Investment Behaviour of College Teachers

INVESTMENT BEHAVIOUR OF COLLEGE TEACHERS
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Teaching is the one of the most popular profession across the globe.
Teachers are an important force in our society, not only because of their sheer numbers but
much more because they are guarantors of the education of future generations, especially in
the developing countries like India. A teacher enjoys the privileged position of unleashing the
human potential of students within the formal education system and thereby transforming the
individuals, families, communities and society-at-large. The competency of the teacher is a
major determinant of the quality of the education. Teacher‟s professional advancement is
decided by many factors. One of the main factors which strongly influence the efficiency of
teacher is his quality of life. The quality of one‟s life is closely tied to the level or standard of
living maintained by that person. The presence or absence of certain material items, such as
home, cars, jewelry is commonly associated with standard of life. The ability to spend money
for entertainment, health, education, variety in life, art, music and travel also contribute to the
standard of life. Large expensive or fancy items are viewed as evidence of high standard of
living (Lawrence J Gitman, 1981). Thus management of personal finance i.e. income,
consumption saving and investment has a great impact on standard of living. So attitude of
teachers towards consumption, savings and investment would reflect their economic
behaviour, which would influence quality of life and in turn influence their profession and the
education system. Research in this aspect of important stakeholder in education system
assumes significance in the field of educational reform.
Although a few research studies are available which have examined this
phenomenon, most of them are conceptual, descriptive and theoretical in nature. Moreover,
most of the research articles appearing in the popular press are based on anecdotal evidences
rather than rigorous empirical research with diagnostic evaluation. From this analysis, it
follows that the domain of savings and investment behaviour of teaching community belongs
to the under researched area, and as such, it calls for a comprehensive, authoritative and well
integrated empirical examination of the attitude and behaviour of teachers towards their
savings and investment activities. In this context the present research study titled “Investment
behaviour of college teachers with special reference to malappuram district” is undertaken.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The ultimate objective of the investor is to derive a variety of investments that meet his
preference for risk and expected return. The investor will select the portfolio which will
maximize his utility. The temperament and psychology of the investor is the another
important consideration in making an investment decision by the investors. College Teachers
minimum qualification is Postgraduate and National Eligibility Test in India. So literacy level
of the college teachers is very high and their job is permanent. This study is an attempt to
study investment pattern of college teachers and influencing factor for investment. So the
research problem is to identify the investment pattern of college teachers in malappuram
district
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 To identify the major investment avenues currently used by college teachers
 To identify the factors that influences the investment decision.
 To know the awareness of teachers on investment avenues
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The competency of a teacher is a major determinant of the quality of the education. Teacher‟s
professional advancement is decided by many factors. One of the main factors which strongly
influence the efficiency of teacher is his quality of life. The quality of one‟s life is closely
related to the level consumption, savings and investment. The attitude of teachers toward
consumption, saving and investment would reflect their economic behaviour, which would
influence quality of life and in turn influence their profession and the education system.
Today, the living standard of the people increasing day by day so teacher community has
started realizing the importance of savings and proper investment of their savings. They avoid
spending money on heavy luxurious life style and preferring the normal living standard. The
study is conducted to know the saving & investment patterns of college teachers & to know

whether college teachers are making use of modern and attractive investment schemes
available to them
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study covers the college teachers working in government and unaided colleges in
Malappuram district on their savings and investment behavior. The study seeks to analyze
investment avenues used by them, factors influences the investment decision, and their
investment awareness. The study significant because of no study is conducted earlier in
Malappuram district.
1.6 HYPOTHESIS
H0: There is no significance difference between investment avenues used by Government
College and unaided college teachers
1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research methodology used in this study is mainly designed as an empirical work based on
both secondary data and primary data, obtained through pre-tested questionnaire, internet
browsing, direct personal interviews of selected persons involved in this sector as well as
1.7.1 SOURCE OF PRIMARY DATA

The study makes use of primary data. The primary data collected through the questionnaire
from the 60 college teachers
1.7.2 SOURCE OF SECONDARY DATA

The secondary data has been mainly collected for creating theoretical background for this
study. Main sources of secondary data are websites, books, magazines etc.
1.7.3 SAMPLE SIZE

The study is conducted on the basis of 60 selected sample (30 each from government \
aided teachers and unaided college teachers) and findings are drawn based on their
response.

1.7.4 SAMPLING METHOD

Simple Random Sampling Method is used for selecting the sampling unit
1.7.5 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

1.7.5.1 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
The required data for the study has been collected through questionnaire
1.7.5.2 TOOLS USED FOR DATA REPRESENTATION
Tables, graphs and charts used to present data
1.7.5.3 TOOLS USED FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Percentage analysis, chi square analysis used for data analysis
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY

1. There are many investment opportunities are available in the financial market. But
the study incorporates the only limited number of investment avenues in market.
2. The data for the purpose of the study is collected from respondents in malappuram
district only. The study concentrates only on selected factors relating to teachers
investment Behaviour. There may be other influencing factors too, which have not been
considered due to time and data constraints
3. The primary data for the study is collected through questionnaires and the results of the
study may suffer from the inherent drawbacks of such instrument
4. The study compares the perceptions and expectations of the teachers‟ attitude and
Perceptions towards investment are subjective in nature and are likely to Change with the
changing times and market conditions
5. Reliability of data depends on respondent‟s response

1.9 CHAPTER PLAN

The study contains five chapters .The first chapter deals introduction, statement of problem,
objectives, scope and methodology and limitations .The second chapter explains the past studies
relating to this study.
The third chapter explains theoretical background of investment. The fourth chapter contains
the analysis and interpretation of data collected from sample units. The fifth chapter includes
findings, suggestion and conclusion.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Richard A. Duschl and Emmett Wright (1989) investigated the manner and the degree to
which science teachers considered the nature of the subject matter in their decision making
addressing the planning and the delivery of instructional tasks. The goal of the study was the
development of grounded hypotheses about science teacher„s pedagogical decision making.
R. Goymda and Y. Josephine (2005) provided an overview of Para-teacher in India. It traced its
origins of para-teacher schemes in the country and analyses the changing policy context where-in
poorly paid and trained Para-teachers on contract were increasingly being recruited in place of
regular teachers in government schools. Drawing upon available research studies, the authors
drew attention to the detrimental implications that para-teacher programed had for
professionalization of teachers, the quality of schooling and equity concerns in education.
Archna v. Hegde and Deborah j. Cassidy (2009) interviewed twelve kindergarten teachers in
their study, and a constant comparative method was used to analyze the interviews. This study
included a focus on academics vs. play, the importance of worksheets, the importance of groups
for socialization, and the difficulties of implementing a play-based curriculum.
Bhardwaj Rajesh, RahejaRekh and Priyanka (2011), examine Analysis of Income and
Savings Pattern of Government and Private Senior Secondary School Teachers.The study
concluded that the major source of income of Government teachers is salary while tuition fee for
private teachers. Mostly Government & Private teachers both used Bank Deposits and Life
Insurance for investing their savings. Government school teachers received more perks in
comparison to private teachers. The main objective of savings of Government teachers is an
emergency and security while for private teachers is children education and purchase of
consumer durable.
Dr. S. Mathivannan and Dr. M. Selvakumar (2011) studied on saving and investment pattern
of school teaches – A study with reference to Sivakasi Taluk, Tamil Nadu. The study concludes
that today, the teaching community has stated realizing the importance of money and money„s
worth. They are initiated to prepare a budget for the proposed expenses and compare it with the
actual expenses met by them, so that they are not influence by other tempting and fashionable
expenses.

Dr. Dhiraj Jain and Parul Jain (2012) examine savings and investment pattern of school
teachers - a study with reference to Udaipur District, Rajasthan. The study concluded that in
today„s world money play vital role in one„s life and that the importance of money has been
started being recognized by the school teacher„s community. They know the importance of
money so they are initiated themselves to prepare the budget and lessen down their expenses to
meet the future consequences. It has been evident from the study that most of the school teachers
are saving their money for the purpose of their children„s education, marriage and as security
after retirement.
Dr. AnanthapadhmanabhaAchar (2012) studied on saving and Investment Behaviour of

Teachers - An empirical study. In the ultimate analysis individual characteristics of teachers such
as age, gender, marital status, and lifestyle determined the savings and investment behaviour of
teaching community in the study region. In a more or less similar manner, their family
characteristics such as monthly family income, stage of family life cycle, and upbringing status
emerged as determinants of their savings and investment behaviour.
Mooij (2005) studied that since the early 1990s, significant progress was made with regard to
education in India. This positive development stands, however, in sharp contrast with the way in
which government teachers themselves think and talk about education. Instead of feeling pride
and satisfaction, many teachers were unhappy, and often self-critical. Based on focused group
discussions and interviews with teachers in Andhra Pradesh, south India, the study analyses the
reasons behind motivations and demotivation of government schoolteachers and concludes that
there was a need for a new professional ethos and culture.
Dr. AnanthapadhmanabhaAchar (2012) studied on saving and Investment Behaviour of

Teachers - An empirical study. In the ultimate analysis individual characteristics of teachers such
as age, gender, marital status, and lifestyle determined the savings and investment behaviour of
teaching community in the study region. In a more or less similar manner, their family
characteristics such as monthly family income, stage of family life cycle, and upbringing status
emerged as determinants of their savings and investment behaviour.

Archna v. Hegde, Deborah j. Cassidy (2009) interviewed twelve kindergarten teachers in their
study, and a constant comparative method was used to analyze the interviews. This study
included a focus on academics vs. play, the importance of worksheets, the importance of groups
for socialization, and the difficulties of implementing a play-based curriculum
Michael Kremer, Nazmul Chaudhury, F.Halsey,Rogers,Karthik Muralidharan and

Hammer (2005) found that twenty-five percent of teachers were absent from school, and only
about half were teaching during unannounced visits to a nationally representative sample
of government primary schools in India. The researchers found little evidence that attempting
to strengthen local community ties reduced absence. Teachers from the local area had similar
absence rates as teachers from outside the community. Locally controlled non-formal schools
have slightly higher absence rates than schools run by the state government. The existence of a
PTA was not correlated with lower absence. Private-school teachers were only slightly less likely
to be absent than public-school teachers in general, but were 8 percentage points less likely to be
absent than public-school teachers in the same village.
Bindu (2017) examines Investment pattern of college teachers the variables liquidity, high
returns, tax benefit and capital appreciation have significant influence on influencing factor for
investment. But the variables, safety, children‟s education, social norms and marriage have no
significant influence on influencing factor for investment
Krishnamoorthi (2009) in his research paper, “Changing Pattern of Indian Households: Savings
in Financial Assets”, published in RVS Journal of management, concluded that irrespective of
the developments in the capital market and economic conditions, investors like to invest
regularly and this investment behaviour is highly related to educational background.
Sultana and Pardhasaradhi (2012).examine Factor Analysis Individual Eccentric, Wealth

Maximization, Risk Minimization, Brand Perception, Social Responsibility, Financial
Expectation, Accounting information, Government and Media, Economic Expectation and
Advocate recommendation are factors influencing the behaviour of Indian individual equity
investors.

Murithi, Narayanan and Arivazhagan (2012) examine the individual investors still prefer to
invest in financial products which give risk free returns 32
Palaniveluand Chandrakumar (2013) examine Certain factors like education level, awareness
about the current financial system, age of investors make significant impact while deciding the
investment avenues. Awareness program has to be conducted by Stock Broking firms, because
most of the respondents unaware about new services

CHAPTER 3
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

SAVING BEHAVIOUR
Savings means the act of refraining from spending one‟s income on consumption. The part of the
income, which is unspent, is called savings. From the economist‟s perspective people allocate
disposable income between consumption and savings and at various levels of income, there will
be corresponding level of consumption and savings. According to classical definition, saving is
income minus consumption and is residual in character. Savings can also be defined as stock,
wherein savings stands for change in wealth over a period of time. In this sense it is regarded as
the sacrifice in the present consumption for the future
As an accounting concept, saving may be defined as the residual that is left from income after the
consumption choice has been made as part of the household's utility maximization process.
Substantially, saving is future consumption, and it is an important example of an inter-temporal
decision. Division of income between consumption and savings is driven by preferences between
present and future consumption and the utility derived from consumption.
Every individual has a psychological preference for present consumption to equally certain
future consumption. Saving means going against this preference and hence involves sacrifices of
the preference. Thus, saving is an activity that involves both pain of foregoing consumption and
pleasure at a particular moment in time for an anticipated future.
VARIABLES INFLUENCING SAVING BEHAVIOUR
Saving behaviour is influenced by several factors, important among them are: income, wealth,
education, employment status, stages in life cycle, dependency ratio, fiscal policy, pension,
insurance and banking infrastructure.
Income: is considered as the most important explanatory variable of the household savings. The
influence of various concepts of income such as absolute income, permanent income, relative
income, transitory income (life cycle income), on saving behaviour have been explained
variously.
Wealth: When a household experiences an increase in wealth, it is expected to consume both the
added interest income and some portion of the increase in principal. If attractive rates of return
encourage savings, then those with greater wealth have stronger incentives to defer consumption.

Education: Several studies indicate that saving rates increase with education, even after
considering a variety of control variables. Solomon also found that motives for saving varied
with education. Less educated individuals were more likely to save providing for emergencies as
their primary savings goal, while those with more education cited the desire to provide for
children‟s education and to help them set up households. Since educated individuals appear to
have longer time horizons, Solmon suggests that education may alter individual preferences.
Although it is likely that education affects willingness to save, more research is needed to
confirm this hypothesis and to identify the mechanisms through which this process occurs.
Age distribution: age and stage of the population will also affect the fraction of aggregate
income spent. Both ends of the age distribution, the old and the young tend to spend a higher
proportion of their incomes than those in the middle do. The savings-income ratio is small for
younger groups, high for middle age groups, and again low among old age groups.
Employment status: is likely to have important indirect effects on saving rates. Full-time, year
round employees are more likely to have access to institutionalized saving mechanisms (e.g.,
employer-sponsored pension plans); financial information and education; saving subsidies (e.g.,
employer contributions to pension plans); and payroll deduction. Employment status may help
explain saving in low-income households).
Fiscal policies: also would influence savings behaviour. Governments generally provide tax
shelters for private savings. Willingness to save is influenced by taxation. In order to avoid or
reduce the tax burden, people may prefer to save their money in various forms of financial assets.
However, it is not clear, whether the tax incentives really rise the aggregate savings
Availability of public pensions and social security benefits reduces the saving rate by reducing
the need of saving for retirement and contingencies.. The presence of wide spread banking
infrastructure also has a positive impact on savings
Inflation: It has been argued that inflation has negative impact on savings particularly in a
country like India, with low consumption levels where consumers are likely to resist cuts into
real consumption. Empirical evidence on the impact of savings has been mixed.

Rate of interest exerts influence on the way in which any given level of aggregate disposable
income is allocated between consumption and savings. People save money and try to get good
profit in future. This is because they prefer a larger real consumption at a later date than a
smaller immediate consumption.
Size of the family: Propensity to save and propensity to consume are also influenced by the size
of the family. With an increase in family size, the propensity to consume increases due to
increased demand for food, clothing and other necessaries of life. Every aspect of household
economic behaviour is significantly correlated with the presence of children in the household.
Children affect the allocation of a given family budget; they affect the household demand
patterns in a well-defined way.
The saving behaviour and propensity to consume differ between government employee
households and private employee households. It is well known that self-employed people
generally save more than others probably because of their definite interest in expanding their
business or profession
The various studies reviewed above reveal that dividing household income between consumption
and saving is a complex process. Several factors influencing them vary over region, time and
community. In this context, it would be interesting to analyse the consumption and saving
behaviour among teachers and to diagnose the economic and socio- cultural dimensions of such
behavioural patterns.
INVESTMENT BEHAVIOUR
Personal disposable income of the household is divided between consumption and savings.
Savings may be idle or active. Savings becomes active, when it is canalized into return bearing
avenues. The act of canalizing savings into return bearing avenues is investment. In this sense,
investment refers to the increase in real capital, which leads to the generation of income. It is the
addition to the existing stock of capital assets and leads to capital formation. Investment is a
wider concept, and household investment reflects the microform of it. Household investment
mainly, refers to channelizing household savings into return giving options.

Here, decisions are very much based on risks involved and risk- bearing capacity of the
investors. Every investment is exposed to one or another type of risk. There are five major risks
in investment, which may be present in varying degrees, in different sorts of investment: non-
payment risk, business risk, inflation risk, political risk, and social risk. Therefore, an investor,
while investing money would try to satisfy the three objectives- safety, profitability, and
liquidity.
The skill in management of investment does not lie in generating high returns alone. It lies in
achieving a sound balance between the three objectives viz – profitability – liquidity – safety.
Investment planning is not a game of maximizing returns, but a game of delicate balancing.
Every investment is a trade- off between risk and returns.
Apart from risk and return other factors that influence investment decision are: marketability,
initial investment, tax benefit, loan facility, institution, past experience, age and needs, social
conditions, and liquidity.
House hold investment may be in the form – financial investment and physical or real
investment. Financial investment comprises deposits in banks, shares, debentures, securities in
companies, contributions to provident fund/public provident fund, contributions to chit funds,
and insurance. While physical investments include land, buildings, vehicles and stock of raw
materials
DETERMINANTS OF INVESTMENT BEHAVIOUR
Investment avenues for an individual or family or household are many, generally known as
instruments. The preference shown by an investor in choosing a particular instrument is called
Investment behaviour. The process of investment commences with surplus income, which
includes operating and non- operating earnings.
The prime determinants of investment behaviour of an individual are: sociological factors, such
as culture or sub culture, social classes, reference group; and psychological factors like
personality, attitude, beliefs, values and perceived investment- related benefits.
Cultural surroundings and the various groups of people with whom an individual inter relates,
greatly influences his perception, thinking and belief about different forms of investment).

People‟s investment behaviour is strongly influenced by the class to which they belong. Research
studies have shown that a class membership is a significant determinant of investment behaviour.
Investor behaviour is also influenced by the small group to which investors belong or aspire to
belong. This group may include family, fraternal organization, labour unions church or religious
groups or circle of close friends or neighbours (William D wells, 1975).
Attitudes and beliefs have strong and direct impact on the investor‟s perceptions in household
investment behaviour. Household investment attitudes are formed, generally speaking, by the
information investors acquire through their past learning experiences with the investment
opportunity, or through their relations with their reference groups such as family, social and
work groups, etc. The perception of this information is influenced by personality traits. It is
generally agreed that investor personality traits influence their perceptions and investment
behaviour
Studies have shown that informal personal advice in face- to- face groups is much more effective
as a behavioural determinant than advertising in newspapers, magazines, journals, Television or
other mass media. That is, when it comes to selecting investment avenues or changing
investment patterns, a prospective investor is more likely to be influenced by word of mouth
advertising from the satisfied investors in his or her reference group. This is true especially when
the speaker is considered to be knowledgeable regarding the particular investment opportunity.

IMPORTANCE OF INVESTMENT
Investments are both important and useful in the context of present day conditions. Some factors
that made investment decisions increasingly important are:
Income
The growth and development of country leading to greater economic activity has lead to
introduction of a vast array of investment outlets. The investor in his choice of investment will
have to try and achieve a proper mix between high rate of return and stability of return to reap
the benefit of both.
Interest rates
Another aspect which is necessary for a sound investment plan is the level of interest rates. It
may vary between one investment and another. These may vary between risky and safe
investments; they may also differ due to different benefits schemes offered by the investments.
Inflation
Since the last decade inflation has become continue as problem. In these years of rising prices,
several problems are associated coupled with a falling standard of living. The investor will try
and search an outlet which will give him a high rate of returns in the form of interest to cover any
decrease due to inflation.
Increasing rate of taxation
Taxation is one of the crucial factors in any country which introduced an element of compulsion
in individual‟s savings. There are various forms of savings outlet in our country in the form of
investment which helps in bringing down the tax level by offering the deductions in personal
income.
And also some factors like

Past market trends
Sometimes history repeats itself; sometimes markets learn from their mistakes. The investor
needs to understand how various asset classes have performed in the past before planning your
finances.
Risk appetite
The ability to tolerate risk differs from person to person. It depends on factors such as investor‟s
financial responsibilities, environment, basic personality, etc. Therefore, understanding an
investor‟s capacity to take on risk becomes a crucial factor in investment decision making.
Investment horizon
How long an investor can keep the money invested? The longer the time-horizon, the greater are
the returns that you should expect. Further, the risk element reduces with time.
Investible surplus
How much money an investor able to keep aside for investments? The investible surplus plays a
vital role in selecting from various asset classes as the minimum investment amounts differ and
so do the risks and returns.
Investment need
How much money an investor need at the time of maturity? This helps the investor determine
the amount of money need to invest every month or year to reach the magic figure.
Expected returns
The expected rate of returns is a crucial factor as it will guide the investor‟s choice of
investment. Based on investor‟s expectations, he can decide whether you want to invest heavily
into equities or debt or balance his portfolio.
Investment attributes:
For evaluating an investment avenue the following attributes are relevant.

Rate of return
The rate of returns of an investment for a period is defined as follows:
Rate of return = Annual income + (Ending price- Beginning price)/Beginning price
Risk
The risk of an investment refers to the possibility of losing part or full of the invested amount.
The rate of return from investment likes equity share, real estate and gold can vary rather widely.
Rate of return from different investment options vary a lot. Remember the famous quote, More
the risk and more the profits. It is a general phenomenon that more return is expected out of a
high risk investment. Risk means uncertainty of returns. Statistically, the risk is judged based on
parameters like variance, standard deviation and beta. More a security deviate from its expected
outcomes, risk is considered to be high. Challenge for a finance manager while investing funds is
to achieve high returns on investments while keeping the risk at lowest possible levels.
Marketability
An investment is highly marketable or liquid if, it can be transacted quickly, The transaction cost
is low and the price change between two successive transactions is negligible.
Liquidity
Liquidity means marketability of an investment. For example, equity shares of a big company
can be easily liquidated in the stock markets. On the other hand, money invested in an asset
(machinery) cannot be liquidated as easily as the equity share. An investment is considered
highly marketable or liquid it can be easily transacted with low transaction cost and low price
variation. A finance manager looks for more liquid investments when the funds are available for
short period. Liquidity is always given a preference because it helps the managers remain
flexible.

Convenience
The selected investment avenue should be under the legal and regularity framework. If it is not
under the framework, it is difficult to represent grievances, if any approval of the law itself adds
a flavor of safety.
INVESTMENT AVENUES
Investment refers to the sacrificing of certain present value for some uncertain future value. It
also means the conversion of money into claims on money and use of funds for productive and
income earned assets.
The investment options available to an investor fall in to 3 broad categories viz financial
investment, real investment and non-securitized investment. Financial investment are contracts
written on pieces of paper like equity shares, govt. securities etc. Real investments are represent
by tangible assets like residential house, agricultural farm, gold, precious stones and art objects.
Non securitized investments include deposits in banks. The investment avenues available are
described here.
EQUITY SHARES
Equity capital represents ownership capital. Equity share holder collectively owned the
company. They bear the risk and enjoys the rewards of ownership. Potential rewards and
penalties associated with the equity shares make them interesting, even exiting proposition. The
shareholders get voting right.
PREFERENCE SHARES
Preference shares represent a hybrid security that takes some characteristics of equity shares and
some attributes of debentures. Preference shares carry a fixed rate of dividend and it is
redeemable. Preference shareholders enjoys restricted voting right also.

COMMERCIAL BANKS/BANK DEPOSITS
Bank deposit is the simple investment avenue open for the investors. Commercial banks provide
to the investor both deposits which are liquid in nature, which has stability and which also given
an element of security. The following kind of deposits is provided by the bank.
1. Savings bank deposit
The most liquid form of investment is the maintenance of a saving bank account. The deposits
may be made at any time through the introduction of a person already having a bank account or
through the manager of the bank on completion of the formalities of filling a form and having it
certified, the investor can begin to operate association.
2. Current account
An investigator is also given the option of having a current account in the bank for maintaining
liquidity. A current account is usually open a business house of this current account, the account
holder is permitted to draw according to a fixed limited provided by the bankers in agreement
with the account opening association.
3. Recurring deposit
Recurring deposit is a made by which an investor may at regular intervals deposit a fixed sum of
money in bank.
4. Fixed deposit schemes
Each bank has certain special schemes. These schemes vary from bank to bank but the maturity
value is normally the same and the interest at a fixed deposit is specified from time to time by the
RBI.
5. Mutual fund schemes
Commercial banks in India have also started mutual fund schemes. The first bank take this step
was in 1987.

POST OFFICE SCHEMES
Post office schemes are generally like the commercial bank schemes. They have a saving
account, a recurring account, and a ten-year Cumulative Time Deposit (CTD) account which are
also recurring in nature. The savings account operates in the same way as commercial banks
through Cheque and there is no restriction on withdrawals.
NATIONAL SAVING SCHEMES
National saving schemes have been started by the government of India mainly to finance its
economic development plans through the mobilization of savings of smaller income groups this
scheme is operated mainly through the post offices. Because of the tax free nature of the scheme,
its main purpose is to attract higher income group of people also. The investor has an exact
picture of the amount that he will receive at the time of encashment of security. The rate of
interest on NSS is usually higher than the commercial banks. The certificates have an advantage
that they can be used as collateral at the time of taking a loan from the bank.
LAND AND HOUSE PROPERTY/ REAL ESTATE
Land and house property is also called real estate. This investment is taken by a large number of
people for hedging the inflation rates. The real estate market offers a high return to investors.
People invest in real estate because of High capital appreciation particularly in the urban area.
Availability of loans for the constructions of houses
GOLD & SILVER
Gold is one of the most valuable assert in the economy. It has been used in India primarily as the
form of saving by the house vice although it is said to appreciate many times yet in India it is
more of a sense of security and fixed assets rather than for the use of sale or for the purchase of
making profit or income on this investment. Gold may be invested into either in the form of gold
shares, gold coins, gold bars and gold jewelries.
Silver is sold in the form of weight by kilograms in India. Silver may be owned in the form of
coin, utensils, glasses, bowels, plates, trays and jewellery. This like gold has been a hedge during
inflation. The price of silver although less than gold, also keeps on rising in the same way as gold

CHIT FUND
Chit fund means a transaction whether called chit, chit fund, chitty, kuri or by any other name
by or under which a person enters into an agreement with a specified number of persons that
every one of them shall subscribe a certain sum of money (or a certain quantity of grain instead)
by way of periodical installments over a definite period and that each such subscriber shall, in his
turn, as determined by lot or by auction of by tender or in such other manner as may be specified
in the chit agreement, be entitled to the prize amount.
PUBLIC PROVIDENT FUND
The Public Provident Fund (PPF) is a savings-cum-tax-saving instrument in India, introduced by

the National Savings Institute of the Ministry of Finance in 1968. The aim of the scheme is to
mobilize small savings by offering an investment with reasonable returns combined with income
tax benefits.

CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA

CLASSIFICATION OF DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS OF RESPONDENTS
TABLE 4.1
CRITERIA PARTICULERS NO OF PERCENTAGE
RESPONDENTS
Below 30 25 41%
30-40 14 24%
Age 40-50 11 19%
50-60 8 13%
Above 60 2 3%
Total 60 100%
Male 37 62%
Gender Female 23 38%
Total 60 100%
Government/Aided 30 50%
Types of institution Unaided 30 50%
Total 60 100%
Married 42 70%
Marital status Unmarried 18 30%
Total 60 100%
Below 25000 30 50%
25000-50000 1 2%
Monthly income 50000-75000 16 27%
75000-100000 5 8%
Above 100000 8 13%
Total 60 100%
Source: Primary data
INTERPRETATION:
The above table shows that majority of respondents are belong to age group below 30
(41%).Gender wise classification shows that out of 60 respondents,62% are male. Respondents
are 30 each from government / aided sector.
Out of 60 respondents, 70% are married and 30% are unmarried.
As to monthly income, 50% of respondents fall under below 25000 and 27% are receiving
income between 50000-75000

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF AWARENESS
TABLE 4.2
VERY HIGH AVERAGE LOW VERY
INVESTMENT
HIGH LOW
AVENUES
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Savings account 53 6 1 0 0
Fixed deposit 11 29 18 2 0
Gold and silver 22 30 8 0 0
Real estate 11 24 11 10 4
Life insurance 9 19 21 10 1
Post office deposit 8 21 11 14 6
PPF 9 21 9 9 12
Share and debentures 5 10 18 21 6
Mutual fund 3 6 14 21 10
Treasury bill 1 5 11 22 21
Chitties and kurries 18 29 7 3 4
CHART 4.1
120%
97%
100%
85%
76% 79%
80% 69% 68%
64% 62%
60% 56%
44% 41%
40%
20%
0%

ANALYSIS OF AWARENESS LEVEL
TABLE 4.3
VERY VERY
INVESTMENT HIGH AVERAGE LOW
HIGH LOW TOTAL PERCENTAGE
AVENUES (4) (3) (2)
(5) (1)
Savings account 265 24 3 0 0 292 97%
Fixed deposit 55 116 54 4 0 229 76%
Gold and silver 110 120 24 0 0 254 85%
Real estate 55 96 33 20 4 208 69%
Life insurance 45 76 63 20 1 205 68%
Post office
40 84 33 28 6 191 64%
deposit
PPF 45 84 27 18 12 186 62%
Share and
25 40 54 42 6 167 56%
debentures
Mutual fund 15 24 42 42 10 133 44%
Treasury bill 5 20 33 44 21 123 41%
Chitties and
90 116 21 6 4 237 79%
kurries
Source: primary data
INTERPRETATION:
The above table shows 97% of respondents have well knowledge on savings bank account and
85% ,79% had awareness on gold & silver and Chitties and kurries respectively . Whereas 41%
of respondents only have awareness on Treasury bill

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF INVESTMENT AVENUES
TABLE 4.4
INVESTMENT AVENUES NO.OF RESPONDANTS PERCENTAGE
Savings account 59 36%
Fixed deposit 17 10%
Gold and silver 20 12%
Real estate 12 7%
Life insurance 7 4%
Post office deposit 11 7%
PPF 16 10%
Share and debentures 6 4%
Mutual fund 2 1%
Treasury bill 0 0%
Chitties and kurries 14 9%
Total 164 100%
CHART 4.2
40% 36%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15% 12%
10% 10%
10% 7% 9%
7%
4% 4%
5% 1% 0%
0%
INTERPRETATION:
The above table shows that out of 60 respondents 36 % of investors prefer to invest their money
in savings account, 12% of the investors invest their gold and silver and 10% investors invest
their money in fixed deposit.

CLASSIFICATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING INVESTMENT

DECISION
TABLE 4.5
SCORE
FACTOR 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Safety 27 21 11 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Return 2 17 16 10 5 3 0 0 0 0
Liquidity 2 2 1 10 25 15 0 2 0 0
Risk 3 8 8 11 11 13 4 0 0 0
Maturity period 0 0 1 1 5 5 30 15 2 2
Tax benefit 9 11 4 5 3 3 3 2 16 4
Convenience 2 2 1 2 2 10 6 29 5 0
Availability of
13 12 16 6 0 2 3 3 2 2
income
Reliability 0 0 0 4 2 6 2 7 31 2
Customer service 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 5 46
CHART 4.3
568
445
416
390
347 343
241 243
163
92

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING INVESTMENT DECISION
TABLE 4.6
SCORE
FACTORS TOTAL RANK
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Safety 270 189 88 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 568 1
Return 20 153 128 70 30 15 0 0 0 0 416 3
Liquidity 20 18 8 70 150 75 0 6 0 0 347 5
Risk 30 72 64 77 66 65 16 0 0 0 390 4
Maturity
0 0 8 7 30 25 120 45 4 2 241 8
period
Tax benefit 90 99 32 35 18 15 12 6 32 4 343 6
Convenience 20 18 8 14 12 50 24 87 10 0 243 7
Availability
130 108 128 42 0 10 12 9 4 2 445 2
of income
Reliability 0 0 0 28 12 30 8 21 62 2 163 9
Customer
10 0 8 7 6 5 0 0 10 46 92 10
service
INTERPRETATION:
This is done to know the importance of each factor while choosing investment option. we
identify that safety get the first rank. The second influencing factor is availability of income and
third is return. Least influencing factor is customer service

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF INVESTMENT OBJECTIVES
TABLE 4.4
OBJECTIVES NO.OF RESPONDANTS PERCENTAGE
Retirement plan 13 19%
Tax benefit 10 14%
Construction& acquisition of asset 16 23%
Children‟s marriage 9 13%
Children‟s education 11 16%
Others 11 16%
Total 70 100%
CHART 4.4
25% 23%
20% 19%
16% 16%
14%
15% 13%
10%
5%
0%
Retirement Tax benefit Construction& Children’s Children’s Others
plan acquisition of marriage education
asset
INTERPRETATION:
Most of the investors invest their saving for the objective of construction & acquisition of asset
(23%) and retirement plan(19%).16% of respondents are preferred children`s education and
others.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF FREQUENCY

TABLE 4.8
FREQUENCY NO.OF RESPONDANTS PERCENTAGE

Regularly 11 18%
Often 16 27%
Occasionally 19 32%
Sometimes 9 15%
Rarely 5 8%
Total 60 100%
CHART 4.5
32%
27%
18%
15%
8%
Regularly Often Occasionally Sometimes Rarely
INTERPRETATION:
The above table shows that out of 60 respondents 32% of investors occasionally make their
investment, 27% of respondents make their investment often & 18% of respondents make their
investment regularly.

CLASSIFCATION ON THE BASIS OF SOURCE OF

INFORMATION
TABLE 4.9
Score
SOURCES
5 4 3 2 1
friends & Relatives 32 18 6 2 0
co-workers 20 22 17 0 0
Advertisements 5 14 30 7 2
journals & magazine 3 5 3 49 1
Others 0 0 3 0 55
CHART 4.6
7%
29%
16%
friends & Relatives
co-workers
advertisements
journals & magazine
others
21%
27%

ANALYSIS ON THE BASIS OF SOURCE OF INFORMATION

TABLE 4.10
SCORE
SOURCES TOTAL RANK
5 4 3 2 1
friends & Relatives 160 72 18 4 0 254 1
co-workers 100 88 51 0 0 239 2
advertisements 25 56 90 14 2 187 3
journals & magazine 15 20 9 98 1 143 4
others 0 0 9 0 55 64 5
INTERPRETATION:
This is done to know where they get information about investment. Most of respondent depend
on the information obtained from friends & relatives and got first rank.co- workers got second
rank.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF PROBLEMS

TABLE 4.11
1. Problems in banking investment
SCORE
STRONGLY STRONGLY
PROBLEMS AGREE NEUTRAL DISAGREE
AGREE DISAGREE
Low return 44 13 1 1 0
High risk 0 1 20 29 9
poor services 1 21 24 8 5
Liquidity 1 11 12 15 20
CHART4.7
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Low return High risk poor services Liquidity

ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS REGARDING BANKING

INVESTMENT
TABLE 4.12
SCORE
PROBLEMS STRONGLY AGREE NEUTRAL DISAGREE STRONGLY TOTAL RANK
AGREE DISAGREE
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Low return 220 52 3 2 0 277 1
High risk 0 4 60 58 9 131 4
poor services 5 84 72 16 5 182 2
Liquidity 5 44 36 30 20 135 3
INTERPRETATION:
This is done to know the problems faced by investors regarding banking investments. From this
we can identify that the low return gets 1st rank. Poor services, liquidity and high risk got 2nd ,
3rd and 4th rank respectively


TABLE 4.13
2. Problems in share and debenture investment
score
PROBLEMS STRONGLY STRONGLY
AGREE NEUTRAL DISAGREE
AGREE DISAGREE
High risk 7 0 0 0 0
Liquidity 2 1 2 0 1
CHART 4.8
40
35
35
30
26
25
21
20
17
15
10
0

ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS REGARDING SHARES AND

DEBENTURES INVESTMENT
TABLE 4.14
SCORE
PROBLEMS TOTAL RANK
STRONGLY STRONGLY
AGREE DISAGREE
Low return 0 4 6 6 1 17 4
High risk 35 0 0 0 0 35 1
poor services 10 12 0 4 0 26 2
Liquidity 10 4 6 0 1 21 3
INTERPRETATION:
This is done to know the problems faced by investors regarding shares and debentures
investments. From this we can identify that the high risk gets 1st rank. Poor services, liquidity and
low return got e 2nd, 3rd and 4th rank respectively


TABLE 4.15
3. Problems in gold and silver investment
Score
AGREE DISAGREE
High risk 0 5 11 7 0
Liquidity 0 4 3 10 7
CHART 4.9
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS REGARDING GOLD AND SILVER

INVESTMENT
TABLE 4.16
Score
PROBLEMS TOTAL RANK
STRONGLY STRONGLY
AGREE DISAGREE
Low return 85 24 0 0 0 109 1
High risk 0 20 33 14 0 67 3
poor services 5 24 24 14 2 69 2
Liquidity 0 16 9 20 7 52 4
INTERPRETATION:
This is done to know the problems faced by investors regarding banking investments. From this
we can identify that the low return gets 1st rank. Poor services, high risk and liquidity got 2nd, 3rd
and 4th rank respectively


TABLE 4.17
4. Problems in Chitties & kurries investment
Score
AGREE DISAGREE
High risk 1 2 5 3 3
Liquidity 2 3 2 5 1
CHART 4.10
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS REGARDING CHITTIES &

KURRIES INVESTMENT
TABLE 4.18
SCORE
PROBLEMS TOTAL RANK
STRONGLY STRONGLY
AGREE DISAGREE
Low return
55 4 3 0 0 62 1
High risk 5 8 15 6 3 37 4
poor services 5 32 6 2 1 46 2
Liquidity 10 12 6 10 1 39 3
INTERPRETATION:
This is done to know the problems faced by investors regarding Chitties and kurries investments.
From this we can identify that the low return gets 1st rank. Poor services, liquidity and high risk
got 2nd, 3rd and 4th rank respectively


TABLE 4.19
5. Problems in life insurance investments
SCORE
AGREE DISAGREE
Low return 6 3 0 0
0
High risk 0 3 5 1 0
poor
0 4 1 4
services 0
Liquidity 3 0 1 3 2
CHART 4.11
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0

ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS REGARDING LIFE INSURANCE

TABLE 4.20
SCORE
PROBLE TOT RAN
MS STRONGLY AGR NEUTR DISAG STRONGLY AL K
AGREE EE AL REE DISAGREE
Low
return
30 12 0 0 0 42 1
High risk 0 12 15 2 0 29 2
poor
services
0 16 3 8 0 27 3
Liquidity 15 0 3 6 2 26 4
INTERPRETATION:
This is done to know the problems faced by investors regarding life insurance investments. From
this we can identify that the low return gets 1st rank. High risk, Poor services and liquidity got
2nd , 3rd and 4th rank

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF RATE OF RETURN

TABLE 4.21
RATE OF RETURN NO.OF RESPONDANTS PERCENTAGE

Below 8% 38 63%
8% -12% 15 25%
12%-16% 3 5%
16%-20% 2 3%
above 20% 2 3%
Total 60 100%
CHART 4.12
Below 8% 8% -12% 12%-16% 16%-20% above 20%
4% 3%
5%
25%
63%
INTERPRETATION:
From the above table, 63% of respondents expect rate of return is below 8 % and 3 % expect
rate of return above 20%

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF MATURITY PERIOD

TABLE 4.22
MATURITY PERIOD NO OF RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE

Short term (1 year) 26 43%
Mid-term (1-5 year) 23 38%
Long term (above 5 year) 11 18%
Total 60 100%
CHART 4.13
18%
43% Short term(1 yr)

Mid term(1-5 yr)
Long term(above 5 yr)
38%
INTERPRETATION:
The above charts shows that the majority of respondents (43%) are short term investors. 38%
and 18% are mid-term and long term investors respectively.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF REASONS OF

WITHDRAWAL
TABLE 4.23
REASONS NO.OF RESPONDANTS PERCENTAGE
Huge risk 2 8%
Low return 3 12%
Difficult to maintain 6 23%
Non-performance of asset 2 8%
Life situation 12 46%
others 1 4%
Total 26 100%
CHART 4.14
46%
23%
12%
8% 8%
4%
INTERPRETATION:
46% of respondents says that life situation is the reason for their withdrawal and difficult to
maintain is the reason for 23%.

ANALYSIS OF HYPOTHESIS
H0: There is no significance difference between investment avenues of government/aided
college and aided college teachers
TABLE 4.24
Government / aided Unaided
Investment avenues Total
teachers teachers
Savings account 30 29 59
Fixed deposit 15 2 17
Gold and silver 12 8 20
Real estate 10 2 12
Life insurance 4 3 7
Post office deposit 8 3 11
PPF 14 2 16
Share and debentures 5 1 6
Mutual fund 2 0 2
Treasury bill 0 0 0
Chitties and kurries 6 8 14
Total 106 58 164
CHI-SQUARE TEST
OBSERVED (O) EXPECTED (E) (O-E)2/E
30 38.1 1.7
29 20.9 3.2
15 11.0 1.5
14 18.9 1.3
8 7.1 0.1
10 7.8 0.6
9 11.2 0.4
8 7.1 0.1
17 14.2 0.5
7 9.5 0.7
9 13.2 1.3
8 5.0 1.9
Total 13.4

Degree of freedom = (r-1) (c-1)
(11-1) (2-1)
10*1 = 10
Level of significance = 0.05
The calculated value (13.4) is less than the table value (18.30). So hypothesis is accepted.
Hence it is concluded that, “There is no significant difference between type of organization and
investment avenues”.

CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS
AND
CONCLUSIONS

5.1 SUMMARY
The project entitled “Investment behaviour of college teachers with special reference to
malappuram district”. The main objective of the study was to find out the saving and investment
behaviour of college teachers
This project was successfully completed through five chapters. The first chapter of the project
contains introduction. It also includes objective and importance of the study. This chapter also
includes research methodology used, period of study, and limitation of the study and chapter
plan.
The second chapter includes theoretical background. The study was conducted with the
objectives of looking in to the level of saving and the manner of its disposition and in depth
analysis of factors underlying. From the study it was found that a high proportion of saving was
absorbed in unproductive assets leading to a vicious of low income and low saving
The study is conducted through direct personal interview of 60 college teachers with the help of
well-structured questionnaire Respondent of selected samples are duly tabulated, analyzed and
interpreted by using various statistical tools are included in the fourth chapter.
The researcher while conducting the study comes across many findings suggestions and
conclusions. All these includes in fifth chapter.

5.1 FINDINGS
The following are the findings that appeared while analyzing the study
1. Most of the respondents (36%) have made their investment in savings account. Whereas
not even one invested in Treasury bill
2. Safety and availability of income are the most attractive factors while selecting an
investment avenue. Then after return and risk are the attractive factors. The reliability and
customer service are least attractive factors.
3. Savings bank account, gold and silver and kurries and Chitties investment avenues are
having higher awareness level. Whereas treasury bills having least awareness.
4. Most of the investors depend on the friends and relatives and coworkers for getting
investment information.
5. Low return and poor services are main Problems regarding banking investment, Chitties
& kurries and gold & silver
6. High risk and poor services are main Problems regarding share and debenture investment.
whereas Low return and high risk are main Problems regarding life insurance investment
7. Construction& acquisition of asset (23%) and retirement plan(19%) are the prime motive
of the investment.
8. Most of respondents (32% )would like to invest occasionally

9. Majority of investors (63%) gets rate of return below 8% .
10. Most of respondents (43%) would like to invest in short term investment.
11. Main reason for withdrawal of investment are life situation and low return

5.2 SUGGESTIONS
The following are the suggestions that appeared while analyzing the study
1. As the score obtained for the level of awareness of the Respondents about shares &
Debentures, Mutual Fund, Treasury Bill etc. is less. It reveals that the teachers
„knowledge about various innovative and new generation investment avenues are very
low. so they should update their knowledge about new investments
2. Investments like mutual fund, share and debentures are not well preferred so,
Companies or agencies related to investments like mutual fund, share and debentures
etc. should reduce complexities and give awareness class to enhance knowledge level
3. Introduce new innovation schemes with low risk

5.3 CONCLUSION
The investment pattern of college teachers follows the traditional pattern of
investments which have been used by them for years. Bank deposit is the favorite
investment avenue of almost all respondents. Most of the teachers is make investment of
the influence by self and by family and relatives. The only drawback of the teachers is
that they are reluctant to invest in modern investment schemes. And majority of them
are afraid to take risk.
Accordingly, the study was confined to different categories of teachers working in

various educational institutions in malappuram district with a special emphasis on their
attitude and behaviour towards consumption, savings and investments. Hence it is micro
study, the findings, discussions and conclusions cannot be generalized so as to make
them applicable to all sections of the society in all States in India due to differing social-
economic and cultural circumstances.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
1. H.R MACHIRAJU. Indian Financial system, Vikas publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
Second edition.
2. VASANT B DESAI, Financial markets and financial services, Himalaya
Publishing house.
Websites
1. www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
2. www.scribd.com
3. www.wikipedia.com

APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE
IN MALAPPURAM DISTRICT
Dear Respondent,
We are students from MEASS College, Areekode currently pursuing for M.COM course as a
part of curriculum. We are required to do a project work. We will be pleased if you kindly spare
few minutes for filling up the questionnaire. Whatever Information provided by you will be kept
confidential used only for the purpose of our study.
1. Name :
2. Age : below 30 30-40 40-50
50-60 above 60
3. Gender : male female
4. Marital status : married unmarried
5. Types of institution : government/aided unaided
6. Monthly income : less than 250000 25000-50000 50000-75000
75000-100000 above 100000
7. state your level of awareness about investment avenues
Very
Investment avenues High Average Low Very low
high
1. Savings bank account
2. Fixed deposits
3. Gold/ silver
4. Real estate
5. Life Insurance
6. Post office deposits
7. Provident fund
8. Shares or debentures
9. Mutual funds
10. Treasury bill
11 Chitties and kurries

8. Where do you invest? ( please put tick applicable to you)
1. Savings bank account

2. Fixed deposits
3. Gold/ silver
4. Real estate
5. Life Insurance
6. Post office deposits
7. Provident fund
8. Shares or debentures
9. Mutual funds
10. Treasury bill
11. Chitties and kurries
12. Others (specify)
9. Which factor do you consider before investing (rank the following)
Safety
Return
Liquidity
Risk
Maturity period
Tax benefits
Convenience
availability of income
Reliability
Customer service
10. what is your investment objective?(please put tick applicable to you)
Retirement benefits
Tax benefits
Construction and acquisition of asset
Children‟s marriage
Children‟s education
Others

11. How frequently do you invest?
Regularly often occasionally sometimes rarely
12. Source of getting information about investment? (rank the following)
1. Friends and Relatives

2. co workers
3. Advertisement
4. journals and magazine
5. Others
13. What are the problems faced by you in investments?
Strongly Strongly
Problems Agree Neutral Disagree
agree Disagree
Low return
1.Banking
Risk
investment
Poor services
Liquidity
Strongly Strongly
agree Disagree
2.Share Low return
and Risk
debenture Poor services
Liquidity
Strongly Strongly
agree Disagree
Low return
3.Gold Risk
and silver Poor services
Liquidity

Strongly Strongly
4. Problems Agree Neutral Disagree
agree Disagree
Chitties Low return
and Risk
kurries Poor services
Liquidity
Strongly Strongly
5. Problems Agree Neutral Disagree
agree Disagree
Life Low return
insurance
Risk
Poor services
Liquidity
14. your expected rate of return
Below 8% 8%- 12% 12%-16% 16%-20% above 20%
15. what is the maturity date you prefer

1 year 1-5 year above 5 year
16. Have you withdrawn your investment before maturity date?
Yes No
17. If yes, what are reasons to withdraw your investment? (tick applicable to you)
Huge risk
Low return
Difficult to maintain
Non-performance of asset
Life situation
Others ( specify)

Investment Behaviour of College Teachers

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INVESTMENT BEHAVIOUR OF COLLEGE TEACHERS

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 1

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 2

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 To identify the major investment avenues currently used by college teachers

 To identify the factors that influences the investment decision.

 To know the awareness of teachers on investment avenues

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 3

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1.7 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.7.1 SOURCE OF PRIMARY DATA

1.7.2 SOURCE OF SECONDARY DATA

1.7.3 SAMPLE SIZE

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 4

1.7.4 SAMPLING METHOD

1.7.5 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

1.7.5.2 TOOLS USED FOR DATA REPRESENTATION

Tables, graphs and charts used to present data

1.7.5.3 TOOLS USED FOR DATA ANALYSIS

Percentage analysis, chi square analysis used for data analysis

1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 5

1.9 CHAPTER PLAN

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 6

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 7

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 8

Dr. AnanthapadhmanabhaAchar (2012) studied on saving and Investment Behaviour of

Dr. AnanthapadhmanabhaAchar (2012) studied on saving and Investment Behaviour of

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 9

Michael Kremer, Nazmul Chaudhury, F.Halsey,Rogers,Karthik Muralidharan and

Sultana and Pardhasaradhi (2012).examine Factor Analysis Individual Eccentric, Wealth

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 10

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 11

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 12

VARIABLES INFLUENCING SAVING BEHAVIOUR

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 13

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 14

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 15

DETERMINANTS OF INVESTMENT BEHAVIOUR

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 16

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 17

Increasing rate of taxation

And also some factors like

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 18

Past market trends

For evaluating an investment avenue the following attributes are relevant.

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 19

The rate of returns of an investment for a period is defined as follows:

Rate of return = Annual income + (Ending price- Beginning price)/Beginning price

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 20

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 21

COMMERCIAL BANKS/BANK DEPOSITS

1. Savings bank deposit

4. Fixed deposit schemes

5. Mutual fund schemes

SULLAMUSSALAM SCIENCE COLLEGE AREEKODE Page 22

POST OFFICE SCHEMES

NATIONAL SAVING SCHEMES

LAND AND HOUSE PROPERTY/ REAL ESTATE

GOLD & SILVER