IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 21, NO.
3, SEPTEMBER 2006
T-Connected Autotransformer-Based 24-Pulse
AC–DC Converter for Variable Frequency Induction
Motor Drives
Bhim Singh, Senior Member, IEEE, G. Bhuvaneswari, Senior Member, IEEE, and Vipin Garg, Member, IEEE
Abstract—A new robust passive waveshaper based on 24-pulse
ac–dc conversion is proposed to feed voltage source inverter (VSI)
supplying squirrel-cage induction motor drive. The passive wave-
shaper consists of a newly designed T-connected autotransformer
with less number of windings resulting in simplicity in design and
manufacturing. The proposed 24-pulse ac–dc converter is found
capable of suppressing less than 23rd harmonics in the supply cur-
rent. The power factor is also improved to near unity in the wide
operating range of the vector-controlled induction motor drive
(VCIMD). Finally, the design of the autotransformer is modified to
make it suitable for applications, where presently a 6-pulse diode
bridge rectifier is used. A laboratory prototype of proposed T-
connected autotransformer-based 24-pulse ac–dc converter is de-
veloped and test results are presented to validate the developed de-
sign procedure and the simulation models of this ac–dc converter
under varying loads.
Index Terms—Autotransformer, MATLAB, multipulse ac–dc
converter, power quality improvement, vector-controlled induction
motor drive (VCIMD).
I. INTRODUCTION
HE variable frequency induction motor drives are today
T replicating the dc drives in various industrial applications
such as air conditioning, blowers, fans, pumps for waste water
treatment plants, cement industry, ship propulsion, etc. [1], [2].
These variable frequency induction motor drives (VFIMDs) are
used generally in vector control mode [3] due to their inherent
advantages. The ac–dc interface feeding voltage source inverter
(VSI) of induction motor drive, making use of diode rectifiers
(because of their reliability and economy) generally inject har-
monics in ac mains, thereby polluting the power quality at the
point of common coupling (PCC). These drawbacks of diode
rectifiers supplying induction motor drives have attained wide
attention in the literature [4]. Moreover, international standard
IEEE 519-1992 [5] has been issued in 1992 to keep restrictions
on these harmonic producing equipments.
To alleviate these harmonics, multipulse converters have
gained importance because of their robustness, efficiency, and
simplicity in control. Many researchers have used different con-
figurations based on 12- and 18-pulse rectifications [6]–[15].
Recently, an 18-pulse converter has been reported [16] to re-
duce the harmonics, but the THD of ac mains current has been
around 8.6% only, which may deteriorate further as the load is
Manuscript received January 11, 2006; revised January 11, 2006. Paper no.
TEC-00249-2005.
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Insti-
tute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India (e-mail: bhim_singh@yahoo.com;
bhuvan225@gmail.com; vipin123123@gmail.com).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2006.875777
0885-8969/$20.00 © 2006 IEEE
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663
reduced. Similarly, to reduce the THD of ac mains current fur-
ther, a 28-step current shaper has been proposed [17]; but even
with this configuration, the THD of ac mains current at full load
is 6.54%, which is also not within IEEE Standard 519 limits.
This paper presents a 24-pulse ac–dc converter based on
a newly designed T-connected autotransformer for vector-
controlled induction motor drives. The proposed autotrans-
former makes use of only two main windings from which dif-
ferent phase voltages at different phase angles are produced.
Further, the design of the autotransformer is modified to make
it suitable for applications where a 6-pulse rectifier is being
used. The present approach results in a compact, simple, cost
effective, rugged, and reliable converter configuration with a
flexibility to vary and adjust the transformer output voltages as
per the requirement.
Different power quality parameters such as total harmonic
distortion (THD) and crest factor (CF) of ac mains current,
power factor (PF), ripple factor (RF), displacement factor (DPF),
distortion factor (DF), and THD of supply voltage at PCC are
computed and compared with that of a 6-pulse fed system. Var-
ious tests are conducted on the developed prototype of the au-
totransformer along with the interphase transformer. The exper-
imental results validate the simulation results for the proposed
24-pulse ac–dc converter.
II. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED PASSIVE
WAVESHAPER
The fundamental concept of harmonic elimination through
autotransformer makes use of two or more converters, where
the harmonics generated by one converter are cancelled by the
other converter through proper phase shift given by [6].
Phase shift = 60◦ /Number of six-pulse converters.
(1)
For achieving the 24-pulse ac–dc conversion, the phase
shift required among different sets of phase voltages is 15◦ .
Fig. 1 shows the circuit diagram of the proposed T-connected
autotransformer-based 24-pulse ac–dc converter. It is divided
into three main parts.
A. T-Connected Autotransformer
The T-connected autotransformer makes use of only two main
windings resulting in saving of space, size, volume, weight, and
cost. The two main windings AI and CB are connected as shown
in Fig. 2. The ratio of number of turns in windings AI and CB
664 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 21, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2006

Fig. 1. The Proposed 24-pulse ac–dc converter based on T-connected autotransformer feeding VCIMD (Topology B and C).

is given as Consider Phase A. The voltage Va1 is to be produced at an

angle of +7.5◦ with respect to Va . From the phasor diagram in
N1 /N2 = 0.866. (2) Fig. 2b, one can write
VNE /VNY = cos 7.5◦ , VNE =K1 Va =VNY cos 7.5◦ =Va cos 7.5◦ ,
The T-connected autotransformer is designed such that when
giving
it is fed from three-phase input voltages (Va , Vb , Vc ) displaced at
120◦ with respect to each other, it produces four sets of balanced K1 = cos 7.5◦ = 0.9914. (3)
three-phase voltages namely (Va1 , Vb1 , Vc1 ), (Va2 , Vb2 , Vc2 ),
Similarly, VYE /VNY = sin 7.5 V,YE = K2 Vbc = Va sin7.5◦ ,
◦
(Va3 , Vb3 , Vc3 ), and (Va4 , Vb4 , Vc4 ) all displaced through an an-
giving
gle of 15◦ desired for the 24-pulse operation. For achieving the
condition of 15◦ phase shift as per (1), voltages (Va1 , Vb1 , Vc1 ) sin 7.5◦
K2 = . (4)
are at an angle of +7.5◦ with respect to supply voltages. Sim- 1.732 = 0.0753
ilarly, the set of voltages (Va2 , Vb2 , Vc2 ) is at +22.5◦ , voltages Similarly, winding constants K3 and K4 can also be calcu-
(Va3 , Vb3 , Vc3 ) are at −7.5◦ , and voltages (Va4 , Vb4 , Vc4 ) are at lated. K3 comes out to be 0.9238 and K4 is 0.221.
−22.5◦ , as shown in phasor diagram in Fig. 2(b). Consider Phase B. The voltage Vb3 is at an angle of −7.5◦
1) Design of Autotransformer for Proposed 24-Pulse Con- with respect to Vb and Vb2 is at an angle of +22.5◦ with respect to
verter: The desired phase shift for 24-pulse operation is Vb . To produce Vb3 and Vb2 , the winding constants K5 , K6 , K7 ,
achieved by connecting different segments of windings AI and and K8 are calculated.
CB at suitable taps. The desired number of turns in different From triangle NKG
segments of windings AI and CB are calculated as follows:
Define the winding constants K1 , K3 , K6 , K8 , K10 , and K12 GK/KN = sin 52.5◦ , KG = Vbc /2−K5 Vbc /2 = Vb sin52.5◦ ,
as fractions of phase voltage VAN and the winding constants
giving
K2 , K4 , K5 , K7 , K9 , and K11 as fractions of the line voltage
VBC /2. K5 = 0.0839. (5)

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SINGH et al.: T-CONNECTED AUTOTRANSFORMER-BASED 24-PULSE AC–DC CONVERTER 665

Fig. 3. Proposed autotransformer winding connection for retrofit arrangement.

shifted through an angle of 15◦ . But, the dc link voltage obtained

Fig. 2. (a) Proposed autotransformer winding connection diagram. (b) Pha-
sordiagram of voltages in the proposed autotransformer connection.
is higher than that of a 6-pulse diode bridge rectifier output by
about 5% due to the 24-pulse rectification. To make the proposed
autotransformer suitable for retrofit applications, the design of
autotransformer is modified as explained below.
Fig. 3 shows the generalized diagram of different phase
voltages for achieving different voltage ratios from the auto-
transformer by varying the tap positions in the proposed auto-
transformer. This ensures that the output voltages still have the
required phase shift of 15◦ (for achieving the 24-pulse opera-
tion). For retrofit arrangement, to produce same dc link voltage,
the voltages are at the inner circle in Fig. 3. The inner circle is
located at 0.95% of the outer circle. With this arrangement, the
winding constants come out as

Also, K1 = 0.9418, K2 = 0.1432

K3 = 0.8775, K4 = 0.4201
N K/N G = cos 52.5◦ , N K = Vb cos 52.5◦
K5 = 0.1289, K6 = 0.07879
K6 Va = IK = (Vb cos 52.5◦ − Va /2)
K7 = 0.0143, K8 = 0.136
giving
K9 = 0.2199, K10

= 0.2542
K6 = 0.1087. (6)
 
K11 = 0.08848, K12 = 0.3758.
From triangle NLP
N L = VB cos 7.5◦ , K7 Vbc /2 = (Vb cos 22.5◦ − Vbc /2),
Thus, by simply changing the transformer winding tapping,
giving as shown in Fig. 3, the same dc link voltage as that of 6-pulse
diode bridge rectifier is obtained.
K7 = 0.0668 (7)
The kilovoltampere (kVA) rating of the transformer is calcu-
IL = Vb sin 7.5◦ giving K8 = (N I − Vb sin 22.5◦ )/Vb , lated as [6]


giving kVA = 0.5 Vwinding Iwinding . (9)
K8 = 0.1173. (8) The kVA rating of the interphase transformer is also calcu-
lated using the above relationship.
Similarly, to produce voltages Vb1 and Vb4 , the winding con-
stants K9 , K10 , K11 , and K12 can be calculated. These constants
B. Interphase Transformer
come out as K9 = 0.3809, K10 = 0.2933, K11 = 0.1448, and
K12 = 0.3694. With this arrangement, the autotransformer pro- The four sets of voltages produced by the autotransformer are
duces four different sets of balanced three-phase voltages phase given to four diode rectifier bridges, which rectify these voltages.

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666 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 21, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2006

Fig. 4. Individual rectifier output voltage.

Fig. 6. Diode conduction sequence diagram.

where

ia5 + ib5 + ic5 = 0. (13)

With the help of the interphase transformers, the diode con-

duction period is 120◦ per cycle, as shown in Fig. 5. As the
voltages (Va2 , Vb2 , Vc2 ) lead the voltages (Va1 , Vb1 , Vc1 ) by an
angle of 15◦ , the current ia2 lead ia1 by 15◦ . This is true for
the remaining phase voltages and phase currents. This phase
shifting in currents results in desired 24-pulse operation of the
proposed converter. The THD of ac mains current is defined as
Fig. 5. Winding configuration of interphase reactor.
 ∞
2
2 In
THD = . (14)
These dc voltages obtained are also phase shifted as shown in I1
Fig. 4 through an angle of 15◦ . These voltages are applied to the
interphase transformers to ensure the independent operation of B. Analysis of DC Output Voltage
the rectifier circuits. Fig. 5 shows the winding configuration of
The dc output voltages phase shifted through an angle of 15◦
the proposed interphase transformer. This arrangement ensures
as shown in Fig. 4 are applied across the interphase transformers.
120◦ conduction of each diode. The actual conduction sequence
Their Fourier series representation is given below.
of different diode bridge rectifiers is shown in Fig. 6.
 3 π
III. ANALYSIS OF INPUT AC CURRENTS AND DC v1 = 1 + tan2 7.5◦ Vm sin
π 3
OUTPUT VOLTAGE  ∞


2 nπ ◦
In this section the input currents isa , isb , isc and the dc output × 1− cos cos n(ωt − 7.5 ) (15)
3,6,9
n2 − 1 3
voltage V0 are calculated to facilitate the design of the proposed
autotransformer.  3 π
v2 = 1 + tan2 22.5◦ Vm sin
π 3
A. Analysis of AC Input Currents  ∞


2 nπ ◦
From Fig. 2(a) the input current of Phase A is given by × 1− cos cos n(ωt − 22.5 )
3,6,9
n2 − 1 3
isa = ia1 + ia2 + ia3 + ia4 + ia5 . (10)
(16)
Similarly, for Phase B and Phase C, the currents isb and isc  3 π
can be written as v3 = 1 + tan2 7.5◦ Vm sin
π 3
 ∞

isb = ib1 + ib2 + ib3 + ib4 + ib5 (11)
2 nπ ◦
× 1− cos cos n(ωt + 7.5 ) (17)
isc = ic1 + ic2 + ic3 + ic4 + ic5 (12) 3,6,9
n2 − 1 3

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SINGH et al.: T-CONNECTED AUTOTRANSFORMER-BASED 24-PULSE AC–DC CONVERTER 667

 3 π
v4 = 1 + tan2 22.5◦ Vm sin
π 3
 ∞


2 nπ ◦
× 1− cos cos n(ωt + 22.5 ) .
3,6,9
n2 − 1 3

(18)
The dc components of these voltages are given by

 3 π
V1 = 1 + tan2 7.5◦ Vm sin = 0.8341Vm (19)
π 3
 3 π
V2 = 1 + tan2 22.5◦ Vm sin = 0.8951Vm (20)
π 3
 3 π
V3 = 1 + tan2 7.5◦ Vm sin = 0.8341Vm (21)
π 3
 3 π
V4 = 1 + tan2 22.5◦ Vm sin = 0.8951Vm . (22)
π 3
Thus, the average dc output voltage Vo1 (considering only the
upper part of the diode bridge rectifiers) is given by
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of 6-pulse diode rectifier fed vector-controlled
1 induction motor drive. (Topology A).
Vo1 = [V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 ] = 0.866Vm . (23)
4
Similarly, the output voltage Vo2 (considering the lower part speed error at the n th and (n − 1)th instants. Kp and KI are
of the diode bridge rectifiers) is given by the proportional and integral gain constants.
∗
The flux control signal (imr ) along with T(n ) are fed to the
vector controller, which computes the flux producing component
Vo2 = −Vo1 . (24)
of current (i∗ds ), torque component of current (i∗qs ), slip speed
Therefore, the dc output voltage of the 24-pulse converter (ω2∗ ) and the flux angle (ψ) as given below
becomes
i∗ds = imr + τr (∆imr /∆t) (29)

V0 = V01 − V02 = 1.729Vm . (25) i∗qs ∗

= T /(kimr ) (30)

The ripple in output dc voltage is given by ω2∗ = i∗qs /(τr imr ) (31)

VdcMax − VdcMin ψ(n ) = ψ(n −1) + (ω2∗ + ωr )∆t (32)

Vripple = = 0.0305Vm (26)
2 k = (3/2)(P/2){M/(1 + σr )} (33)
Vripple
RippleFactor = = 0.01764. (27) where imr is the magnetizing current, P, M , and σr are the
V0
number of poles, mutual inductance and rotor leakage factor,
IV. MODELING OF VECTOR-CONTROLLED INDUCTION respectively, Ψ(n) and Ψ(n−1) are the value of rotor flux angles
MOTOR DRIVE at nth and (n − 1)th instants respectively and ∆t is the sampling
time, which is taken as 100 ms.
Fig. 7 shows the schematic diagram of an indirect vector- These currents (i∗ds , i∗qs ) in synchronously rotating frame are
controlled induction motor drive. The motor is controlled in converted to stationary frame three phase currents (i∗as , i∗bs , i∗cs )
vector control mode using indirect vector control technique as given below
and connected as load on the proposed converter. To real-
ize the vector control of an induction motor, two currents of i∗as = −i∗qs sinψ + i∗ds cos ψ (34)
motor phases namely ias and ibs and the motor speed signal √
i∗bs = {− cos ψ + 3 sin ψ}i∗ds (1/2)
(ωr ) are sensed. The closed loop PI speed controller com- √
pares the reference speed (ωref ) with motor speed (ωr ) and + {sin ψ + 3 cos ψ}i∗qs (1/2) (35)
∗
generates reference torque T(n ) (after limiting it to a suitable i∗cs = −(i∗as + i∗bs ). (36)
value).
∗ ∗
T(n ) = T(n −1) + Kp {ωe(n ) − ωe(n −1) } + KI ωe(n ) (28)
These three-phase reference currents (i∗as , i∗bs , and i∗cs ) gen-
∗ ∗
where T(n ) and T(n are the output of the PI controller (after
−1) erated by the vector controller are compared with the sensed
limiting it to a suitable value) and ωe(n ) and ωe(n −1) refer to motor currents (ias , ibs , and ics ). The calculated current errors

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668 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 21, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2006

Fig. 8. MATLAB block diagram of proposed 24-pulse ac–dc converter fed VCIMD (Topology B and C).

are

ike = i∗ks − iks , where k = a, b, c. (37)

These current errors are amplified and fed to the PWM current
controller, which controls the duty ratio of different switches in
VSI. The VSI generates the PWM voltages being fed to the
motor to develop the torque required to maintain the rotor speed
equal to the reference speed.

V. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTATION

To illustrate the performance of the proposed ac–dc con-
verter, the 24-pulse ac–dc converter fed induction motor drive is
simulated in MATLAB environment using Simulink and power
system blockset toolboxes as shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 9 shows the
MATLAB model of a 10 hp VCIMD. The simulated results
have been verified on a test bench consisting of the newly de-
signed and developed autotransformer along with small rating
interphase transformer as shown in Fig. 5. Two single phase
autotransformers have been designed and developed as per the
design details given below:
r Flux density = 0.8 T
r Current density = 2.3 A/m2
r Core Size: Area of cross section of core = 51.61 cm2
r E-Laminations: length = 12.0 cm width = 18.80 cm
r I-laminations: length = 18.80 cm width = 2.50 cm
r Number of turns per volt = 1.
Accordingly, different windings (shown in Fig. 1) of different
cross section for the proposed 24-pulse converter are wound for
both the single phase autotransformers. Similarly, the interphase
transformers of small ratings have been designed and developed.
Various tests are carried out at three-phase line voltage of 230 V
AC input and with an equivalent resistive load and test results
are given in Figs. 17 and 18. The test results have been recorded
Fig. 9. MATLAB block diagram of VCIMD.
using Fluke make power analyzer model 43B on the developed
prototype of the proposed ac–dc converter.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The complete system consisting of the proposed
autotransformer-based 24-pulse ac–dc converter along with the
VCIMD is simulated in MATLAB environment along with
Simulink and Power System Blockset (PSB) toolboxes. The
simulated results of the proposed converter are compared with
the existing 6-pulse ac–dc converter fed VCIMD system.
A. Performance of 6-Pulse AC–DC Converter Fed VCIMD
The dynamic performance of the drive along with load
perturbation on the VCIMD fed by a 6-pulse diode bridge
rectifier, referred as Topology A is shown in Fig. 10. The set
of curves consists of supply voltage vs , supply current is , rotor
speed ‘ωr ’ (in electrical rad/s), three-phase motor currents

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SINGH et al.: T-CONNECTED AUTOTRANSFORMER-BASED 24-PULSE AC–DC CONVERTER
Fig. 10. Dynamic response of 6-pulse diode rectifier fed VCIMD with load
perturbation (Topology A).
Fig. 11. AC mains current waveform of VCIMD fed by 6-pulse diode rectifier
along with its harmonic spectrum at full load (Topology A).
iabcs , motor developed torque ‘Te ’ (in Newton meters) and dc
link voltage vdc (V). The waveform of ac mains current along
with its harmonic spectrum is shown in Fig. 11 showing the
THD of ac mains current at full load as 31.3% and at light load
as 62.2% as shown in Fig. 12. The power factor under these
conditions is 0.935 and 0.807 respectively. It shows that there
is need to improve the power quality indices.
B. Performance of Proposed 24-Pulse AC–DC
Converter Fed VCIMD
The T-connected autotransformer-based 24-pulse ac–dc con-
verter feeding VCIMD load is simulated and referred here as
Topology B. In this topology, the dc link voltage is higher than
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669
Fig. 12. AC mains current waveform of VCIMD fed by 6-pulse diode rectifier
along with its harmonic spectrum at light load (20%) (Topology A).
that of a 6-pulse diode bridge rectifier, as given in Table I. The
THD of ac mains current at full load is 2.60% as shown in Fig. 13
and under light load is 5.20%, as given in Table I. The design
of the autotransformer is modified for retrofit applications, re-
sulting in Topology C. This topology is similar to Topology
B except the difference in number of turns in the windings to
produce same dc link voltage.
The dynamic response of the drive at starting and load pertur-
bation is shown in Fig. 14 for Topology C, showing the similarity
in response as that of a 6-pulse diode bridge rectifier system. The
ac mains current waveform along with its harmonic spectrum at
full load is shown in Fig. 15 and that at light load is shown in
Fig. 16, showing THD at full load as 2.46% and power factor
as 0.992. Under light load condition (20%), THD of ac mains
current is 5.2% and power factor is 0.993 as shown in Table I.
The dc link voltage is almost the same as that of a 6-pulse diode
bridge rectifier system.
To study the effect of load variation on different power quality
indices, the load is varied on the VCIMD. The different power
quality indices are tabulated in Table II. It can be observed from
Table II, that the THD of ac mains current is always within
the IEEE Standard limits [5] for systems with SCR > 20. The
power factor is always above 0.992 in the wide operating range
of the drive.
On magnetics front, the proposed configuration needs only
two main windings per phase, resulting in autotransformer rat-
ing of 3.26 kVA, and small interphase reactors of 0.638 kVA,
totaling to magnetics of 3.9 kVA, which is 37.4% of the drive
rating.
C. Experimental Performance of Proposed Harmonic
Mitigator (Topology C)
Various tests are carried out on the developed prototypes for
Topology C as shown in Fig. 1. The harmonic spectrum of ac
mains current, along with the waveform of supply voltage (vab )
and current (iC ) at full load in Topology C, is shown in Fig. 17
and at light load (20%), it is shown in Fig. 18. It can be observed
670 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 21, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2006

TABLE I
COMPARISON OF POWER QUALITY PARAMETERS OF A VCIMD FED FROM DIFFERENT CONVERTERS

Fig. 15. AC mains current waveform along with its harmonic spectrum at full
load for Topology C.
Fig. 13. AC mains current waveform along with its harmonic spectrum at full
load for Topology B.

Fig. 16. AC mains current waveform along with its harmonic spectrum at light
load (20%) for Topology C.

TABLE II
COMPARISON OF POWER QUALITY INDICES OF PROPOSED 24-PULSE
HARMONIC MITIGATOR (TOPOLOGY C) FED VCIMD UNDER VARYING LOADS
Fig. 14. Dynamic response of proposed ac-dc converter (Topology C) fed
VCIMD with load perturbation.

from Figs. 17 and 18, that even under light load condition, the
power quality indices are within the IEEE Standard 519 [5]
limits.

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SINGH et al.: T-CONNECTED AUTOTRANSFORMER-BASED 24-PULSE AC–DC CONVERTER
Fig. 17. Experimental results of ac mains voltage and current waveforms
along with harmonic spectrum of ac mains current at full load for Topology C.
Fig. 18. Experimental results of ac mains voltage and current waveforms along
with harmonic spectrum of ac mains current at light load (20%) for Topology C.
VII. CONCLUSION
A new T-connected autotransformer-based 24-pulse ac–dc
converter for feeding VCIMD has been designed, simulated
and developed to demonstrate its behavior. The proposed
autotransformer-based ac–dc converter has resulted in elimina-
tion of less than 23rd harmonics in supply current. The design
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671
technique of the proposed converter has shown the flexibility
to design the autotransformer suitable for retrofit applications.
The low volt–ampere rating autotransformer has resulted in a
circuit of lower cost, weight, volume and space as compared
to the conventional 12-pulse ac–dc converter. There has been
drastic improvement in the THD and crest factor of ac mains
current as well as the power factor with almost close to unity
in the wide operating range of the drive. Thus, the proposed
24-pulse ac–dc converter can easily replace the existing 6-pulse
converter without much alteration in the existing system layout
and equipments.
APPENDIX
Motor and Controller Specifications:
r Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor: 10 hp
(7.5 kW), three-phase, 4 pole, Y-connected, 415 V, 50 Hz,
rated current = 14.5 A,
r Rs = 1.0 Ω, Rr = 0.76 Ω,
r Xls = 0.77 Ω, Xlr = 0.77 Ω, Xm = 18.84 Ω, J =
0.1 kg·m2
r PI speed controller: Kp = 7.0, Ki = 0.1
r DC link parameters: Ld = 0.002H, Cd = 2200 µF.
r Magnetics ratings: autotransformer rating 3.26 kVA, inter-
phase transformer 0.638 kVA.
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672 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 21, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2006

Bhim Singh (SM’99) was born in Rahamapur, India
in 1956. He received the B.E. degree in electrical en-
gineering from the University of Roorkee, Roorkee,
India, in 1977 and the M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees
from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New
Delhi, India, in 1979 and 1983, respectively.
In 1983, he joined as a Lecturer and in 1988 be-
came a Reader in the Department of Electrical Engi-
neering, University of Roorkee. In December 1990,
he joined as an Assistant Professor, became an As-
sociate Professor in 1994, and Professor in 1997 at
the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT, New Delhi. His current research
interests include power electronics, electrical machines and drives, active filters,
static VAR compensator, and analysis and digital control of electrical machines.
Dr. Singh is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering
(INAE), Institution of Engineers (India) [IE (I)] and Institution of Electron-
ics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE), a Life Member of the Indian
Society for Technical Education (ISTE), System Society of India (SSI), and
National Institution of Quality and Reliability (NIQR).
Vipin Garg (M’05) was born in Kurushhetra, India,
in 1972. He received the B.Tech. and M.Tech. degrees
from Regional Engineering College, Kurukshetra,
India, in 1994 and 1996, respectively, both in electri-
cal engineering. Presently, he is pursuing the Ph.D.
degree in the Department of Electrical Engineer-
ing, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi,
India.
In 1995, he joined as a Lecturer in the Department
of Electrical Engineering, Regional Engineering Col-
lege, Kurukshetra. In January 1998, he joined IRSEE
(Indian Railways Service of Electrical Engineers) as an Assistant Electrical
Engineer, became Divisional Electrical Engineer in 2002, and Deputy Chief
Electrical Engineer in 2006. His current research interests include power elec-
tronics, power conditioning, and electrical machines and drives.

G. Bhuvaneswari (SM’99) received the M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees from the In-
dian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, India, in 1988 and 1992, respectively.
In 1997, she joined as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electri-
cal Engineering, IIT, New Delhi, India. Her current research interests include
power electronics, electrical machines and drives, active filters, and power
conditioning.
Dr. Bhuvaneswari is a Fellow of the Institution of Electronics and Telecom-
munication Engineers (IETE).

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