
lse nso cent
ec he

u e
mp s n
eff h t

e i the ratio
tor
he ug

v
o t hro

r h g
Ne roug inte
et tt
on en

th th e
ur e s

to
ne a r
tor ses
mo pul
Im

FIGURE 12.1 Main components and pathways involved in detecting and

responding to changes in the external environment

216
 Nerve impulses
are sent through
the sensory
neurone to the
integration centre

The cardiovascular
control centre sends
nerve impulses through
the motor neurone to
the effectors

FIGURE 12.2 The main components and pathways involved in detecting

and responding to changes in the internal environment

217
 TABLE 12.1 Types of sensory receptors and stimulus involved

receptor (photoreceptor)

light stimulus integration centre

(the brain)

sensory neurone
(optic nerve)

FIGURE 12.3 Detection of external stimulus by the photoreceptor

218
PHOTOGRAPH 12.1 Animals migrate when they
sense changes in the climate

PHOTOGRAPH 12.2
A fast response is
necessary to save a
goal

219
 FIGURE 12.4 A schematic diagram showing
the organisation of the human nervous
system

220
 spinal
cord

FIGURE 12.5 Human brain

221
 sensory
neurone
relay neurone

grey matter

white matter (contains

myelin-coated axon)

motor
neurone

FIGURE 12.6 Cross section showing the detailed structure of the spinal cord, white matter and grey matter

222
 direction
of impulse
flow

muscle
cells

FIGURE 12.7 The basic

structures and functions of the
the parts of the neurone

223
 nucleus axon
dendrite

synaptic
direction of impulse flow knob

cell Motor neurone

body

dendrite
direction of impulse flow

cell body
axon synaptic
Sensory neurone nucleus knob

direction of impulse flow

dendrite

synaptic knob
cell body
nucleus
Relay neurone

FIGURE 12.8 Types and functions of neurones

224
 synaptic knob

mitochondrion

synaptic
neurotransmitter vesicle

synapse receiving
neurone
1

receptor
2 protein

FIGURE 12.9 Transmission of impulses across synapses

225
 TABLE 12.2 Comparison between voluntary action and involuntary action

226
 3

2
1

5
4

FIGURE 12.10 The pathway of information transmission in voluntary

actions that involve skeletal muscles

227
 dorsal root ganglion dorsal root
cell body of sensory neurone spinal cord 3
relay neurone

1 pin central canal

grey matter
ventral
spinal root
nerve white matter
motor neurone
4 cell body of motor neurone

effector
2 sensory neurone

Sensory receptor stimulated

1 2 3 4 5

FIGURE 12.11 involves three neurones and a spinal cord

228
1 2

dorsal root
2 spinal cord
stretch dorsal root
sensory ganglion
receptor
neurone PHOTOGRAPH 12.3

ventral
tendon below quadriceps root
the kneecap muscle motor grey matter
neurone white
3 matter
leg jerks
forward
biceps femoris
4
muscle

4 3

FIGURE 12.12 in knee jerk involving two neurones

229
230
231
 TABLE 12.3 Drugs and alcohol and their effects on the nervous system

232
FIGURE 12.13 The endocrine glands in the endocrine system of humans

233
TABLE 12.4 The functions of hormones that are secreted by the posterior
lobe of the pituitary gland

TABLE 12.5 The functions of hormones that are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

234
FIGURE 12.14 The functions of hormones
secreted by other endocrine glands

235
236
It is made up of a The duration
network of millions The duration of Consists of
of the effect is
of neurones the effect is long ductless endocrine
short
glands
Contains target tissues
or organs

Signal is in the Signal is delivered

by organic chemical
form of electrical substances, which
impulses through Produces a response to
are hormones,
neurones a stimulus through blood flow

Functions to regulate
Nerve response all activities of the body The response
The effect of is slow and
is quick and The effect of an hormones
immediate impulse produces prolonged
produces
the response of responses in
an organ several organs

FIGURE 12.15 Similarities and differences between the nervous system and the endocrine system

237
 dry, rough and
sparse hair

thin eyebrows

oedema

bloated,
dry skin

PHOTOGRAPH 12.4 An individual who has

hypothyroidism

PHOTOGRAPH 12.5 Enlarged thyroid

gland

238
 hands of a child with
gigantism
hands of a normal
adult

PHOTOGRAPH 12.6 The hands of a 12-year-old

boy with gigantism. Observe that his hands are
bigger than that of a normal adult
PHOTOGRAPH 12.7 Chandra Bahadur Dangi from Nepal
(0.55 m), the shortest man in the world and Sultan Kosen
(2.47 m), the tallest man in the world

239
240
12

241
 Y
X

FIGURE 1

Impulse direction from

nearby neurones

axon S

FIGURE 2

242
Complete answers are
available by scanning the
QR code provided

243