CHAPTER 3

IMPLEMENTATION OF SURVEYING METHOD

3.1 LEVELLING

Geomatic levelling is a branch of Geomatic which plays a vital role in construction.

Engineers who specialise in geomatic may calculate the elevation of a given area in relation
to another known elevation. In general, levelling is required on the site in order to obtain a
specific point's values for setting out purposes, whereby these values can be referred to the
known datum with the use of levelling equipment and staff. The goal of levelling in this
project is to identify and select the most suitable spot for the construction of a new mosque
with a hall fully equipped with men's and women's restrooms. The initial point of reference in
levelling operations is known as the Bench Mark (BM) or Temporary Bench Mark (TBM).
Furthermore, the reading is taken from back sight first, followed by foresight.

There are three values of TBM and is provided as a reference point to execute new area of
construction for the mosque. On another hand, rise and fall method is applied to determine
the reduced level and adjusted reduced level based on levelling survey data. The most
satisfactory area is chosen to build new building is also depending on the reduced level.
Levelling is an important and useful process in term of its ability to establish new vertical
control, produce contours at the plan and gain a level or inclined plane in setting out of
construction work. By focusing on the new building’s construction, all of those levelling
benefits which mentioned before are applied along the construction stage.

3.2 TACHEOMETRY

Tacheometric surveying is an angular surveying method in which the horizontal distance

between the instrument and the staff stations is determined solely by instrumental
measurements. Tacheometric surveys are ideal for contouring because they allow for
simultaneous measurements of horizontal distances and level differences using the same
collection of observed values (Brough,2016). It is especially useful in hilly areas where the
slopes are steep and the terrain is rugged, making standard levelling and chaining difficult. It
is also good for traversing and filling in details in rough and rugged terrain where measuring
distances with a chain is difficult. Depending on the area to be surveyed, a tacheometric
survey is performed by running a closed or open traverse and locating the necessary
information from the traverse stations (Middleton,2015). Tacheometric stations should be
placed in such a way that they command a clear view of the area to be surveyed while
avoiding broad vertical angles.

3.3 TRANVERSE

Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks. It is also used in
geodesy. Traverse networks involve placing survey stations along a line or path of travel, and
then using the previously surveyed points as a base for observing the next point. Traverse
networks have many advantages, including.

 Less reconnaissance and organization needed.

 While in other systems, which may require the survey to be performed along a rigid
polygon shape, the traverse can change to any shape and thus can accommodate a great
deal of different terrains.
 Only a few observations need to be taken at each station, whereas in other survey
networks a great deal of angular and linear observations need to be made and considered.
 Traverse networks are free of the strength of figure considerations that happen in
triangular systems.
 Scale error does not add up as the traverse is performed. Azimuth swing errors can also
be reduced by increasing the distance between stations.

Usages

Control point which is the primary or base control used for preliminary measurements; it may
consist of any known point capable of establishing accurate control of distance and direction
such as coordinates, elevation, and bearings.
1) Starting – The initial starting control point of the traverse.
2) Observation – All known control points that are set or observed within the traverse.
3) Terminal – The initial ending control point of the traverse; its coordinates are unknown.
Traversing is a procedure that enables the difference in height between two or more points to
be established, and as a consequence, if the reduced level of one of the points is known, then
the reduced level of all other points can be calculated (Davis,2021). By adding this difference
to the known reduced level of the first point, the reduced level of the second point can be
obtained. In physically there are several methods of traversing, depending on the instruments
used in determining the relative directions of the traverse lines. For this project we used
closed traverse and as online we just use AutoCAD which is use command of Li.
REFERENCE

B. H. BROUGH, "Tacheometry, or Rapid Surveying.”," BROUGH ON TACHEOMETRY,

vol. 11, no. 2267, p. 282, 2016.

Reginald Empson Middleton, M. Inst. C.E., "Practical Observation in Tacheometry,"

Middleton on Observation in Tacheometry, vol. 116, no. 1894, pp. 311-317, 2015.

B. Davis, "Mvorganizing.org," 26 March 2019. [Online]. Available:

https://www.mvorganizing.org/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-compass-surveying/.
[Accessed 13 August 2021].