INTRODUCTION

● There are many learners entered teaching techniques.

Among them one of the important techniques is project
work.

● Project based learning is a teaching method in which

students gain knowledge and skills by working for an
extended period of time to investigate and respond to an
authentic, engaging and complex question, problem or
challenge.
● John Dewy is one of the early proponents of
project-based education or at least its principles
through his idea of “learning by doing”.
 PROJECT WORK
● Project teaching was mooted by Kilpatrick and given shape
by Stevenson.

● Project is a learning unit which is formed around an activity

that could be undertaken in the school or outside the school.

● According to Bossing “ project is a method of finding out

solutions to problems in their natural setting”.
cording to Kilpatrick A project is
whole-hearted purposeful
vity proceeding in a social
ironment to learn a truth”.

s method is based on the

owing principles:
Students learn better through
participation, cooperation and
activities.
Learning by doing.
Learning by living.
STEPS INVOLVED IN UNDERTAKING A PROJECT

The steps involved in undertaking a project are;

1. Providing suitable situation.

2. Choosing and proposing the project.
3. Planning.
4. Execution.
5. Evaluation.
6. Recording.
1. PROVIDING SUITABLE SITUATION
● The teacher should always look out the students interests
and want to discuss with them. The teacher can talk to
the students on the topics of common interest.

● For example, about their hobbies and how do they spend

their holidays and time.

● By talk and discussion with the students the teacher

should provide situations for the
 to tell about a project which can be completed by a project
method.
CHOOSING AND PROPOSING THE PROJECT

● The project should not be chosen by the teacher. It

should be chosen by the students and the teacher should
not compel the students to do the proposal of the
teachers project.

● The teacher can only help the students in their project.

3. PLANNING

● The success of a project depends on the planning.

The planning should be done by the students. Before
handling the project every activity in the project
should be planned in detail before.

● Teachers should guide the students.

● The various stages in the project should be s

studied and the work involved in every substage, materials
and equipments needed, method of collecting data,
forming of sub-groups and the work to be assigned to each
member etc should be planned in detail.

● Students should note down the details of the plan

correctly.
4.EXECUTION

● It is the important and longest method in the

project and patience should be needed for both the
teacher and student.

● The project must be executed by the students

because they have chosen the project.

● The work of the project is to be assigned to the

students according their ability,
interests, apptitudes and capabilities.

● All the work of the project cannot be done by every

members in the group. Instead every students get some
chance to do something.

● The teacher should always watch the students and

encourage them.
5.EVALUATION

● After completing the project the students should

evaluate it then only they can spot the errors and that
errors can be removed. So evaluation is important.

6.RECORDING

● Students should record all the details of the project.

● They should record the discussion, proposal, the plan,
allotment of duties, book refered, places visited, maps
drawn, places surveyed, specimens collected and topics
learned.

● After the preparation of reports on the basis of

recordings, it will be compiled as a full report.

● The project report will encourage the students in future

to do more useful projects.
ILLUSTRATION FOR CONDUCTING A PROJECT

● In the project method, students should take some

projects. Depending upon the nature of the projects the
class May function as small groups or as a whole group.

● The project can be divided into small units and that can
be given to the students and students should complete it
successfully.
● After completing the project the students group should
present it before everyone and they has to tell their
experiences, information collected during the project.

● In the end each and every group will record their

activities and findings and prepare a report, to be
submitted to the class teacher. The teacher will compile
the reports of all the groups and release it as a
comprehensive project report.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PROJECT

The following are the characteristics of a good project:

● The teacher and students should have the active

participation.

● It should be useful and powerful.

● It should have definite educational value.

● It should be practicable.

● It should provide maximum number of activities.

● It should not be too expensive.

● It should promote the investigative ability among the

learners.
 MERITS OF PROJECT METHOD

The merits of project method are;

● This method is based upon the laws of learning.

○ Law of readiness
○ Law of exercise
○ Law of effect.

● It promotes cooperative activity and group interaction.

● It is a democratic way of learning. The children choose,
plan and exeute the project themselves.

● It affords opportunity to develop keeness and accuracy of

observation and to experience the joy of discovery.

● It sets up a challenge to solve a problem and this

stimulates creative thinking.
 LIMITATIONS AND DEMERITS OF PROJECT
METHOD
The following are the demerits of project method.

● It absorbs a lot of time.

● It involves much more work on the part of the

teacher.

● Libraries and laboratory is required.

● Text books and materials written on these lines are mostly
not available.

● This method is more expensive because the students have

to bear expenses of field work, outdoor activities, purchase
of materials and do experiments.

● Syllabus cannot be completed on time using this method.

 CONCLUSION

Learning becomes a cooperative affair. Its approach is

scientific and psychological. Project leads to understanding and
develops the ability to apply knowledge. The teacher has to
work as a careful guide during the execution of the project.
Costly projects should be avoided.
 REFERENCE

Prof.Nagarajan.K. (2018) Learning and Teaching.

Sri Ram publishers. Chennai.

https://slideshare.net>

https://www.en.m.wikipedia.org