Questionnaires in

psycho-oncological research

Literature and website links for selected instruments

Corinna Bergelt, PhD

Institute of Cancer Epidemiology,

Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark

Institute of Medical Psychology,

University Clinic Hamburg, Germany
LITERATURE

DISTRESS:

 Profile of Mood States (POMS)

Baker F, Denniston M, Zabora J, Polland A, Dudley WN. A POMS short form for cancer patients:

psychometric and structural evaluation. Psychooncology. 2002;11:273-81.

 Impact of Event Scale (IES)

Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med

1979;41:209-18.

 Distress thermometer

Roth AJ, Kornblith AB, Batel-Copel L, Peabody E, Scher HI, Holland JC. Rapid screening for psychologic

distress in men with prostate carcinoma: a pilot study. Cancer 1998;82:1904-8.

 Cancer-specific distress questionnaire (CSQ-23R)

Herschbach P, Keller M, Knight L, Brandl T, Huber B, Henrich G et al. Psychological problems of cancer

patients: a cancer distress screening with a cancer-specific questionnaire. Br J Cancer 2004;91:504-11.

HEALTH STATUS:

 Sickness Impact profile (SIP)

Gilson BS, Gilson JS, Bergner M, Bobbit RA, Kressel S, Pollard WE et al. The sickness impact profile.

Development of an outcome measure of health care. Am J Public Health 1975;65:1304-10.

 Duke-UNC Health Profile

Parkerson GR, Jr., Gehlbach SH, Wagner EH, James SA, Clapp NE, Muhlbaier LH. The Duke-UNC Health

Profile: an adult health status instrument for primary care. Med Care 1981;19:806-28.

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ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION:

 Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr.Scand 1983;67:361-70.

Razavi D, Delvaux N, Farvacques C, Robaye E. Screening for adjustment disorders and major depressive

disorders in cancer in-patients. Br J Psychiatry 1990;156:79-83.

Moorey S, Greer S, Watson M, Gorman C, Rowden L, Tunmore R et al. The factor structure and factor

stability of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in patients with cancer. Br J Psychiatry 1991;158:255-9.

 Memorial anxiety scale for prostate cancer (MAX-PC)

Roth AJ, Rosenfeld B, Kornblith AB, Gibson C, Scher HI, Curley-Smart T et al. The memorial anxiety scale

for prostate cancer: validation of a new scale to measure anxiety in men with with prostate cancer. Cancer

2003;97:2910-8.

 Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)

Radloff, LS. The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied

Psychological Measurement 1997;1:385-401

Andresen EM, Malmgren JA, Carter WB, Patrick DL. Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation

of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). Am J Prev Med

1994;10:77-84.

 Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen

Psychiatry 1961;4:561-71.

Beck AT, Steer RA, Garbin MG, Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five

years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review 1988; 8 (1): 77-100.

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QUALITY OF LIFE:
 Health Survey Short Form (SF-36)

Ware JE, Jr. SF-36 health survey update. Spine 2000;25:3130-9.

Ware JE, Jr., Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework

and item selection. Med Care 1992;30:473-83.

McHorney CA, Ware JE, Jr., Raczek AE. The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II.

Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Med Care

1993;31:247-63.

McHorney CA, Ware JE, Jr., Lu JF, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36):

III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Med Care

1994;32:40-66.

 World Health Organisation Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF)

Skevington SM, Lotfy M, O'Connell KA. The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life

assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL

group. Qual.Life Res 2004;13:299-310.

 The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life
Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30)
Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, Bullinger M, Cull A, Duez NJ et al. The European Organization for

Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials

in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:365-76.

 Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale General (FACT-G)

Cella DF, Tulsky DS, Gray G, Sarafian B, Linn E, Bonomi A et al. The Functional Assessment of Cancer

Therapy scale: development and validation of the general measure. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:570-9.

 Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)

Webster K, Cella D, Yost K. The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) Measurement

System: properties, applications, and interpretation. Health Qual.Life Outcomes. 2003;1:79.

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COPING:

 Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MAC)

Watson M, Greer S, Young J, Inayat Q, Burgess C, Robertson B. Development of a questionnaire measure of

adjustment to cancer: the MAC scale. Psychol Med 1988;18:203-9.

Greer S, Moorey S, Watson M. Patients' adjustment to cancer: the Mental Adjustment to Cancer (MAC) scale

vs clinical ratings. J Psychosom Res 1989;33:373-7.

Nordin K, Berglund G, Terje I, Glimelius B. The Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale--a psychometric analysis

and the concept of coping. Psychooncology. 1999;8:250-9.

 System of Beliefs Inventory (SBI-15R)

Holland JC, Kash KM, Passik S, Gronert MK, Sison A, Lederberg M et al. A brief spiritual beliefs inventory for

use in quality of life research in life-threatening illness. Psychooncology. 1998;7:460-9.

SOCIAL SUPPORT:

 Social Support Questionnaire Transactions / Social Support Questionnaire

Satisfaction (SSQT / SSQS)

Doeglas D, Suurmeijer T, Briancon S, Moum T, Krol B, Bjelle A et al. An international study on measuring

social support: interactions and satisfaction. Soc.Sci Med 1996;43:1389-97.

INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONING, DISABILITY AND HEALTH (ICF):

Stucki G, Ewert T, Cieza A. Value and application of the ICF in rehabilitation medicine. Disabil.Rehabil

2003;25:628-34.

Stucki G, Ewert T, Cieza A. Value and application of the ICF in rehabilitation medicine. Disabil.Rehabil

2002;24:932-8.

Kearney PM, Pryor J. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and nursing.

J Adv.Nurs 2004;46:162-70.

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WEBSITES:

Information on instruments – databases:

 QOLID the Quality Of Life Instruments Database: http://www.qolid.org

QOLID currently contains: Description of 454 instruments
304 review copies of original instruments
Review copies of 241 translations
Review copies of 112 user manuals
Description of 80 databases

 Patient-assessed health instruments: http://phi.uhce.ox.ac.uk

The Patient-assessed Health Instruments (PHI) website is designed to inform the selection of patient-
assessed health instruments through the provision of a bibliographic database, selection criteria, published
reports and relevant links.
The bibliography contains over 7000 records that relate to the development and testing of instruments

 Australian Center on Quality of life: http://acqol.deakin.edu.au/instruments/instrument.php

Specific instruments:

 SF-36: http://www.sf-36.org

 FACT-G, FACIT: http://www.facit.org/

 EORTC QLQ-C30 and modules: http://www.eortc.be/home/qol/ExplQLQ-C30.htm

 WHOQOL and WHOQOL-BREF: http://www.who.int/evidence/assessment-instruments/qol/

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: www3.who.int/icf