MODULE WATER AND SOLUTION

SCIENCE MODULE FORM 2

CHAPTER 5 : WATER AND SOLUTION

PREPARED BY :
SCIENCE TEACHERS
MRSM MUKAH
MRSM MUAR

PERFORMANCE STANDARD
WATER AND SOLUTION
PERFORMANCE
DESCRIPTOR
LEVEL
1 Recall the knowledge and science skills on water and solution.
2 Understand and explain water and solution.
3 Apply knowledge on water and solution and able to carry out simple tasks.
Analyse knowledge on water and solution in context of problem solving on events
4
or natural phenomena.
Evaluate knowledge of water and solution in context of problem solving and
5
decision making to carry out a task.
Design a task using knowledge and science skills on water and solution in a
creative and innovative way in the context of problem solving and decision
6
making or carry out a task in a new situation with regards to the social
values/economy/culture of the community

MUST DO EXPERIMENTS :
NO LEARNING STANDARD
1 5.1.2 Carry out experiments and communicate about the water evaporation process in
daily life.
2 5.2.2 Carry out experiment to determine the factors affecting the rate of solubility.

PROJECT-BASED LEARNING :
NO LEARNING STANDARD
1 5.3.4 Justify water sustainability as a key to healthy living.

NAME:
CLASS:
TEACHER’S NAME:
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5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water

 Boiling point = 100 ᵒC

 Freezing point = 0 ᵒC
 Colourless
 Density = 1g cm-3

1. Water can exist in three states:

a) b) c)

2. At room temperature, pure water is a:

a) b) c)

3. Complete the following diagram about the changes of state of water.

Q:

P: R:

S: U:

T:

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4. State the heat change at process

i. P and R :___________________

ii. S and U :___________________

iii. Q : _______________________

iv. T : _______________________

5. Draw the water molecule model and write its chemical formula.

Composition of Water

 During electrolysis, oxygen

gas is produced at the
anode while hydrogen gas is
produced at the cathode.
 Water molecule is made up
of two hydrogen atoms and
one oxygen atom.
 The chemical symbol of
water is H2O.

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Exercises
1. Complete the statement below to show the meaning of the freezing point of water.
The freezing point of water is the temperature when water changes into solid at
____________oC.

2. Underline the correct answer below to show the meaning of the boiling point of water.
The boiling point of water is the temperature when water changes into (liquid / gas) at
100oC
3. The diagram below shows that water exists in three states.
Label in the boxes below the three states of water.

a. b. c.

4. Underline the correct answer to explain the effects of impurities on the physical
characteristics of water

Diagram (a) Diagram (b)

a. In Diagram (a), when impurities like salt is added to the ice, the temperature of the
ice (increases, decreases).

b. In Diagram (b), when impurities like salt is added to the water, the temperature of
the boiling water (increases, decreases).

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5. Diagram 5 shows the electrolysis of water.

i. Name the gas collected in test tube K and L.

L:
K:

Distilled water + Dilute

hydrochloric acid

Diagram 5
ii. What is the ratio of the volume of gas in measuring cylinder K to L and give an
inference.

Ratio: Inference:

6. Complete the map below about water evaporation.

Factors affecting the rate

of evaporation of water

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7. Complete the following statement to explain what evaporation of water is.

Evaporation of water is a process by which water changes into water vapour at any
________________.

8. a. The diagram below shows an activity to determine one factor which affects the rate of
evaporation.

filter paper

i) Which filter paper A, B or C will dry the fastest?

___________________________________________________________________

ii) State the factor that affects the rate of evaporation in this activity.

____________________________________________________________________

b. The diagram below shows the movement of water particles in beaker P and beaker Q
during evaporation.

Wind
direction

Water
molecules

Beaker P Beaker Q

Complete the statements below to explain why the water in beaker Q evaporates faster
than in beaker P in relation to the Kinetic Theory.

Moving air carries ______________ molecules away so more water molecules from the
beaker are able to escape into the air.

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5.2 Solution and Rate of Solubility

1. Based on the picture, define the following terms :

SOLUTE :

SOLVENT :

SOLUTION :

FORMULA : SOLUTE + SOLVENT =

SOLUTION
EXAMPLE
SUGAR + WATER = SUGAR SOLUTION

2.State the type of solutions to the diagrams P, Q and R :

Dilute Solution Concentrated Solution Saturated Solution
 Less amount of  More amount of  Excess amount of
solute in the solvent solute in the solvent solute in the solvent
 Can dissolve more  Can dissolve less  Cannot dissolve any
solute solute more solute and form
precipitate

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3.Scientific investigation on preparing a dilute solution, a concentrated solution and a

saturated solution. Fill in the blanks with correct answers.

Procedures Observations Inferences

 A dilute solution
is obtained.

 A spatula of sugar is
again added to the
earlier sugar solution in
the glass. The mixture
is stirred until all the
sugar dissolves.
 A little of the solution is
tasted again.
 The excess sugar
settles to the
bottom of the
glass.
 The solution is
very sweet.

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4.Experiment on the factors affecting the rate of solubility.

Hypothesis Procedures Variables Discussions

A. The finer the solute 1.Beaker A and B Manipulated :

particles, the greater the are each filled with
………………….
rate of dissolving 50 ml of water.
………………....
solution.
2.10g of coarse salt
Responding:
is added to beaker
A. 10g of fine salt is …………………

added to beaker B. …………………

3.The contents in Constant:

both beakers are …………………

stirred at the same ………………...
rate. The salt in both
beakers is
observed.

B. Stirring increase the 1.Beaker C and D Manipulated :

rate of dissolving the are each filled with
…………………
solute in the solvent. 50ml of water.
…………………
Beaker C 2.10g of fine salt is
Responding:
added to each
beaker. …………………
…………………
3.The mixture in the
beaker C is stirred Constant:

quickly. The mixture …………………

…………………

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in beaker D is not
Beaker D stirred.

4.The salt in both

beaker is observed.

C. The higher the 1.Beaker E and F Manipulated:

temperature of the are each filled with
…………………
solvent, the higher the 50mlof water.
………………..
rate of dissolving of
2.The water in
solute. Responding:
beaker E is heated
with the Bunsen …………………
Beaker E
burner. The water in …………………

beaker F is not Constant:

heated.
…………………
3.10g of fine salt is …………………
added to each
beaker.
Beaker F
4.The salt in both
beaker is observed.

5. What is the definition of colloid?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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6. List out examples of colloids in our daily life.

Examples of
colloids in
daily life

7. Table show differences between solution, suspension and colloid. Highlighted the main
points.

SOLUTION COLLOID SUSPENSION

A mixture formed when a
solute dissolved and
dispersed throughout a
solvent
Uniform colour and
appearance
Transparent and allows
light to pass through it
No residue left when
filtered
Example : Sugar solution,
syrup drink
A mixture of two or more A mixture formed when a
solutes disperse evenly in solute does not dissolved and
a solvent dispersed in a solvent
Neither form clear mixture Appear cloudy and the
nor precipitate particles in suspension will
( intermediate between settle down if undisturbed
solution and suspension)
- Does not allow light to pass
through it
- Present of residue when
filtered
Example : Foam-shaving Example : Medicine, river
foam water
Emulsion-milk,mayonise

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8. Water dissolves most substances. Water is used as a solvent domestically as well as a

raw material in the manufacture of food and beverage, agriculture and medicine
industries. Water is used for dissolving various types of chemicals.

9. Water is known as a ………………………………………and is very important to our lives.

10. In industrial sector, water is used as a solvent in making food, ……………………….,

………………………., …………………… and detergent.

11. Water is needed by plant to make food, ……………………………………….. and

……………….… and keep plant cells turgid.

12. Examples on the uses of water as a universal solvent.

Fertiliser dissolve in
water

Soft drinks are produced

using water as a solvent

Water dissolves detergents used

in cleaning process

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13. Organic solvents which are carbon-based can be used to dissolve solutes that are
insoluble in water.

14. State the type of Organic solvents according to their uses in daily life:

Turpentin Aceton Alcohol Ether Kerosene

Organic solvents Uses

Perfume, Antiseptic, Preparation of shellac
Lamp oil, Removing tar stains
Nail vanish, Lacquer for wood furniture
Paint remover, Paint thinner
Oil and fat extractor

15. List out another examples of organic solvents that are used in daily life.

Organic
solvents

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Exercises
1. Complete the statement below to explain what solubility is using the words given.

solvent solutes

Solubility is the maximum amount of __________________which can dissolve in a given

amount of ________________at a fixed temperature.

2. Diagram below shows an activity to determine one factor which affects the solubility
of a solute.

a) Underline the correct answer to explain what happens to the solubility of copper sulphate
when the temperature of water is increased.

The solubility of copper sulphate (increases, decreases) when the temperature of water
increases

b) State the factor which affects the solubility of the solute in this activity.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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5.3 Water purification and water supply

1. Water is one of the most valuable natural resources on Earth. Most of the water cannot be
used directly as it contains impurities, microorganisms and dissolved substances.
2. Thus, water needs to be purified and treated in order to be safe for human consumption.
Water purification can remove _______________, ____________, _______________,
___________________ and _______________________. So that water can be used for
various purposes.
3. Name the water purification methods shown below.

i. ii. iii.

4. Tick (√) if the substances is present and a (x) if the substances is not present in the water
purified by the methods stated.
Presence of
Methods Suspended Dissolved
Microorganisms
particles substances
Boiling

Filtration

Distillation

Chlorination

5. Name the project used by Singapore with water shortage solve problems in getting water
supply for daily life usage.

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6. Draw and label the water supply system.

7. Explain the function(s) for each process in water supply system.

Filtration

Oxidation

Coagulation

Sedimentation

Filtration

Chlorination & Fluorination

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Match the correct ways to overcome each of the water pollutants below.

Ways to overcome
Water pollutants

Educate farmers to use

biodegradable fertilisers
and pesticides.

Enforce laws to ensure

industrial waste is treated
before being discharged
into the river.

Surround and contain oil

spilled at sea using National
Oil Spill Contingency Plan
Revised Year
1999/2000.

Educate people on how to

manage rubbish correctly

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Project-based learning
THEME Exploration of elements in nature
LEARNING AREA 5.0 Water and solution
CONTENT STANDARD 5.3 Water purification and water supply
LEARNING STANDARD 5.3.4 Justify water sustainability as a key to healthy living

PERFORMANCE STANDARD PL 6 : Design a task using knowledge and science skills on water and solution
in a creative and innovative way in the context of problem solving and decision
making or carry out a task in a new situation with regards to the social
values/economy/culture of the community.

INTRODUCTION :

Water covers 70% of our planet, and it is easy to think that it will always be plentiful.
However, freshwater—the stuff we drink, bathe in, irrigate our farm fields with—is
incredibly rare. Only 3% of the world’s water is fresh water, and two-thirds of that is
tucked away in frozen glaciers or otherwise unavailable for our use.

As a result, some 1.1 billion people worldwide lack access to water, and a total of 2.7
billion find water scarce for at least one month of the year. Inadequate sanitation is
also a problem for 2.4 billion people—they are exposed to diseases, such as cholera
and typhoid fever, and other water-borne illnesses. Two million people, mostly
children, die each year from diarrheal diseases alone.

Many of the water systems that keep ecosystems thriving and feed a growing human
population have become stressed. Rivers, lakes and aquifers are drying up or
becoming too polluted to use. More than half the world’s wetlands have disappeared.
Agriculture consumes more water than any other source and wastes much of that
through inefficiencies. Climate change is altering patterns of weather and water around
the world, causing shortages and droughts in some areas and floods in others.

At the current consumption rate, this situation will only get worse. By 2025, two-thirds
of the world’s population may face water shortages. And ecosystems around the world
will suffer even more.

Cited from World Wildlife Fund website

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Assignment: Water pollution in Malaysia makes the water unsafe and unsuitable for
ater
consumption and it also adversely affects the environment. There are various sources of water
pollution in Malaysia such as for industrial activities, agricultural purposes as well development
projects. As a caring citizen, it is important for everyone to save water.

Instructions:
1. This is a group project (3-4 students in a group).
2. Carry out water audit activities to find out how the consumption of water at home or
school based on water bills over the past 3 months.

3. Calculate the average water consumption.

4. Identify the water wastage that happens and record them (video/pictures).
5. Discuss and suggest water conservation steps that can be taken to overcome the
water wastage problem.
6. Discuss of an innovative method to conserve water and increase efficiency of water
usage.
7. Write a report/folio/scrapbook of the project.

The report/folio/scrapbook must consist the following format:

- Theme
- Learning Area
- Content Standard
- Learning Standard
- Title
- Aim
- Introduction
- Findings (water consumption over the past 3 months, average water
consumption, water wastage that occurred)
- Suggestion of at least 3 water conservation steps (with detail explanation on how
the steps can help in reducing water wastage)
- An innovative method (with detail explanation on how it can helps to conserve
water and increase the efficiency of water usage.
- References
- Appendix (copy of water bill over the past 3 months)
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