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2014 Final Project Documentation (Autosaved) 21
2014 Final Project Documentation (Autosaved) 21
GROUP MEMBERS ID
1. Desie Matebe 0901604/DDU 1481
2. Temesgen Birhanu 0905036/DUU 1490
3. Estibel Gebrie 0901839/DDU 1414
4. Sisay Takele 0904801/DDU 1081
DECLARATION
The under signed declare to the department of electrical power engineering in the school of
electrical and computer engineering at Dire Dawa university is that this final project is our own
work and all source of material used to the final project have been done by :-
Name Id signature
1. Desie Matebe 0901604
2. Temesgen Birhanu 0905036
3. Estibel Gebrie 0901839
4. Sisay Takele 0904801
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
ABSTRACT
The transformer is a static device, which converts power from one level to another level. The aim
of the Project is to protect the transformer under overload condition by load sharing. Due to
overload on transformer, the Efficiency drops, windings get overheated and may get burnt. Thus
by sharing load on transformer, the transformer is protected. This will be done by connecting
another transformer in parallel through a micro-controller. The microcontroller compares the load
on the first transformer with a reference value. When the load exceeds the reference value, the
second transformer will share the extra load. Therefore, the two transformer work efficiently and
damage is prevented. The advantages of the project are transformer protection, uninterrupted
power supply, and short circuit protection. When designing low-voltage power system to the
supply large load currents, paralleled lower-current modules are often preferred over a single, large
power converter for several reasons. These include the efficiency of designing and manufacturing
standard modular converters which can be combined in any number necessary to meet a given load
requirement and the enhanced reliability gained through.
KEYWORDS: Transformers, Short circuit, Microcontroller, Reliable power supply
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
ACKNOWLDGMENT
First of all, we would like to thank GOD for giving us the strength and helping us in every aspect
of our work time. Then we have a special thanks to our advisor Mr Dawit Adane (MSc). Who
helped us by giving important ideas and supports to succeed to this final project in good approach
of guidance. And finally we want to give our thanks for everyone who involves directly and
indirectly in the process of the project.
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Table of Contents
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. I
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................II
ACKNOWLDGMENT ....................................................................................................................III
List of table .............................................................................................................................. VII
List of figure ............................................................................................................................ VIII
List of abbreviation ................................................................................................................... IX
CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND ...................................................................................................................1
1.2 Objective of the project .....................................................................................................3
1.2.1 General objective ........................................................................................................3
1.2.2 Specific objective .........................................................................................................3
1.3 Statement of the Problem..................................................................................................3
1.4 Significant of the project ....................................................................................................3
1.5 Scope and limitation of the project ....................................................................................4
1.5.1 Scope ..........................................................................................................................4
1.5.2 Limitation of the project ..............................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER THREE ..........................................................................................................................6
METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................................................6
3.1 Operating principle of block diagram .................................................................................7
3.2 Field survey on transformer overload ................................................................................8
3.2.1 What Is Over Current...................................................................................................8
3.2.2 Overload .....................................................................................................................8
3.2.3 Line-line or ground ......................................................................................................8
3.2.4 Insulation failure .........................................................................................................8
3.2.5 Oil level decrease ........................................................................................................9
3.3 Design of Automatic Load Sharing of Transformer .............................................................9
3.3.1 Power supply ...............................................................................................................9
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Reference..................................................................................................................................35
Appendix: ..................................................................................................................................36
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
List of table
Table 3. 1 overall parallel transformer connection summary .................................................................. 23
Table 3. 2 recommended operation ....................................................................................................... 24
Table 3. 3 power consumption .............................................................................................................. 25
Table 3. 4 pin description of ardiuno ..................................................................................................... 25
Table 3. 5 Analog pin out ..................................................................................................................... 27
Table 3. 6 digital pin ............................................................................................................................. 27
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
List of figure
Figure 1. 1 methodology flow diagram ................................................................................................... 6
Figure 1. 2 Block diagram of the system ................................................................................................ 7
Figure 1. 3 block diagram of power supply ........................................................................................... 10
Figure 1. 4 Transformer ........................................................................................................................ 10
Figure 1. 5 Rectifier .............................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 1. 6 filter capacitor ..................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 1. 7 IC regulators ....................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 1. 8 relay .................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 1. 9 parallel connection of transformer ....................................................................................... 15
Figure 1. 10 Equivalent circuit of parallel transformer........................................................................... 16
Figure 1. 11 Arduino pin configuration .................................................................................................. 24
Figure 1. 12 Top view of Ardiuno R3 board topology ............................................................................ 25
Figure 1. 13 Power tree......................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 1. 14 Connector Pin outs ........................................................................................................... 26
Figure 1. 15 LCD display ..................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 1. 16 Simulation block diagram of the normal load of the project .............................................. 32
Figure 1. 17 Simulation block diagram of the over load of the project ................................................... 32
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
List of abbreviation
A Ampere
AC Alternating current
CM Centi meter
CT Current transformer
ASCII American Standard Code for information interchange
HZ Hertz
LED Light emitting diode
TOV Temporary over voltage
VR Rated voltage
VAC Alternating voltage
VDC Direct voltage
VT Voltage transformer
Z Impedance
ZB Base Impedance
LCD Liquid crystal display
ADC Analog to digital converter
EMR Electromagnetic relay
KV Kilo volte
MVA Mega volt ampere
KA Kilo ampere
EMF Electro motive force
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
There are various terms utilized in power framework like load shedding, load sharing and so on--
-- so first we need to differentiate between sharing of load and load shedding. Load shedding is
the procedure to cut off load from that particular area in which load demand is greater than the
supply. Load sharing means to share load equally. If two transformers are connected, first (main)
transformer will meet the demand, normally. If the demand of load increases, then slave (second)
transformer gets connected in parallel to share the load equally. In power framework it is called
load sharing of transformer. Transformer is a static gadget which changes the voltage over power
shifting from source to load. It works whole day continually which makes it prominent from other
electric devices. At some instant, the load conditions of Transformer vary such as over load which
cause overheating and damage occur, which results in interruption of supply at consumer end. The
principle point is to deliver secure and reliable power supply. Hence, this is done by adding another
transformer in parallel to make the system secure and reliable. As transformer is the main part of
whole electric system, so due to extra load the efficiency of the system drops and the secondary
winding gets overheated. So, paralleling of transformer is the phenomena for saving the master
transformer from permanent damage. Once load on the master transformer has been increased,
above its rated capacity then slave (second) transformer connected in parallel will operate
automatically. In this way transformer will work efficiently and will deliver uninterrupted supply.
This project is made by using Arduino which compares the load, if load exceeds the prescribed
values, then Arduino sends signal to the control relay which makes slave transformer operate in
parallel, and connection is shown on LCD. After paralleling, the efficiency will increase and the
probability of harm is eliminated. We used relays and Arduino (a type of micro-controller) for
sharing of the load between two transformers. The total number of transformers connected parallel
depends upon the demand of that particular area. Furthermore, we have to keep in mind that for
such operation, we have to keep in mind some basics like X/R ratio, KVA rating, Polarity etc.
These all should remain identical in all the transformers connected in parallel. In this venture, there
are three main modules like sensing unit, control unit, Arduino (micro-controller). The first unit
which is sensing unit, senses the load demand and it sends signal to the control unit. The second
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
one is control unit; the main part is relay which operates according to signal. The third one is
micro-controller; the signal will be received and read by it, and it will give control to relay to cut
off the transformer or the parallel connection of transformer.
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
1.5.1 Scope
The scope of this project is to design the simulation circuit of the system based on the required
components by using protues software.
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
CHAPTER TWO
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Abhishek G. et al proposed an Automatic Transformer Distribution and Load Sharing Using
Microcontroller in which a number of transformers were operated in parallel in order to avoid
overloading. It is same like parallel operation of transformers where the number of transformers
shares the system load. In the suggested approach slave transformers will share the load when the
load on the main transformer will rise above its rated capacity.
Automatic transformer load sharing issues and remedies are relevant project topics and a lot of
advanced researches are being carried out in this area. These issues are mainly due to increased
usage of power system utility and unbalanced loads occur in power system. Dynamic loads cause
power quality problems usually by voltage or current variations such as voltage dips, fluctuations,
momentary interruptions. Various publications define transformer load sharing in different
aspects. The project entitled "power transformer protection using microcontroller designed with
ardiuno. This project is mainly used to protect transformer from getting worn out due to electrical
disturbances. The electrical parameters like current, voltage of the transformer are fed as base
values, using a keypad to the peripheral interface controller and the output signal is provided to
operate a relay comparing the base value with the operation electrical parameters.
Furthermore, in 2007 S.M. Bashi et al, -designed and built a microcontroller based system for
power transformer protection. The system includes facilities for discrimination between internal
fault current and magnetizing inrush current, differential protection, over current protection has
been included. The performances of the proposed system have been examined and from the
experimental readings and observation, it was understood that the proposed system monitors and
controls the transformer when there is any fault.
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
The methodology used to work this project are, case study analysis automatic load sharing power
transformer, simulation of automatic load sharing using PROTEUS and microcontroller. The
present system is designed around two transformers. One transformer (TF1) is working and the
other is used for sharing load.
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
This is done because the first transformer operates for a longer time interval than standby
transformer and its body temperature rises. By providing alternative switching, the transformers
can be cooled by natural methods. This message is also sent to the control room.
3.2.2 Overload
As the city is on fast growing and its population increase rapidly from time to time. This is due to
establishment of different industries, and hotels resorts and public services. All mentioned above
need reliable and sustainable power to run their function properly. However, the transformer
mounted in the distribution cannot capable of carrying the over increasing load of the outgoing
feeders to different cities.
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
electronic devices such as microcontroller, LCD and ADC etc. The design is done using a
transformer, bridge rectifiers, filter capacitor and a voltage regulator. Most of the power supply is
designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for
electronic circuits and other devices.
3.3.2 Transformer
In considering transformer selection, the maximum and minimum values of operating voltage and
current are important. The supply from mains considered is 220V-240V at 50Hz [2] [7].
Figure 1. 4 Transformer
PIV=Vmax
From the transformer secondary: Vrms=12V
Root mean square voltage from secondary terminal of transformer is;
Vmax=Vrms√2
PIV=16.97V
The peak value of current that the diode must be able to pass safely with resistance load I peak is;
I peak =π/ 2* Idc
= π /2 *198*10-3= 7.9A
IN4007 diode was selected from the data sheet and used.
Figure 1. 5 Rectifier
The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors.
It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing capacitor.
3.3.5 Filter
Filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove
unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. The most
common types of electronic filters are linear filters, regardless of other aspects of their design. [1]
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Irip=1/4*√3 ∗ 𝑐𝑓𝑅𝑙
To find the value of the capacitor,
RL=12/198*10-3=0.606k
1k is selected from data sheet
C=1/4*√3 ∗ 0.04 ∗ 50 ∗ 1000
C=72µF
The standard value of 100µF was selected from datasheets.
3.3.6 IC regulator
An IC regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage
level. Voltage regulator ICs are available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output
voltages. They are also rated by the maximum current they can pass. Most regulators include some
automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal
protection').It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on
the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages. The regulated DC output is
very smooth with no ripple .It is suitable for all electronic circuits. [2]
Figure 1. 7 IC regulators
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Figure 1. 8 relay
When electricity is applied to V1 and V2, the electromagnet acts upon the switch so that B and C
terminals are connected. When the electricity is disconnected, then A and C terminals are
connected. It is important to note that the electromagnet is magnetically linked to the switch but
not linked electrically. [1]
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
parallel in accordance to the load sensed by the CT. we can see that the current of the transformer
rises as load increases, whenever the load current goes above the transformer rated current, and
the microcontroller detects an over current and it sends a trip signal to relay thereby the load shared
automatically by transformer two and protecting the transformer one from burning. [1] [7]
In this project, the current sensor is capable of measuring current values and displayed on the LCD
display and as soon as the power transformer is overloaded the current transformer sends the
information to the microcontroller and the microcontroller energizes the relay, thereby the load is
shared by transformer 2. An ammeter cannot be used in measuring the load current in this project
because an analogue signal most be fed into the ADC of the microcontroller for monitoring the
load current. A current sensor was found to be the suitable current sensing device for this purpose.
[5] [7]
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
flux passes through the secondary coil and induces and alternating voltage in the secondary coil.
The magnitude of the secondary voltage is directly proportional to the ratio of the number of turns
in the secondary and primary windings and to the primary voltage. [7]
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
phase banks, we should try to match the X/R ratios of the three series impedance to keep the three
phase output voltages balanced.
Same Polarity
Polarity of the T/F means the direction of induced emf in the secondary is same as primary. If
direction is different to other T/F at secondary side, then it is in opposite polarity. If opposite
polarity exist, then there will be circuiting current and produces a short circuit.
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
IAZA=IBZB
Since they are in parallel
IA/IB=ZB/ZA
ZA = RA + XA
ZB = RB + XB
IA/IB=
(RB+XB)/(RA+XA)…………………………………………………….eq.2
Suppose that if two transformers with different KVA rating are connected in parallel, the total load
will be divided in proportional to their KVA rating and their equivalent impendence are inversely
proportional to their respective rating.
IA/IB = ZB/ZA
IA/IL = ZB/ZL by current division formula
IA / (IA +IB) = ZB / (ZA + ZB)
IA = IL (ZB / (ZA + ZB)) ……………………………………….eq.3
IB = IL (ZA / (ZA + ZB)) ………………………………….…….eq.4
Substituting for ZA and ZB above by KVAA/ %ZA and KVAB/ %ZB into equations (3) and
(4) Produces the following equations
IA= (KVAA/%ZA) IL/ (KVAA/ %ZA+ KVAB/ %ZB) ……………………eq.5
IB= (KVAB/%ZB) x IL/ (KVAA/ %ZA+ KVAB/ %ZB) ……………….....eq.6
Similarly, the load share of the main transformer
(TRA) SA = V2IA x 103 KVA
=V2I (ZB/ (ZA +ZB)) x 103 KVA …………………………………………eq.7
Therefore, the total load will be
S = SA + SB …………………………………………………………………eq.8
S= I KVA ………………………………...........................................eq.9
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
For unequal voltage turns ratio, if the primary is connected to the supply, a circulating current will
flow in the primary even at no load. The circulating current will be superimposed on the currents
drawn by the load when the transformers share a load. Let V1 be the primary supply voltage, a1
be the turns ratio of transformer A, a2 be the turns ratio of transformer B, ZA be the equivalent
impedance of transformer A (= RA + jXA) referred to as secondary, ZB be the equivalent
impedance of transformer B (= RB + jXB) referred to as secondary, IA be the output current of
transformer A and IB be the output current of transformer B. The induced EMF in the secondary
of transformer A is
EA=V1/a1=V2 +IAZA ……………………………………………….eq.10
The induced EMF in the secondary of transformer B is
EB=V1/a2=V2+IBZB ……………………………………………………eq.11
Again, V2 = IZL where ZL is the impedance of the load
V2= (IA+IB) ZL……………………………………………………………eq.12
From Equations 7, 8 and 9 we have
EA=IAZA+ (IA+IB) ZL …………………………….…………………...…eq.13
And EB =IBZB+ (IA+IB) ZL …………………………..….…………………….eq.14
EA - EB = IAZA - IBZB …………………………….……………………..eq.15
IA = ((EA –EB) +IBZB)/ZA ………………………….…………................eq.16
Substituting IA from equation (16) in to equation (14), we have
EB =IBZB + ((EA –EB) +IBZB)/ZA *ZL +IBZL
IB
This part provides a case study for two power transformers load sharing in distribution. The
following assumption parameters for each transformer are considered. [6] [7]
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Although it’s not common practice for new installations, sometimes two Transformers with
different kVA and the same percent impedances are connected to one common bus. In this
situation, the current division causes each transformer to carry its rated load. There will be no
circulating currents because the voltages (turn ratios) are the same. In this project, the capacity of
the two transformers is Capacity of T1 (main transformer) = 600 - 800 kVA and each transformer
to only be loaded to its kVA rating. If each transformer have equal impedance and each with the
same turn ratios, since current has a direct relationship with kVA, substituting kVA for current
into equation (5) and (6) above
kVA1= KVA1 / (KVA1+KVA2) x KVAL
kVA2= KVA2 / (KVA1+KVA2) x KVAL
Although it‘s not common practice for new installations, sometimes two Transformers with
different KVAs and the same percent impedances are connected to one common bus. In this
situation, the current division causes each transformer to carry its rated load. There will be no
circulating currents because the voltages (turn ratios) are the same.
Let Capacity of T1= 800 kVA and capacity of T2= 600 kVA, Each transformer with 5.75%
impedance and each with the same turn ratios, the total load connected to a common is 1400 kVA.
Since current has a direct relationship with kVA, substituting kVA for current into equation (5)
and (6) above
kVA1= 800 / (800 + 600) x 1400 = 800 kVA
kVA2= 600 / (800 + 600) x1400 = 600 kVA
It can be seen in the calculations that even though there are different kVA ratings on transformers
connected to one common load, that current division causes each transformer to only be loaded to
its kVA rating. The key here is that the percent impedances are the same.
Transformers in industrial and commercial facilities connected to one common bus with different
kVA and unequal percent impedances. However, there may be that one situation where two single-
ended substations may be tied together via bussing or cables to provide better voltage support
when starting large motors. If the percent impedances and kVA ratings are different, care should
be taken when loading these transformers.
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Capacity of transformer 1
800 kVA (kVA1) with 0.571 per unit impedance
Capacity of transformer 2
600 kVA (kVA2) with 0.428 per unit impedance, each transformer with the same turn ratios,
connected to a common 1400 kVA load.
Using equations (5) and (6):
kVA1= 800 / (800 + 450) x 1400
= 896 kVA
kVA2= 450 / (800 + 450) x 1400
= 504 kVA
The load current carried by the combined transformers will be less than their rated kVA.
As similar to ―case1 because, it is overloaded with a less than combined rated load.
Although it appears highly unlikely that all of these parameters would be different in practice, we
will address this situation by looking at circulating currents. Unequal impedances equal ratios
different kVA addressed different kVA, but ignored the X/R ratios of the transformer. If both the
ratios and the impedances are different, the circulating current (because of the unequal ratio)
should be combined with each transformer's share of the load current to obtain the actual total
current in each unit. For unity power factor, 10% circulating current (due to unequal turn ratios)
results in only half percent to the total current.
At lower power factors, the circulating current will change dramatically. The effect of having
parallel transformers with different percent impedances, along with different turn and X/R ratios
connected to one common load. Consider two transformers connected in parallel:
Transformer A has 5500 V, equivalent impedance (0.4 + j4) ohm
Transformer B has 5400 V, equivalent impedance (0.1 + j 1.5) and supply a common load. The
load impedance is (10 + j 6) ohm. The current supplied by each transformer. By using equation
17 and 18 we can get the current of each transformer
IA = (5500(0.1 + j1.5) + (5500 - 5400) x (10 + j6))
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
%R' = 0.708
Solving for %X':
%X'= %R x (X/R)
%X' = 0.708 x 8 = 5.66
%Z" = 4.28, therefore %R" = %Z" / [(X/R) 2+ 1)]1/2
%R" = 4.28 / ((5)2+ 1)1/2
%R" = 0.839
Solving for %X":
%X" = %R x (X/R)
%X" =0.784 x 5 = 4.19
% IC = 2.5 x 100
((.713 + (800/600) x 0.784)2+ (5.7+ (2000/1000) x 3.92)2)
%IC= 250 / 13.73 = 18.21
This shows that the combined load of the transformers will be limited to [3000 - (.1821 x 3000 =
546 kVA)] = 2454 kVA before a load is connected.
When paralleled transformer turn ratios and percent impedances are the same, equal load division
will exist on each transformer. When paralleled transformer kVA ratings are the same, but the
percent impedances are different, then unequal load division will occur. The same is true for
unequal percent impedances and unequal kVA. Circulating currents only exist if the turn ratios do
not match on each transformer.
%R" = 0.839
%X" = %R x (X/R)
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
% IC = 2.5 x 100
This shows that the combined load of the transformers will be limited to [3000 - (.1821 x 3000 =
546 kVA)] 2454 kVA before a load is connected.
When paralleled transformer turn ratios and percent impedances are the same, equal load division
will exist on each transformer. When paralleled transformer kVA ratings are the same, but the
percent impedances are different, then unequal load division will occur. The same is true for
unequal percent impedance and unequal KVA. Circulating currents only exist if the turn ratio don’t
match on each transformer. [7]
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
as main component of the project as it connects with a relay to connect the slave transformer in
parallel. [8]
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Power tree
Digital pin
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
There are also instruction command codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or force
the cursor to the home position or blink the instruction command codes. We also use RS=0 to chew
busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive information. [4]
Application of ADC
ADC is used virtually everywhere where an analog signal has to be processed, stored, or
transported in digital form. Some examples of ADC usage are digital volt meters, cell phone,
thermocouples, digital oscilloscope, sound processing, temperature processing etc...
Microcontrollers commonly used 8, 10, 12, or 16 bit ADCs; our micro controller uses an 8 bit
ADC.
Analog-to-digital ADC converters are used to transform analog information into a form suitable
for digital handling, which might involve any of these operations:
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUTION
From simulation of the project we get the following result. When the utility load is increased
beyond the rated capacity of the transformer one (main transformer) and interrupted; then the
Microcontroller detects the signal that get from the loads through current sensor. Then the
microcontroller calculates the received signal compare with the reference voltage; then send
signal to the relay (transfer switch). The relay connect transformer two to share the overload power.
However, when the utility load became below rated value of transformer one
microcontroller send signal to disconnect transformer two and the load is run only by
transformer one.
1. When utility power is interrupted due to over current and overload, the transfers switch
senses and starts up the transformer TF2 which acts as a backup transformer.
2. If the utility power remains absent, the transfer switch disconnects the load from the
utility and connects it to the Transformer TF1.
3. The transfer switch continues to monitor utility power, and when it is restored, switches the
load from the Transformer TF2 back to the Main transformer TF1. Once the Transformer TF2
is disconnected, it goes through a cool-down routine and is automatically shut down.
4. Initially TF1 is connected to the load, the loads run with this power. Due to any reason this
power is interrupted, then it is identified by the controller and it immediately switches ON to
the TF2 through the relay.
5. The result is displayed on LCD.
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
The project describes about how to use power supply intelligently under peak loads. The project
automatically connects and disconnects the sharing transformer thus protecting the main
transformer from overload. Current transformer plays an important role by sensing the current
through the load and sending feedback signal to the microcontroller through ADC.
Microcontroller is so programmed that as soon as the load exceeds a particular current limit it
will soon generate a control signals and the signal is fed to the electromagnetic relay. The
switching process occurs in the Electromagnetic Relay which automatically connects the
transformer in parallel in accordance to the load sensed by the CT. Through the transformer
current analysis, we can see that the current of the transformer rises as load increases, whenever
the load current goes above the transformer rated current, and the microcontroller detects an
over current and it sends a trip signal to relay thereby the load shared automatically by
transformer two and protecting the transformer one from damage. As the load current goes
below the rated current of the transformer, the microcontroller detects normal there by sending
an on signal to the relay to disconnect the sharing transformer. The results indicate that the
microcontroller based transformer automatic load sharing achieves numerous advantages over
the existing systems in use: 1) fast response, 2) better isolation, 3) accurate detection of the
fault. Finally, the results of simulation meet the aim and objectives of the project and automated
with no manual interface required.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Any work and investigation on transformer load sharing is very advantageous and challenging.
Based on the present time, it can be observed that population in different cities are increasing
rapidly. Therefore, demands on electricity will be high and these will lead to demands of highly
sophisticated protection devices, which will be incorporated in transformer load sharing
schemes. Based on the work done in this project which automatic load sharing of transformer
using microcontroller, some improvements need to be made in the future work. Such as use of
switching semiconductor device such as thyristor can be used instead of relay, highly advanced
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
microcontroller such as 16bit PIC microcontroller or a digital signal processor can be used for
high speed analogue to digital (ADC) conversion of the transformer voltage and current. Our
project automatically connects the transformer under critical loads. Thus, there is no need to
operate both transformers under normal loads, particularly during off peak hours. Thus, power
is shared intelligently with the transformers in parallel.
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Reference
[1]. Transformer_protection_monitoring_and_control.pdf. [Online].
[2]. Loading Considerations When Paralleling Transformers Application Guide (2007);
Nashville, TN, USA. 2007.
[3]. A. G. e. al, "Automatic Transformer Distribution and Load Sharing Using
Microcontroller”," International Journal of electrical and electronics reaserch, 2016.
[4]. m. B. lawan, "automatic load sharing and control system using microcontroller," American
Journal of Modern Energy, pp. 1-9, 2017
[5]. The raja, BL. “A Text Book of Electrical Technology “, volume1, 2, 3.
[6]. Wadhwa, C. “Electrical power system”, . 1983
[7]. Knable, A. “Electrical power systems engineering”, . 1967.
[8]. Ashish R. Ambalkar, Nitesh M. Bhoyar, Vivek V. Badarkhe and Vivek B. Bathe, “Automatic
Load Sharing of Transformers”, International Journal for Scientific Research & Development,
Volume 2, Issue 12, pp. 739-741,2015.
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Appendix:
Code
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
// initialize the liquid crystal library & interface LCD pin to arduino digital pins
Float Load1;
int r1=2;
int r2=12;
void setup() {
lcd.begin(16, 2);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(r1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(r2,OUTPUT);
void loop() {
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Serial.println(sensorValue);
Load1=(sensorValue/10);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Load = ");
lcd.print(Load1);
lcd.print("% ");
delay(1);
if(sensorValue<999)
digitalWrite(r1,HIGH);
else
digitalWrite(r1,LOW);
if(sensorValue>500)
digitalWrite(r2,HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("T1 ON T2 ON");
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Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC
else
digitalWrite(r2,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
38
Automatic load sharing of transformer DDU 2014 EC