Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources:
Personal Interviews
- Lowdermilk, Elberta. Interview. Conducted by Willie Atencio and David Schiferl,
2009.

This is an interview of a Woman whose father had been working in the Manhattan Project as a Road Worker
and her shared experience with him of being part of the making of one of the deadliest bombs ever. I used
this as a source of intel on how workers of the Manhattan project felt and what the project was like and about.

- Oppenheimer, Robert Julius. Interview. Conducted by Stephane Groueff, 1956

This was an interview with J.R. Oppenheimer who led the making of the bombs, where he was asked about
some aspects of the making. I used this as a source of info for the section where I talked about
Oppenheimer’s view on the devastating aftereffects of the project.

Letter or Memos
- Einstein, Albert. "Einstein's Letter to Roosevelt." Letter to Franklin Delano
Roosevelt, 2 Aug. 1939, Department of Energy's Office of History and
Heritage Resources. Typescript. - Bush, Vannevar. "Bush-FDR Letter." 9 Mar. 1942. Atomic Heritage
Foundation,
www.atomicheritage.org/key-documents/bush-fdr-letter. Accessed 26 Feb.
2022.

This was the letter sent to President Franklin Roosevelt from Albert Einstein to inform him about Nazi
Germany possibly being able to make a nuclear bomb and the threats posed towards the Allies during WWII. I
used this letter as a primary source of the letter which I had learned about in my studying and wanted to take
notes on.

- "Russia and the Atomic Bomb." 11 Sept. 1945. National Archives, Harry S. Truman
Library and Museum, www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/
memo-re-russia-and-atomic-bomb. Accessed 27 Feb. 2022.

This was a memo explaining how some government members wanted to go about keeping Russia at bay with
the newfound nuclear power. I used this memo as a way of seeing some people's perspectives on the nuclear
arms race and how they would have wanted to deal with it.

Conference Proceeding
- Truman, Harry. "Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender." Potsdam
Confrence, 26 July 1945, Potsdam, Germany.

This was a list of terms for the Japanese to follow if they would surrender, unless they wanted to keep WWII
going with the U.S. I used this source to see what specifically the U.S. wanted the Japanese to do if they were
to surrender and why Japan declined.

Journals
- "United States Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki." Review of Little Boy and Fat Man bombs, by Paul
 Nitze. The Effects of the Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 30 June
1946, pp. 1-45. National Archives, www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/
research-files/
united-states-strategic-bombing-survey-effects-atomic-bombs-hiroshima-and?documen
tid=NA&pagenumber=2. Accessed 26 Feb. 2022.

This was a survey review of the effects of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the land destroyed and the people
killed and the morality behind the bombings. I used this journal as a way of seeing a summary of the long-
term and short-term effects of the bombs and the morals behind the bombings.

Video clips
- "DR J ROBERT OPPENHEIMER NOW I AM BECOME DEATH, THE DESTROYER of WORLDS."
Youtube, uploaded by Paul Johnson, Paul Johnson, 2013,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=dus_M4sn0_I. Accessed 11 Mar. 2022.

This was a clip of the Trinity Tests and J.R. Oppenheimer saying the famous Bhagada Vita quote "Now I am
become Death, Destroyer of worlds.” I Used this in my website as a quote said by Oppenheimer which shows
his regret for helping make the first-ever atomic bombs.

Photos
- National Archives. Fat Man Being Lowered and Checked on Transport Dolly for
Airfield Trip. Atomic Heritage Foundation, www.atomicheritage.org/history/
little-boy-and-fat-man. Accessed 10 Mar. 2022.

This is a photo of the Little Boy bomb being transported on a Dolley while on the Tinian Island where the
Enola Gay plane took off with it. I used this photo on my home page to depict the bombs which were the main
subjects of my website.

- Unkown. "Little Boy" and "Fat Man." 16 July 2018. High Frontier, Henry E.
Cooper, highfrontier.org/july-17-2018-legacy-of-fat-man-and-little-boy/.
Accessed 10 Mar. 2022.

This is a picture depicting the Fat Man and Little Boy bombs. This picture was used in my theses page under
where I drafted my thesis to give a better picture of the Little Boy bomb to the reader.

- Unkown. An Artist's Rendition of Chicago Pile-1. 17 May 2017. Atomic Heritage

Foundation, www.atomicheritage.org/history/manhattan-project. Accessed
11 Mar. 2022.

This is an Artist’s Rendition of the Chicago Pile-1, which was the first-ever nuclear reactor ever made by the
Manhattan Project group in Chicago. I used the picture as a sort of logo for the Manhattan Project on the
background page when I was simply discussing the project itself.

- Unknown. Japanese Troops in the Ruins of Shanghai, 1937. 18 June 2014. Atomic
Heritage Foundation, www.atomicheritage.org/history/
attack-pearl-harbor-1941. Accessed 11 Mar. 2022.

This picture depicts the Pearl Harbor bomb attacks on the USS West Virginia which sparked the war between
the U.S. and Japan. I used this photo when discussing that the project was sparked by the pearl harbor
attacks by Japan against the U.S.

- Unknown. Enola Gay B-29 Bomber Plane. 2019. Atomic Heritage Foundation,
www.atomicheritage.org/key-documents/hiroshima-log-enola-gay. Accessed 11
Mar. 2022.
This shows the Enola Gay bomber plane which dropped the Little Boy bomb On Hiroshima with the crew of it
stand right under it. I used this photo while talking about the two atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki when 2 B-29 bomber planes dropped the first-ever atomic bomb, including the Enola Gay in the
picture.

- ---. Hiroshima Building. 19 May 2015. Japan Info, jpninfo.com/8096. Accessed 11

Mar. 2022.

This Is photo of a building in Hiroshima, still standing, many years after the Little Boy bomb was dropped on it
in 1945. This photo was used as a background photo on the effects page.

- Unknown. The Bombing of Hiroshima, from 10 Km Away. 15 June 2014. Atomic

Heritage Foundation, www.atomicheritage.org/history/
bombings-hiroshima-and-nagasaki-1945. Accessed 11 Mar. 2022.

This photo shows the aerial view of Hiroshima’s bombing from 10 kilometers (about the height of Mount
Everest) away. This photo was used on the pages I was talking about Hiroshima and Nagasaki after the
bombings, to give the reader a view of what had happened.

- Tibbets, Paul Warfield. Nagasaki before and after. 5 June 2014. Atomic Heritage
Foundation, www.atomicheritage.org/history/
bombings-hiroshima-and-nagasaki-1945. Accessed 11 Mar. 2022.

This photo shows the before and after of Nagasaki after The Fat Man bomb was dropped on it. I used this in
the section of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Page when I was talking about what the people of the bombed
cities experienced after the bombings.

- Tibbets, Paul Warfield. Aerial Photo of Before and After of Atomic Bombing of
Hiroshima in. 1 Aug. 1945. NippoNews, nipponnews.photoshelter.com/image/
I00001ha2tFupT4Y. Accessed 11 Mar. 2022.

This shows the before and after of Hiroshima after The Little Boy bomb was dropped on it. The photo was
also used in the section of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Page when I was talking about what the people of the
bombed cities experienced after the bombings.

- Popular Mechanics. Nuclear Test Comparison. 8 Aug. 2014. Atomic Heritage

Foundation, www.atomicheritage.org/history/
bombings-hiroshima-and-nagasaki-1945. Accessed 11 Mar. 2022.

This shows the comparison of the powerful Russian TSAR Bomba to other bombs. I was talking about the
nuclear arms race between Russia and the U.S. and used the bomb comparison to show how far nuclear
weapon development has gone.

- Harry Truman and Joseph Stalin. 27 Ju ly 2016. Atomic Heritage Foundation,

www.atomicheritage.org/history/
potsdam-crossroads-atomic-science-and-international-diplomacy. Accessed 11
Mar. 2022.

This shows Harry Truman and Jospeh Stalin Sitting down together At the Potsdam conference of 1945. I
used this photo when talking about Truman’s conversation with Stalin about the new type of weapon he had
discovered and so I decide to depict them both in a photo together.

- J.R.Oppenheimer. Atomic Heritage Foundation, www.atomicheritage.org/profile/

j-robert-oppenheimer. Accessed 11 Mar. 2022.

This is a photo taken of middle-aged J.R. Oppenheimer. This photo was used when talking about
Oppenheimer’s opinion on the bomb and his fears of a nuclear future.
- Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Map of the World's Nuclear
Weapons. 8 Sept. 2017. SBS News, Kelsey Munro, www.sbs.com.au/news/
article/which-nine-countries-have-nuclear-weapons/u2p9scydc. Accessed 11
Mar. 2022.

This is an illustration of the approximate number of nukes in each country that are known. This photo was
used in the section I was talking about how the nuclear arms race between the U.S. and Russia to show how
many Nukes there are currently to show how much this issue has expanded

Secondary Sources:

Book
- Bernstein, Jeremy. Nuclear Weapons: What You Need to Know. Cambridge UP, 2007. Internet Archive,
Cambridge UP, openlibrary.org/works/OL2673678W/
Nuclear_Weapons?edition=ia%3Anuclearweaponswh0000bern. Accessed 31 Jan.
2022

This book explains the making of the bomb and how it works. I originally planned to use this book as a way of
getting insight into how the bomb had originally worked but did not use that much since I knew the
information it provided was not going to really help my website.

- Gardner, Howard Earl, and Emma Laskin. Leading Minds: An Anatomy of Leadership.
New York City, BasicBooks, 1995.

This book is about J.R. Oppenheimer's personal life and his experience working on the Manhattan Project. I
read this book and took notes on it as a means of learning J.R. Oppenheimer’s background and his thoughts
on the atomic bomb's existence.

- Langley, Andrew. Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Capstone, 2017. Overdrive, Capstone,

cherrycreekco.libraryreserve.com/10/45/en/
ContentDetails.htm?id=9B5D0AF7-4578-4D5B-948C-35EF257FE22B. Accessed 31
Jan. 2022.

This Is a book extensively talking about many aspects of WWII and the Manhattan Project and Hiroshima and
Nagasaki's bombings. I used this book to learn about all aspects of the bombings including the cold war and
nuclear arms race and Hiroshima and Nagasaki recovery from the attacks.

. - May, Michael Perry, and William J. Astore. "Atomic Bomb: Was the Atomic Bombing
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ustified?" History in Dispute, edited by Dennis
Showalter, vol. 5, St. James Press, 2000, pp. 48-55. Gale in Context: U.S.
History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2876500016/
GPS?u=auro59200&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=7dd54f7a. Accessed 24 Feb. 2022.

This book talks about whether the Bombings were justified and the effects of them and the toll they took on
Japan. I used this book to get even further insight into the effects of the project and some possibilities of
what could have happened and whether the attacks were useful or not.

Magazines
- Nobile, Philip. "Hiroshima, Nagasaki after Atomic Blasts: Story the Smithsonian
Was Not Allowed to Tell." National Catholic Reporter, vol. 31, no. 35, 28
July 1995, p. 16+. Gale in Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/
 A17365710/GPS?u=auro59200&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=ff73a203. Accessed 3 Feb.
2022.

This magazine talks about the aftereffects of the bombings and how Japan was affected then and is still to
this day. This was an article I took notes on for the basic overall summary of the bombings so I could get an
idea of the situation with the bombings.

- Bernstein, Barton F. "The Atomic Bombings Reconsidered." Foreign Affairs, vol.

74, no. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1995, p. 135+. Gale in Context: World History,
link.gale.com/apps/doc/A16043623/GPS?u=auro59200&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=939e4cd5.
Accessed 3 Feb. 2022.

This article talks about what would have happened if Japan were not bombed and some effects of the bombs.
I used this article to see different possibilities to see what could have gone wrong or right to understand my
topic even better.

Blogs
- History.com/editors. "Manhattan Project." Manhattan Project, History.com, 27
Jan. 2020, www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/
the-manhattan-project?scrlybrkr=7422a8d3. Accessed 2 Feb. 2022.

This is a blog explaining the background of the Manhattan Project and the relation between the U.S. and
Russia. I used this as a means of info for my nuclear arms race page on my website to see the situation
between the U.S. and Russia

- Kratz, Jessie. "Little Boy: The First Atomic Bomb." National Archives, Jessie
Kratz, 6 Aug. 2020, prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2020/08/06/
little-boy-the-first-atomic-bomb/. Accessed 2 Feb. 2022.

This blog explains the U.S. and Russia’s conflict and the cold war and the nuclear threats made against each
other. This was a source of info about the two countries' arms race and how their conflict affected other
future conflicts.

- Little, Becky. "'Father of the Atomic Bomb' Was Blacklisted for Opposing
H-Bomb." "Father of the Atomic Bomb" Was Blacklisted for Opposing H-Bomb,
History.com, 10 Aug. 2017, www.history.com/news/
father-of-the-atomic-bomb-was-blacklisted-for-opposing-H-bomb. Accessed 24 Feb. 2022

This blog talks about Oppenheimer's ideas on the bombings of Japan and him being kicked out of the atomic
research committee for being suspected of having communist ideals. This was also a way for me to get more
info about J.R Oppenheimer and his involvement in the Manhattan Project.

- Pruitt, Sarah. "The Hiroshima Bombing Didn't Just End WWII—It Kick-Started the
Cold War." The Hiroshima Bombing Didn't Just End WWII—It Kick-Started the
Cold War, History.com, 19 Dec. 2018, www.history.com/news/
hiroshima-nagasaki-bombing-wwii-cold-war. Accessed 2 Feb. 2022. - Shillinglaw, Kaylin, and Lindsey Long.
"U.S. Atomic Bomb." U.S. Atomic Bomb,
WordPress, 10 Nov. 2014, blogs.baylor.edu/usatomicbomb/. Accessed 2 Feb.
2022.

This blog talks about the U.S. and Russia’s relationship after Japan’s bombing and the beginning of the
nuclear arms race. This was also a source of info for the nuclear arms race page and the long-term effects of
the bombings.