LIF & MIE spray

characterisation

• Luis Le Moyne (Université Pierre et Marie Curie)

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An EC funded NoE on Energy Conversion in Engines © 2005 ECO-Engines Partners - All rights reserved.
 sprays
• Multiphase flows
– Droplets
• Diameters from 1 to 100µm
• Velocities from 0 to 300m/s
• Temperatures from ambient to some 102 K
– Vapour
• Fuel vapour+Ambient gas (air/nitrogen)+Combustion
products
• Velocities from 0 to 10m/s
• Temperatures from ambient to 103 K
• Scale
– Some 10-2m in length & some 10-3s in time

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 Scattering in sprays
• General expression for scattered light signal S :
S = C.d n
(C is constant for fixed temperature and experimental parameters, expression
valid for d>>λ and no Morphology Dependent Resonances)

• Light emitted by a particle in elastic scattering (λi=λe)

•Size parameter α : Raleigh(α<0.1)/MIE(0.1< α <300)/Geometrical(α >300)

2π d
α=
λ
• Light emitted by a particle in inelastic scattering (λi≠λe )
LIF, Raman,....
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 Scattering modes
The intensity of the incident ray is
partly reflected and refracted.
The intensity ratio is given 3rd order 6th order
by the Fresnel coefficients and Reflection 2
np > nm
depends on the incident
angle, polarization and nm
1
relative refractive index. Incident ray np

The scattering angle is given by 1st order

Snell’s law. -2 -1 1 2 refraction
8th order 4th order
The phase is given by the optical
-1
path length of the ray. 5th order 7th order

Most of the intensity is contained 2nd order

in the first three scattering modes. -2
refraction

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 Light scattering by droplets and
bubbles
Water droplet in air Air bubble in water

2
2

1
1

Incident
Incident

rays
rays

-2 -1 1 2

-2 -1 1 2

-1
-1

-2
-2

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 Intensity of scattered light
Lorenz-Mie
• The scattered light
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intensity from the parallel
different scattering polarization
1st order
modes varies at 2 refraction
different scattering
angles. 2nd order
refraction 1
• The scattering
intensity also
depends on the -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
polarization
orientation of the -1
incident light.
-2
perpendicular reflection
polarization
-3

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 Scattering in sprays

• For common lasers and spherical absorbing droplets

of d>1µm :
S MIE = CMIE d
2

With twin characteristic spots on the equatorial axis

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MIE signal dependence on diameter
(single droplets)

Liquid : Kerosine with fluorescing components and dye for absorption

control, Laser : Nd:Yag 538nm (Le Gal et al.)
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MIE signal dependence on diameter
(sprays)
• If the area observed/camera resolution compromise
does not allow to distinguish individual droplets, the
MIE signal depends on droplets diameter AND
number (density)
• MIE signal intensity for a group of droplets of
same diameter d :
I MIE = I inc ⋅ f (n, θ ) ⋅ N d ⋅ d 2
• B For quantitative measurements of size, the
spray pdf should be known…..
» More information is needed : polarization,
coupling with other techniques (LIF)

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 MIE/LIF for size measurements

• LIF signal is dependent on volume :

S LIf = CLIF d 3
• MIE signal is dependent on surface :
S MIE = CMIE d 2

• The ratio of the two signals in provenance of a

spray is representative of SMD :

S LIF CLIF ∑ d 3 ∑ d 3

= ∝ = D32
S MIE CMIE ∑ d 2
∑d 2

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 LIF specificities
• What is observed ? :
– A fluorescent molecule which is part of fuel
components or a dopant added to fuel
• How it is observed ? :
• A laser light source (generally a laser sheet) induces
fluorescence of molecule observed by a camera through
optics (lenses, mirrors, filters, windows…)
B The observed shape can be identified to spray only
if the behaviour of molecule is equivalent to fuel
behaviour (atomisation, vaporisation, transport…)
AND
if fluorescence signal dependence on concentration of
specific molecule is known & controlled (wavelength,
temperature, pressure, quenching,…)

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 LIF specificities
• What are the differences between a LIF image of a
spray and the « reality » ? :
– Dopant/Fuel miscibility & stability (at high T & P & UV)
– Atomisation & transport : droplet diameters can be
very sensitive to changes on viscosity and surface
tension B Dopant concentration limited
– Chemical reactions
• Parasite reactions (auto-ignition,…)
– Vaporisation
• Multicomponent fuel : Only the vaporisation of fluorescent
component is monitored
• Dopant added to Fuel : Only the vaporisation of dopant is
monitored

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 LIF Techniques for sprays
• Concentration
– Vapour or Liquid
• LIF
– Liquid & Vapour
• Laser Induced Exciplex
Fluorescence LIEF
• Size
• LIF/MIE ratio
• Velocities
• Fluorescence Particle
Image Velocimetry
(Tracking) FPIV & FPIT
• Temperature
• Multi-Line LIF

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 LIF experimental set-up
CCD 1
CCD 2
• For coupled LIF/MIE images or 2
wavelengths LIF, separate Laser/Camera
Filter 1 Filter 2
systems may be needed with appropriate
filtering

Laser 1

Mirror 1

Mirror 2

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LIF experimental set-up

Doc : O. Pajot PSA

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 LIEF
• Objective: Visualize liquid and vapour phases
• Principle:
– 2 additives blended to the fuel: tracer (TMPD)+
special additive (α-methyl-naphthalene)
– Excitation with UV laser light (355nm)
– Tracer fluoresces alone in vapour phase
– Tracer and additive form a complex when
excited in liquid phase (Exciplex)

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Use of the optical access through piston window
for:
» global UV laser lighting of the sprays
» Fluorescence collecting onto two cameras with
appropriate filters
ÖSimultaneous visualization of the liquid and the
vapour phase
Filter @ 400 nm for vapor phase
Or
Filter @ 532 nm for liquid phase

camera

Dichroic mirrors

Laser

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 Exciplex technique
Photo-physics Scheme

Vapour Phase

Main Relaxation

Subordinate
Relaxation Liquid Phase
Doc : H. Zhao (1998)

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 Exciplex technique
A
UV Laser Light
D
D0

D
D0
AD A
D0

vapour N2
12000

10000

8000 90% fuel 10% dopants ! requires N2

6000
environment
4000 D to avoid
2000 AD quenching by O2
0
365 423 480 538
Wavelength (nm)

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 Exciplex technique
• Filtering of the fluorescence signal allows to
distinguish between liquid and vapour phases
12000

10000

8000 90% fuel 10% dopants

6000 !
4000 D Strong liquid signal present
2000 AD in the vapour band
0
365 423 480 538
Ö blend optimisation via
Wavelength (nm) spectroscopic measurements,
390nm 480nm
choice of an appropriate filter

Vapour Signal Liquid Signal

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 Synchronization: Mie scattering
elimination
Combustion chamber reflects due to Mie scattering
Solution: Time-Shifted imaging:
Mie Scattering duration ~8 ns
Fluorescence duration ~100 ns

Synchronisation chart
Q-Switch

Laser Beam

•Mie Scattering •No Mie Scattering

TriggerIntensifier
Signal in the Image Signal
Intensifier Switch
Doc : O. Pajot PSA
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 Quenching

Air Atmosphere Nitrogen Atmosphere

Experience Experience

Doc : O. Pajot PSA

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Liquid Phase Contours Liquid&Vapour Phases Contours
532nm / 10nm FWHM 400nm / 100nm FWHM

Doc : O. Pajot PSA

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 Polarization method
CCD
The ratio of // and ⊥ components depends on
refraction index, incident angle and size of
droplets ⊥

//

Polarizing
cube

Laser

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 Polarization method

Polarization ratio versus size parameter for

different angles

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 Polarization method

Polarization ratio versus size parameter for

different refraction index, at 84°
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 References

• H. Zhao and N. Ladommatos, Optical

diagnostics for in-cylinder mixture formation
measurements in IC engines
• O. Pajot, mid-term report, DIME project
• L. Azizi, P. Hervé, A. Kleitz, fluvisu 1995,
polarization particle sizing.

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 General features of PDA
• Extension of the LDA principle
• Simultaneous measurement of velocity (up to 3 components) and
size of spherical particles as well as mass flux, concentration etc.
• First publication by Durst and Zaré in 1975
• First commercial instrument in 1984
• Non-intrusive measurement (optical technique), on-line and in-situ
• Absolute measurement technique (no calibration required)
• Very high accuracy
• Very high spatial resolution (small measurement volume)

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Preconditions for the application of PDA
• Optical access to the measurement area (usually
from two directions)
• Sphericity of particles (droplets, bubbles, solids)
• Homogeneity of particle medium
(slight inhomogeneities may be tolerated if the concentration of
the inhomogeneities is low and if the size of the
inhomogeneities is much smaller than the wavelength used)
• Refractive indices of the particle and the continuous
medium must usually be known
• Particle size between ca. 0.5 µm and several
millimetres
• Max. particle number concentration is limited

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 Principle set-up of PDA
Optical parameters
of a PDA set-up: X

Flow Detector 1
• Beam intersection
angle θ
θ
• Scattering angle ϕ ψ Z
• Elevation angle ψ ϕ
• Polarization
(parallel or perpendicular
to scattering plane) ψ
Scattering plane
• Shape and size of Y Detector 2
detector aperture

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 Optical principle of PDA
• A particle scatters light from
two incident laser beams Detec
tor 2
• Both scattered waves ect or 1
Det
interfere in space and create
a beat signal with a frequency
which is proportional to the
velocity of the particle

Incident beams
• Two detectors receive this
signal with different phases
• The phase shift between
these two signals is
proportional to the diameter of
the particle

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 Phase relationships

The phase shift between two detectors is:

For reflection:
2π dp sin θ sin ψ
Φ=
λ 2 (1 − cos θ cos ψ cos φ )

For 1st order refraction:

−2 π d p n rel sin θ sin ψ
Φ=
λ 2 (1 + cos θ cos ψ cos φ ) (1 + n rel
2
− n rel 2 (1 + cos θ cos ψ cos φ )

No calibration constant is contained in these equations.

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 Phase - diameter linearity
• A linear relationship between measured phase
difference and particle diameter only exists, if the
detector is positioned such that one light scattering
mode dominates.
• Simultaneous Scattering angle: 50°
detection of different 60

Reflection
scattering modes of 40 Air bubble in water
comparable intensity

Phase (deg)
20
leads to non-
linearities in the 0
5 10 15 20 25 30

Refraction
phase-diameter -20

relationship. -40 Water droplet in air

-60
Diameter (micron)

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 2π ambiguity in a two-detector system
• The phase difference
increases with increasing Φ1
particle size.
• Since phase is a modulo
2π function, it cannot Φ1

exceed 2π,
Φ2
i.e. 360°.
• Therefore, if a particle
Φ2
has a size that causes
the phase to go beyond a
2π jump, a two-detector Φ3
Φ 3′ Φ3
PDA cannot discriminate
between this size and a
much smaller particle. Φ 3′

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 3-detector set-up
• Overcoming the 2π ambiguity
• Increasing the measurable size range
• Maintaining a high measurement
resolution

ψ Φ
Detector 1 360°
3
Φ 1-

1-2
Detector 3

Φ
Φ1-3
ϕ Φ1-2

Detector 2
d
0 dmeas. dmax

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 Dantec Dynamics 57X40 FiberPDA

Measurement
volume
Aperture plate

Composite lens

U1
U3
Front lens U2

Multimode
• Easy set-up and alignment fibres Detector Unit
• Three receivers in one probe with PMTs.

• Exchangeable aperture masks

• Up to three velocity components

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 Size range adaptation

• For a given optical configuration, the distance between the receiving

apertures can be changed to adapt the size range.
• This can be achieved by exchanging the aperture mask in the receiving
probe.
• The Dantec Dynamics FiberPDA has a set of three different masks:

A: small size range range B: medium size range C: large size

A B C
U1
U3
U2

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Effective PDA measurement volume

Intersection
volume
The effective size
of the measurement Projected slit
volume is
determined by:

• the diameter of the intersection

volume of the transmitting beams Slit aperture

• the width of the projection of the slit

shaped spatial filter which is mounted U
U3 1
in front of the receiving fibers U
2
The effective PDA measurement volume is
much smaller than the intersection volume
of the transmitting laser beams.

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Sources for measurement
uncertainties
• Oscillations in phase-diameter curve
• Low SNR due to low intensity or
extinction
• Phase changes due to
– surface distortions
– inhomogeneous particles
– multiple scattering effects
• Gaussian intensity profile in the
measurement volume
• Slit effect

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 Trajectory effect / Gaussian
beam effect
• Depending on the trajectory of the particle, the detected
scattered light is dominated either by refraction or reflection. This
is caused by the Gaussian intensity profile across the
measurement volume.
• This effect becomes noticeable for large transparent particles
(dp > ca. 50% of meas. vol. diameter)

Gaussian
Intensity
Projected slit Intersection volume

Y Y

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 Slit effect

• Due to the projection of the receiving slit

aperture, the unwanted scattering mode
becomes dominating for particle trajectories
at one edge of the slit projection.

Projected slit Intersection volume

Y
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 The DualPDA
• Measurement errors due
to trajectory and slit
effects are eliminated
• Particularly optimized for X
applications
to sprays with
transparent droplets U1
• Enables improved Z
concentration
ϕ
and mass flux
measurements V2
• Provides the ability to V1
reject non-spherical
Y Scattering
plane U2
droplets

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 Components of the DualPDA

Conventional PDA Planar PDA

X X
Main
Main Flow
Flow Direction
Direction
Transmitting Transmitting
Optics Optics
(Beams are (Beams are
in the x-z Y ϕ in the y-z Y ϕ
plane) Z plane) Z
Receiving
Apertures Receiving
Apertures

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 Comparison measurements

Measurement with a standard PDA Measurement with a DualPDA

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Automotive Fuel Injection

Photo: AVL, Graz, Austria

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To make a successful PIV measurement:

1. Selection of appropriate tracer particle:

Particle size must be large enough to scatter sufficient light for image
acquisition.
Particle size must be small enough for faithfully tracking the flow.

2. Proper seeding of tracer particles:

Homogeneous and uniform seeding
No severe particle aggregation
Particle seeding concentration must be high enough for data processing
and low enough for not disturbing the flow field.

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IPI – Interferometric Particle Imaging

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 Light scattering principles

The principle of the PDA technique is the scattering of plane

lightwaves by spherical particles.
A lightwave is fully described
by: Scattering is composed of:
• wavelength • diffraction
• intensity • reflection
• polarization • refraction
• phase • absorption

An exact description of the scattering of light by a homogeneous

sphere is given by the full solution of Maxwell’s equations formulated
by Mie in 1908.

Geometric optics (Snell’s law) is a simplified way to describe light

scattering.

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