Sinusoidal amplitude grating

+1st order

Λ θ
0th order (or DC term)
incident –θ
plane diffraction angle
wave -1st order
spatial frequency

diffraction efficiencies
…

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04/06/09 wk9-a- 5
 Example: binary phase grating

0.75

|gt| [a.u.]
s q=+5 0.5

0.25

q=+4 0
−30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30
x [!]
q=+3
pi
Λ

phase(gt) [rad]
pi/2
q=+2
0

q=+1 −pi/2
Duty cycle = 0.5
−pi
−30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30
x [!]

q=0

incident q= –1
plane
wave q= –2

q= –3
q= –4
q= –5
glass
refractive index n
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04/06/09 wk9-a- 9
 Grating dispersion

Λ
air glass
white

Grating: Prism:
…

blue light is diffracted at blue light is refracted at

smaller angle than red: larger angle than red:

anomalous dispersion normal dispersion

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04/06/09 wk9-a-10
 Today

• Fraunhofer diffraction
• Fourier transforms: maths
• Fraunhofer patterns of typical apertures
• Fresnel propagation: Fourier systems description
– impulse response and transfer function
– example: Talbot effect

Next week
• Fourier transforming properties of lenses
• Spatial frequencies and their interpretation
• Spatial filtering

MIT 2.71/2.710
04/08/09 wk9-b- 1
 Fraunhofer diffraction

Fresnel (free space) propagation

may be expressed as a

convolution integral

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 Example: rectangular aperture

y z
sinc pattern

free space
propagation by

x0 l→∞

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04/08/09 wk9-b- 3
input field far field
 Example: circular aperture

y z
Airy pattern

free space
2r0 propagation by
l→∞

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input field far field
 How far along z does the Fraunhofer pattern appear?

Fresnel (free space) propagation

may be expressed as a

convolution integral

cos(πα2)

For example, if (x2+y2)max=(4λ)2, then z>>16λ to enter the Fraunhofer regime;

if (x2+y2)max=(1000λ)2, then z>>106λ;

in practice, the Fraunhofer intensity pattern is recognizable at smaller z than long short

these predictions (but the correct Fraunhofer phase takes longer to form) propagation distance z

MIT 2.71/2.710
04/08/09 wk9-b- 5
 Fourier transforms

• One dimensional

– Fourier transform

– Fourier integral

• Two dimensional

– Fourier transform

– Fourier integral

(1D so we can draw it easily ... ) g(x) [real] Re[e-i2πux]

x
Re[G(u)]= dx
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 Frequency representation

g(x)=cos[2πu0x] Re[e-i2πux]

x
Re[G(u)]= dx =0, if u0≠u

x
Re[G(u)]= dx =∞, if u0=u

G(u)
δ(u+u0) δ(u−u0) G(u)=½ δ(u+u0)+½ δ(u−u0)
½ ½ The negative frequency is physically meaningless,

u but necessary for mathematical rigor;

it is the price to pay for the convenience of using

−u0 +u0 complex exponentials in the phasor representation

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 Commonly used functions in wave Optics

Text removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see p. 12 in

Goodman, Joseph W. Introduction to Fourier Optics.
Englewood, CO: Roberts & Co., 2004. ISBN: 9780974707723.

Images from Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org

MIT 2.71/2.710

04/08/09 wk9-b- 8 Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics (3rd ed.) pp. 12-14

 Fourier transform pairs

Functions with radial symmetry

Table removed due to copyright restrictions. Please see Table 2.1 in

Goodman, Joseph W. Introduction to Fourier Optics. Englewood, CO: Roberts & Co., 2004.
ISBN: 9780974707723.

jinc(ρ)≡

Images from Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org

MIT 2.71/2.710

04/08/09 wk9-b- 9 Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics (3rd ed.) p. 14

 Fourier transform properties

Text removed due to copyright restrictions.

Please see pp. 8-9 in Goodman, Joseph W. Introduction to Fourier Optics.
Englewood, CO: Roberts & Co., 2004. ISBN: 9780974707723.

A general discussion of the properties of Fourier transforms may also be found here
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform#Properties_of_the_Fourier_transform.

IMPORTANT! A note on notation: Goodman uses (fX, fY) to denote spatial frequencies

along the (x,y) dimensions, respectively.

In these notes, we will sometimes use (u,v) instead.

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04/08/09 wk9-b-10 Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics (3rd ed.) pp. 8-9
 The spatial frequency domain: vertical grating

y v

x u

y v

x u

Frequency
Space
(Fourier)
domain
domain
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 The spatial frequency domain: tilted grating

y v

x u

y v

x u

Frequency
Space
(Fourier)
domain
domain
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 Superposition: two gratings

+ +

Frequency
Space
(Fourier)
domain
domain
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 Superposition: multiple gratings

discrete

(Fourier
series)

continuous

(Fourier
integral)

Frequency
Space

(Fourier)
domain

domain
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 Spatial frequency representation of arbitrary scenes

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 The scaling (or similarity) theorem

Frequency
Space
(Fourier)
domain
domain
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 The shift theorem

Frequency
Space
(Fourier)
domain
domain
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04/08/09 wk9-b-17
 The convolution theorem

multiplication convolution

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MIT OpenCourseWare
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2.71 / 2.710 Optics

Spring 2009

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