GCWUF ALUMNI MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

BY

Kaneez Fatima Muqadas Farooq

2015-GCWUF-3772 2018-GCWUF-3780

Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

GC WOMEN UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN
January 2022

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
"All Praises belong to ALLAH alone, The Cherisher and Sustainer of the World.”
(AlQuran 1:6)
I have the pearl of our eye steadier countless blessings of ALLAH because the words
are bound, knowledge is limited, and time of life is too short to express His dignity.
Then the trembling lips and wet eye sprays the greatest man of the universe, the last
messenger of ALLAH, HAZRAT MUHAMMAD (P.B.U.H), whom ALLAH has
senates mercy for worlds, the illuminating torch, the blessing for literate, illiterate,
rich, poor, powerful, weaker, able and disabled.
I demitted our utmost pleasure travailing opportunity to express our heartiest gratitude
and deep sense of obligation to a very hardworking and personalized person, my
honorable Supervisor Ms. Maham Tariq, Lecturer, GCWUF, University of
Faisalabad,
Pakistan. for her kind behavior, moral support and enlightened supervision during the
whole project period. Her valuable words will always serve as a conoflight throughout
our life.
I sincere thanks for very simple, hardworking, master in their fields and most caring
teachers Shakeela Maqbool, and Ms. Saba Shafique , without their keep interest and
positive criticism I would not be able to complete this degree. At last but not the least,
I pay my cordial thanks to those who live in my mind and soul whose love will never
change, whose prayers will never die, who are nearest, deepest and dear estrous. May
ALLAH bless us in all the words (Ameen).
DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the contents of the project report, “Tree Management System”
is product of our own project and no part has been copied from any published source
(except the references, standard mathematical and genetic models/ equations/ formula/
protocols etc.). We further declare that this work has not been submitted for award of
any degree.

Kaneez Fatima Muqadas Farooq

Registration no: 2018-GCWUF-3772 Registration no: 2018-GCWUF-3780
The Controller of Examinations,

The members of the Supervisory Committee find the project report submitted by
Kaneez Fatima (2018-GCWUF-3772) &Muqadas Farooq (2018-GCWUF-3780)
satisfactory.

Ms. Maham Tariq (Supervisor) --------------------------

Lecturer

(Dept. of CS GCWUF)

Ms Saba Shafique (Member) ------------------------

Assistant Professor

(Dept. of CS GCWUF)

Ms. Shakeela Maqbool (Member) ----------------------

Lecturer

(Dept. of CS GCWUF)
Acronyms and Abbreviations

SE Software Engineering

SQL Structured Query Language

XML Extensible Markup Language

App. Application

OCR Optical Character Recognition

ERD Entity Relationship Diagram

PK Primary Key

FK Foreign Key

ID Identity

GUI Graphical User Interface

UI User Interface

CLI Command Line Interface

LLD Low Level Design

HLD High Level Design

 Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................1

1.1 Project Background/Overview................................................................ 1

1.2 Problem Description ................................................................................ 2

1.3 Project Objective...................................................................................….2

1.4 Project Scope ...................................................................................................…..2

CHAPTER 2............................................................................................…4

LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................….4

2.1 Adverse Effects of Modern Agriculture on the Environment…………..4

2.2 Incentive Environment Facing Landowners ..........................……………5

2.3 Adoption of Agricultural and Agroforestry Technology ………. ……….6

2.4 Benefits of Agroforestry ..............................................……………………..7

2.5 Economic Benefits .......................................................……………………...8

2.6 Environmental Benefits ..............................................………………………9

2.7 Expected Contribution................................………………………………….10

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

“Tree management system” is Mobile application that provides all information

related to soil and trees in Pakistan. There is currently no such system exists which
provides information about soil i.e How much this soil is beneficial for what kind of
cultivation. Some soils are beneficial for specific kind of plants so our system tells
where a user can grow which plants.

1.1 Project Background/Overview

The Tree Planting Activity aims to raise awareness to the society in the importance of
planting and saving trees, express our concern to the environment, and diminish the
unfavorable effects of climate change. In past there is no such land record which
predict which area soil is good. And due to abrupt change of climate we do not have
much info that our country would have that amount of trees planted.
Co-management of forest resources is a process of governance that enables all
relevant stakeholders to participate in the decision-making processes. Illegal logging
and forest degradation are currently increasing, and logging bans are ineffective in
reducing forest degradation. At the same time interest in forest plantations and
concern about poverty problems of neighboring people whose livelihoods depend on
forest services and products continue to increase rapidly. Governments have identified
the development of small forest plantations as an opportunity to provide wood
supplies to forest industries and to reduce poverty. However, the development of
small plantations is very slow due to an imbalance of power and suspicion between
communities and large companies. This paper proposes a framework for linking
social, economic and biophysical dynamics to create multi-agent simulations and
explore scenarios of collaboration for plantations.

1.2 Problem Description

Now a days clean and green environment is becoming important for human survival.
Pollution increases day by day and trees which have major role in decreasing the
pollution becoming less and less.There is a lot of pollution in the environment
producing from the vehicles we drive, factories we are running which produces a lot
of killing pollutants like carbon monoxide and sulphuric contents which mix with the
air and comes inside the people lungs while breathing and cause a lot of diseases.
Currently there is no proper system on government or private end which calculates
how much trees need to control this growing rate of pollution.
In short, we should have proper digital systems which calculates where soil is good
for which type of plantation. Currently for this there is a need to develop a system in
which we have the data of every province of Pakistan in system which calculates
which area soil is better for what type cultivation. So, our basic objective is to
develop a digital system in the form of mobile app which search & find out all
possible data about specific region/province or area soil about plantation of specific
type of trees. Although the country's soil resources are vast, good quality soils that
form prime agricultural land are limited. Ultimately, Pakistan has to rely on the
existing soil resources.
The need of the day is to protect prime agricultural land from misuse that may result
in its degradation or loss. In 1973, the Soil Survey Project became a permanent
institution the Soil Survey of Pakistan Ministry of Food and Agriculture. The Soil
Survey of Pakistan (SSP) has surveyed about 715,000 square kilometres of land,
covering 81% of the total area of the country . The surveyed area is representative of
all those parts of the country that are important for agriculture.The Pakistani
government claims to have already planted over a billion trees as part of its ambitious
plan, as well as having created around 85,000 jobs. Launched in 2019, the project
with support from the United Nations Environment Programme is aiming to plant 10
billion trees by 2023.The fifth most populous country in the world with over 24% of
its people living in poverty, Pakistan is one of the states most vulnerable to the
changing climate. Its growing population needs resources that are depleting fast but
given that the country is facing increasingly variable monsoons, receding Himalayan
glaciers and extreme events including floods and droughts, meeting those challenges
will prove extremely difficult.
1.3 Project Objective

Trees are known as a vital component of urban environments and the planting of trees
in human settlements is not new. However, the basic information about trees such as
their species, ratio and age are difficult to obtain in order to determine what kind of
maintenance the trees will require. Its long term objective is to plant 100,000 trees
within their buffer areas and wildlife and bird sanctuary. The main issue is the
absence of systematic scheme of capturing tree information that can help in
monitoring and maintaining trees. The main objective to resolve this issue is “to
develop a Tree Monitoring and Mapping Information Management System that will
capture and store all the necessary information of tree related behavior and monitoring
and maintenance activities in order to provide reliable and essential baseline data.
Additional information about the trees such as the fertilizer used, type of soil and
weather conditions can be added in the system to improve tree management.
1.4 Project Scope

Trees play a critical role for people and the planet. Numerous studies have
demonstrated that the presence of trees and urban nature can improve people's mental
and physical health, children's attention and test scores, the property values in a
neighborhood, and beyond. Trees cool our urban centers. Trees are essential for
healthy communities and people. The benefits that trees provide can help cities and
countries meet 15 of the 17 internationally supported United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals. This critical review provides a comprehensive argument that
trees should be considered an important part of the equation by project managers and
civic leaders as we collectively work toward reaching these sustainability goals. But
currently there is due to lack of information there is no such systems which predicts
so there is a need to develop a software which gives complete info about soil and
trees .
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1Adverse Effects of Modern Agriculture on the Environment

The effect of agriculture on the environment has caused changes in the policies of
agriculture in the United States and in other parts of the world. The principal goal of
agriculture policies worldwide some years back was increasing agricultural output,
but today protecting the environment and the resource base of agricultural production
is becoming a concern of equal importance in much of the world (Lichtenberg, 2000).
The intensification of agriculture through mechanization and use of chemicals has
created new problems of environmental degradation and health problems which have
caused reorientation of policies (Lichtenberg, 2000). Despite the adverse effect of
agriculture on farmland and the environment, ensuring an adequate and reliable food
supply and a continuous flow of income is still the concern of many countries and
farmers. The adverse problem of agriculture has been linked to corporate industrial-
scale agriculture.
The intensification of agriculture has created, and continues to create, serious 9
problems for agriculture, rural communities, and the environment (McCann et al.,
1997). Attempts to counteract this large-scale industrial farming system have led
some countries to adopt policies to ameliorate adverse environmental effects of the
farm sector, and for farmers to organize organic farm movements. Agriculture before
the industrial revolution was by definition mostly organic because agricultural
chemicals were not available (Jordan, 2004). Modern organic farming was founded as
a reaction against agricultural practices that had the potential to harm nature and
human health (Jordan, 2004 cited Hardwood 1990). The organic farm movement has
provided consumers the option to purchase healthier foods produced in a sustainable,
environmentally friendly way, thereby giving them an opportunity to contribute to
sustainable agriculture (McCann et al., 1997)

2.2 Incentive Environment Facing Landowners

While there has been a long history of agro-environmental programs in the United
States and the EU (European Community), such programs began to play a large role
in federal farm policies during the 1980s partly because of the concern about the
environmental damage resulting from agriculture production (Bernstein and Claassen,
2004). Buck (1995) points out that it was not until the mid 80’s that policies affecting
agroforestry in a positive way were implemented. Both the federal and state
governments in the US have administered a variety of incentive programs designed to
encourage and help landowners with the cost of setting up and maintaining
agroforestry practices. Institutional arrangements are critical for effective
implementation of any incentive programs.
Governments must be careful to understand household decisions when attempting 10
to create incentives for the adoption of agroforestry practices. This is because the
decisions regarding adoption are ultimately household decisions and if the incentives
are not well coordinated with their decisions, then policies may be ineffective.
Economic gain has been identified as the primary motivating factor in the adoption of
agroforestry in the US (AFTA, 2006). Agroforestry practices must offer at least as
much income potential without increasing risk, compared to current farming practices,
and better scenarios for solving conservation problems than the current farming
practice for adoption to take place (AFTA, 2006).
Incentives for agroforestry can be implemented to provide economic or ecological
benefits to the landowner and entice them to adopt practices that may have been too
risky or foreign to them prior to the incentives. Godsey (2005) and the National
Agroforestry Center (2003) investigated the funding incentives available through the
federal, state and non-governmental organizations (NGO) for the five agroforestry
practices. Cost sharing was found to be the most commonly used incentive. Other
incentives such as producer grants, land rental payments, financial incentive payments
and technical assistance were also identified.
2.3 Adoption of Agricultural and Agroforestry Technology
The characteristics of adoption of agriculture and agroforestry technologies have been
studied for decades. Landowners face many and different challenges in adopting new
and complex technologies. Studies addressing characteristics of adoption are
discussed in this section to conceptualize a framework of adoption from previous
studies. Understanding and 13 identifying the characteristics of farm households that
adopt conservation-friendly farming practices and participate in conservation
programs, can lead to an understanding of how potential participants might respond
(Lambert et al., 2006). The fundamental challenge is the development of new farming
systems that have to be adopted and maintained by farmers (Pannell, 1999). By far the
most difficult part of achieving widespread adoption is the complex and completely
different system that agroforestry represents compared to current farming practices.
The complexity of agroforestry technology such as intensive technical management
systems and broad knowledge of both trees and plants to improve growing
environments for both may be a cause of the slow adoption of agroforestry.
This might be partly related to the fact that when farmers are uncertain about a new
technology and its profitability, they often decide to continue using existing farming
system known to them even though it might not be costeffective. Pannell (1999)
identified four conditions under which farmers will consider adopting an agricultural
innovation: awareness of the innovation, a perception that it is feasible to implement,
that the innovation is worth trying, and that the innovation promotes the farmer’s
objectives. Pattanayak et al. (2003) listed five categories of determinants of
technology adoption: economic incentives, biophysical conditions, risk and
uncertainty, household preferences, and resource endowments. Workman et al. (2003)
also showed that lack of familiarity with the practice and lack of demonstration by
professionals are seen as major obstacles to the use of agroforestry.
2.4 Benefits of Agroforestry
The past ten years have witnessed the potential usefulness of agroforestry practices in
addressing today’s concerns over the economic and environmental sustainability of
farm land uses (Lassoie and Buck, 2000). Agroforestry practices meet the overall
management objectives of many landowners by providing a consistent, periodic flow
of income through products and farm income diversification, with conservation
benefits as an added bonus.
2.5 Economic Benefits
Farm productivity and product quality can be increased when agroforestry windbreak
practices are fully utilized. Brandle et al. (2004) listed the following economic
benefits of agroforestry:
1. When various species are included in the design, they can contribute directly to the
production of nuts, fruits, timber and other wood products. This helps to diversify and
increase farming income while also providing a stock of capital in valuable timber.
2. When used in livestock production systems, they improve animal health, improve
feed efficiency and contribute to the economic returns of producers.
3. The practices can also help to reduce energy consumption by the farm and
improved working conditions within the farm area, which helps to save cost and
increases productivity.
4. Agroforestry technology can reduce costs of production, increase productivity and
provide multiple outputs.
2.6 Environmental Benefits
The five practices of agroforestry have various environmental benefits. These can
help protect water quality, stabilize eroding banks, improve aesthetics, improve
microclimate for grazing, protect soil from wind erosion, protect structures, filter and
reduce dust, help control odors and provide noise abatement. Windbreaks protect
crops from wind erosion and enhance wildlife habitat. This practice improves air
quality through wind speed reductions and the physical capture of airborne
particulates including dust, smoke and odors; provide aesthetic diversify by adding
trees in an agricultural landscape. Riparian buffers help to reduce runoff and nonpoint
source pollution, stabilize stream banks, improve aquatic and terrestrial habitats.
Alley cropping can reduce soil erosion from wind and water . In summary, adoption
of a technology can be viewed first at the farm-level, as a decision to either adopt or
not to adopt.
This is concerned with the factors influencing the adoption decision. And secondly at
the macro-level determining how adoption occurs across a region or population
(Mercer, 2004). The current literature shows that perception and attitudes toward
trees, transaction cost incurred in searching for market information, production costs
in establishing and maintaining the technology, benefits of the technology, sources of
information and demographic information play a large role in the adoption of
agroforestry. Access to information can help to inform farmers about the feasibility
of the application of agroforestry as well as the profitability, contributing to reduce
the transaction cost involved in searching for information. The level of knowledge can
also help decrease some of the risk and uncertainty associated with agroforestry
practices.
2.7 Expected Contribution
This study will identify the characteristics of landowners who think of agroforestry as
a good stewardship practice. Farms that have chosen to adopt will be compared with
those who have chosen not to adopt in terms of participation in government programs.
In Missouri, most studies about agroforestry have been on factors 23 affecting the
interest and knowledge in agroforestry (Valdivia and Poulos, 2005; Flower, 2004)
with few if any focused on looking at the characteristics of adopters. An
understanding of the characteristics that have led the farmers to adopt even though
they are few in number, will be valuable in understanding the process of adoption to
supporting new efforts and to promote these practices funded by government agencies
(Bannister and Nair, 2003). The documented findings will add to the existing
literature on agroforestry and new technology adoption studies. The purpose is also to
enable policy makers, researchers, extension agents and national resource
professionals to understand how potential participants might respond to the funding
programs and the motivating principles of the different types of farmers, important to
the success of future agroforestry programs.