DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

LAOAG CITY

LEARNING MODULE

CHARACTER FORMATION II

Module 1

Preliminary

Prepared by:

LIZ JAMIN D. POBLETE, MBA

Professor

lizjamin_poblete@yahoo.com.ph

pobleteliz7@gmail.com

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 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
LAOAG CITY

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
As a student you understand character as ‘who you are’ and have a set of core values that shape your
moral identity, the most important of which are trust, fairness, caring and honesty. In criminology, one of its
program goals is to foster the values of leadership, integrity, and responsibility while serving their fellowmen,
community, and country. This module covers all the fundamentals of character formation which includes
leadership, decision-making, management and administration that helps you to have the character and
competence to meet the challenges of globalization in the field of criminology.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the course topic, this module is expected to:
1. To provide a well-balanced education in liberal orientation and professional background in criminology
such after graduation, you become a whole man who can live in harmony with your fellowmen and
practice your respective professions in conformity with the standards of integrity, work ethics, and in the
spirit of your true professionalism.
2. To furnish enough opportunities to develop your decision-making skills, leadership potentials and
character traits, wholesome living and social consciousness with a deep sense of commitment to
national welfare, and an active involvement in the safety and security of the country.
3. To develop your mental toughness to meet the requirements of the subject, and to provide
reinforcement to maintain your interest in your chosen career in the criminology field.
4. To ensure intellectual training to make you a more dynamic and accessible instrument for promoting
social consciousness; to make the real and effective mechanisms for the advancement of equality
among men, thus serving to remove prejudicial forcers that tend to impede or hamper harmonious
local, national, and international development.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS
• Class attendance
• Quizzes, Assignment, & Activities
• Class participation
• Major examinations
• Case studies
• Reports

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
• This module contains several lessons. Instruction are explained with activities and examples.
Understand and internalize the learning outcomes. Read well the contents of each lesson. A strategy is
used to let you learn and improve your learning ability and to develop your higher order thinking skills.
At the end of each module, there is an assessment/examination. Understand and answer it as
directed.

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 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
LAOAG CITY

UNIT I
CHARACTER FORMATION: AN INTRODUCTION
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the topic, you are expected to:
• Define what is character and character formation
• Differentiate the two approaches when dealing with moral character
• Know the seven pillars and characteristics of character
• Differentiate character from personality
• Identify the sources of learned rules of character
• Understand how character changes
• Identify the motivations to change a person’s character
• Explain the universal law of character
• Identify character traits, virtues, and vices.
• Understand the core virtues and six pillars of character of a police officer.

LECTURE:
Character Formation Definition
• Is that deeply internalized pattern of values and attitudes and the consequent actions that are often
established in pre-cognitive times of life through the natural and normal educational patterns that are
appropriate for young children. These deeply internalized patterns of early childhood are useful
foundational realities on which the later, more cognitive, decision processes are based.

Character Definition
• The word character is derived from the Ancient Greek word “charakter”, referring to a mark impressed
upon a coin. Later it came to mean a point by which one thing was told apart from others.
• Character or aka Moral Character is an evaluation of an individual’s stable moral qualities. The concept
of character can imply a variety of attributes including the existence or lack of virtues such as empathy,
courage, fortitude, honesty, and loyalty, or of good behaviors or habits.
• Character is a set of beliefs or attitudes that define what sort of person one’s are. It determines whether
a person will effectively achieve goals, be forthright in dealing with others, and will obey the laws and
rules of the group.
• Character is shaped by nature (comprised of DNA, genes and hereditary factors) and nurture
(comprised of upbringing and the environment in which one develops).
• Character shines through a person’s intrapersonal (the relationship a person has with themselves) and
interpersonal (the relationship a person has with others, other human beings, the environment and
society) relationship.

Two Approaches when Dealing with Moral Character

1. Normative Ethics- involved moral standards that exhibit right and wrong conduct. It is a test of proper
behavior and determining what is right and wrong.
2. Applied Ethics- involve specific and controversial issues along with a moral choice, and tend to involve
situations where people are either for or against the issue.

Seven Pillars of Character

1. Self-Respect- knowing that what people do and how they do it really matters.
2. Self-Reliance- relying on self to make informed and workable decisions.
3. Self-Empowerment- seizing opportunities to learn grow and build self-confidence.
4. Personal Values- basing actions on strongly held beliefs and values.
5. Compassion- a heartfelt concern for the good of others.
6. Team work- more can be achieved by working together than working alone.
7. Environmental Concern- thinking globally while acting locally.

Classifications of Character
1. Personal character- primarily consist of attitudes toward activities and work
2. Social character- consists of attitudes towards other people and their property.
3. Cultural character- concern attitudes toward the laws and rules of groups, organizations, and society.
a. Religious group. Religions have a set of rules or commandments that their members are
expected to follow. They may include positive personal and social character rules, but also
include rules specific to the religion, such as forbidding eating certain foods.
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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
LAOAG CITY

b. Organization. Organizations have special rules that employees are expected to follow, such as
dress code and ethical issues.
c. Community. Communities, states, and countries have laws that should be upheld. A person with
a negative cultural character may often disregard or break the law.

Character VS Personality
People seem to be born with certain personality traits or tendencies. Some people are shy, while others
are outgoing and talkative. Some people seem to be leaders, while others are analytical in their thinking. On
the other hand, character is typically learned from parents, teachers, and friends. This learning comes from
being taught directly or from observations of others. Since it is learned, a person’s character can also change
overtime.

Sources of Learned Rules of Character

Starting with a person’s earliest days as an infant, they learn rules and lessons about how to get by in
life. They learn the right way to do things and to interact with others through observation, instruction and
experience.
The way a person follows these rules and examples determines their behavior in various situations.
Repeated or typical behavior is then called a character trait. It is an attitude a person has to the situation,
challenge or obstacle. The sum of those character traits is a person’s character.

Formal Rules
o From parents. Parents often give their children words of wisdom of how to act. Some parents
teach negative lessons to their children.
o Friends. Friends are highly influential in establishing a person’s character. In fact, during teen
years, many of the lessons and character rules taught by parents are forgotten and replaced by
values learned from friends.
o Organizations. Just about everyone is born into a family group, people also join numerous
groups or organizations throughout their lives, such as clubs in school, the place of
employment, and professional organizations. These groups usually have rules and codes of
conduct that members are expected to follow.

Implied Rules
o Lessons from parents. Children learn from watching how their parents act and then imitate
these implied rules to form their own character traits.
o Imitating peers. Young adults learn many of their character traits from friends, especially after
they become teenagers. Styles, values and ways of thinking are picked up from others.
o Movies, television and songs
o Lessons from experience. The positive results someone gains from applying their various
character traits reinforce those traits. Some people learn some wrong rules. They may get
instant gratification from the behavior and never realize that it is actually harming or hindering
them. It takes some insight to realize someone’s mistake and correct it.

How Character Changes

• Events in life can cause change
• From negative to positive character
• From positive to negative traits
• Influence from others
• Good to bad
• Bad to good
• Refuses to change
• Won’t change from negative
• Won’t change from positive

Motivations to Change a Person’s Character

Changing Personal Character
• Positive. People may realize that they are not moving forward because of certain fears or lack of
determination. Perhaps they were taught as a young child to worry about failing or getting hurt.
Since this is holding them back, they may want to change their personal character to become
more courageous and determined person.

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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
LAOAG CITY

• Negative. Some people become discouraged because of their lack of success, perhaps due to
overestimating their abilities and chances they may become fearful and will avoid taking the
risks necessary to achieve a goal. Others may simply give up and have a negative personal
character trait of one who doesn’t try.

Changing Social Character

• Positive. People may have grown up with training from their parents or peers that they can get
what they want by being dishonest. But after being caught they realize that it does not pay, thus
they make an effort to change their character and become extremely honest.
• Negative. On the other hand, there are people who have been honest and have found that they
are falling behind others in their peer group who are dishonest. They may feel that being honest
does not pay and decide to change their character for the worse.

Changing Cultural Character

• Positive. A person with rebellious personality may find that the consequences of breaking the
rules are not worth it. Police may arrest this kind of person or his family may disown him, in such
case he may decide to change his ways, change his character and obey the laws and rules of
the group.
• Negative. People who move in the negative direction concerning cultural character usually have
been wronged by the group and become bitter toward it. This can be seen in protesters against
certain government policies in which they completely disagree.

Universal Law of Character

A person’s character is based on a self-preservation principle of behavior. This Universal Law of
Character states that one should not cause harm to himself or to others.
o Personal. The universal law for personal character is not to cause harm to ones’ well-being. Instead, do
things that will benefit ones’ success.
o Social. The universal law for social character is not to cause harm or losses to others, because others
may ultimately come back and cause harm to that person.
o Cultural. The universal law for cultural character is to not cause harm or losses to the group or its
individuals. Instead, if one wants to belong to a culture or organization, he or she should do things in
the best interest of the group.

Character Traits
Personal Character Traits
Positive or Good traits Negative or Bad traits
Courageous Cowardly
Conscientious Careless
Determined Easily discouraged
Confident Unsure
Hard Working Lazy

Social Character Traits

Positive or Good traits Negative or Bad traits
Honest Dishonest
Kind Cruel
Reliable Unreliable
Fair Biased
Considerate Inconsiderate

Cultural Character Traits

Most people are members of community, culture and religions. Those groups have rules and
laws that they expect to follow. A person who follows or obeys the rules is judged as having a good
cultural character. He or she may be considered an outstanding, law-abiding citizen, a good member of
the group or a devout, religious person.
Those who do not follow the rules are considered law-breakers, trouble-makers or sinners. Their
character is said to be immoral, unethical, or corrupt. Most laws and rules are stated in the negative
sense, telling what a person must not do.

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LAOAG CITY

Virtues and Vices

Virtues-are strengths of a person’s character that promote flourishing and well-being.
Vices- are character flaws that impede flourishing and limit one’s sense of well-being.

Types of Virtues
o Executive Virtues
o Moral Virtues
o Intellectual Virtues

In law enforcement, society has expectations of officers who:

o Are courageous. Officers who are willing to put themselves in harm’s way, in order to enforce the law,
to protect people and property and to prevent crime.
o Demonstrate perseverance. Officers who are not easily deterred from doing the right thing or
investigating crimes
o Exhibit compassion. Officers who are able to empathize and sympathize with law breakers and
victims and who understand that situations are complex and that everyone deserves respect.
o Act with generosity. Officers who offer themselves off duty by volunteering and who try to better the
lives of others through community service.
o Show truthfulness. Officers who are trustworthy and who can be counted on to speak the truth, even
when the truth is embarrassing, or results in not guilty decision in a case that is important to the officer
o Display good temper. Officers who, when confronted with difficult situations, stay calm and who are
able to withstand pressure to react physically or verbally.

Core Virtues that a Law Enforcement Personnel Must Possess

o Prudence
o Trust
o Effacement of Self Interest
o Courage
o Intellectual Honesty
o Justice
o Responsibility

Six Pillars of Character of a Police Officer

1. Trustworthiness
2. Respect
3. Responsibility
4. Justice and Fairness
5. Caring
6. Civic virtue and citizenship

LEARNING ASSESSMENT:

ASSESSMENTS ARE TO BE GIVEN IN BETWEEN TOPICS. KINDLY CHECK

YOUR GOOGLE CLASSROOM OR MESSENGER FOR THE ANNOUNCEMENT
AND INSTRUCTION.

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 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
LAOAG CITY

UNIT II
MORAL VALUES & CHARACTER BUILDING
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the topic, you are expected to:
• Understand Moral, Values, and Moral Principles
• Define Character Building
• Understand Character Development
• Know How Good Character be Measured
• Know How to Build a Good Character

LECTURE:
Morals- are principles and values based on what a person or society believes are the right, proper or
acceptable ways of behaving.
Values- are the moral principles and beliefs that they think are important in life and that they tend to live their
lives by such values as guiding principles.

Moral Principles or Values

o Trustworthiness

▪ Work with little supervision, yet seek guidance as needed

▪ Be honest, reliable, and ethical in all dealings
▪ Refuse to steal, misuse or abuse government time, property or equipment.
▪ Refuse to lie, cheat, deceive, manipulate, exploit or take advantage of others.

o Respect

▪ Value and honor all people

▪ Respect the dignity, privacy and freedom of all
▪ Use good manners. Be courteous and polite
▪ Listen to and communicate openly with others
▪ Be friendly and cooperative

o Responsibility

▪ Show initiative. Pay attention to detail. Pursue excellence

▪ Be loyal
▪ Strive to improve abilities, learn new skills and take on broader responsibilities
▪ Be accountable. Fulfill commitments, persevere and get the job done

o Fairness

▪ Listen. Know your job. Communicate honestly.

▪ Consider all stakeholders and the possible short and long-term consequences of decisions
▪ Be free of bias, just, without favoritism or prejudice
▪ Use tact and courtesy
▪ Share knowledge, ideas and skills with others

o Caring

▪ Strive for harmonious, mutually beneficial relationships

▪ Show kindness and sensitivity to the feelings of others
▪ Express gratitude
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LAOAG CITY

▪ Show personal concern for others

▪ Take time to help others
▪ Be kind. Be kind. Be kind

o Citizenship

▪ Understand and contribute to the community

▪ Take care of equipment and resources
▪ Pursue life-long learning
▪ Volunteer without expectation of recognition or reward
▪ Be a role model and mentor to new police officers etc.

Character Building

➢ Requiring effort or endurance to a degree that strengthens or improves a person’s character.

Impacting Moral & Character Development

Good Character- people who are considered to have a good character often have traits like integrity, honesty,
courage, loyalty, fortitude, and other important virtues that promote good behavior. These character traits
define who they are as people- and highly influence the choices they make in their lives.

The following are the causes or reasons that prevent good character:

o Heredity
o Early childhood experience
o Modeling by important adults and older youth
o Peer influence
o General physical and social environment
o Communications media
o Content taught in the schools, etc.
o Specific situations and roles

How can good character be measured?

▪ Cognitive knowledge- refers to a person’s stored information about human thinking, especially about
the features of his own thinking.

Cognition- is the mental process of gaining knowledge and understanding through the senses, experience
and thought.

▪ Age appropriate cognitive and moral development

▪ Values expressed
▪ Commitments expressed
▪ Written plans
▪ Personal and social overt behavior

Five Ways to Build Character

1. Be Humble- Humility is the beginning of wisdom. In order to build a person’s character, he must be
open to new ways.
2. Live out your principles and values- Whether it’s “love others,” or “do the right thing,” living by a
person’s principles will make decision making easier and that person’s character more steadfast.

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LAOAG CITY

3. Be intentional- Integrity does not happen by accident. All people are all products of their thoughts and
habits. Be intentional about filling one’s mind with good thoughts. Create a habit of this internalizes
principles and breeds’ character.
4. Practice Self Discipline- Being of high character takes the ability to do what is right over what is easy.
5. Be accountable- one should surround himself with people who have high expectations. A person should
be responsible for himself first. Lose the pride. He must open his self-up to accountability. He should let
others put him to high character.

Building a Strong Character

▪ Everything that happens to us happens in purpose. And sometimes, one thing leads to another.
▪ Instead of locking yourself up in your cage of fears and crying over past heartaches, embarrassment
and failures treat them as your teachers and they will become your tools in both self-improvement and
success.
▪ Stop thinking and feeling as if you’re a failure, because you’re not. How can others accept you if YOU
can’t accept YOU?
▪ When you see hunks and models on TV, think more on self-improvement, not self-pitying. Self-
acceptance is not just about having nice slender legs, or great abs. concentrate on inner beauty.
▪ When people feel so down and low about themselves, help them move up. Don’t go down with them.
They’ll pull you down further and both of you will end up feeling inferior.
▪ The world is a large room for lessons, not mistakes. Don’t feel stupid and doomed forever just because
you failed. There’s always a next time. Make rooms for self-improvement.
▪ Take things one at a time. You don’t expect black sheep’s to be goody two-shoes in just a snap of a
finger. Self-improvement is a one day at a time process.
▪ Self-improvement results to inner stability, personality development and SUCCESS. It comes from self-
confidence, self-appreciation and self-esteem.
▪ Set meaningful and achievable goals. It hopes and aims to result to an improved and better you.
▪ Little things mean BIG to other people. Sometimes we don’t realize that the little things that we do like a
pat on the back, saying hi or hello, greeting someone good day are simple things that mean so much to
other people. When we’re being appreciative about beautiful things around us and other people, we
also become beautiful to them.

LEARNING ASSESSMENT:

ASSESSMENTS ARE TO BE GIVEN IN BETWEEN TOPICS. KINDLY CHECK YOUR

GOOGLE CLASSROOM OR MESSENGER FOR THE ANNOUNCEMENT AND
INSTRUCTION.

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 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
LAOAG CITY

UNIT III
LEADERSHIP

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the topic, you are expected to:
• Define what is leadership
• Know the characteristics and importance of leadership
• Enumerate the factors of leadership
• Explain the Bass Theory of leadership
• Identify leadership styles and police leadership styles
• Understand the principles and attributes of leadership
• Define what is a leader
• Explain the role of a leader and police leader's role
• Understand the qualities of a leader
• Enumerate the ten essential attributes of effective leaders

LECTURE:
Good leaders are made, not born. If a person has the desire and willpower, he can become an effective leader.
Good leaders develop through a never-ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience.

Definition of Leadership
▪ Leadership is a process by which a person influences other to accomplish an objective and directs the
organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent.
▪ A process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal
▪ A process by which a person influences other to accomplish a mission
Note that all the definitions have a couple of processes in common:
o A person influences other through social influence, not power, to get something accomplished
o Leadership requires others, who are not necessarily direct reports, to get something accomplished
o There is a need to accomplished something

Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership knowledge and skills (Process Leadership).
However, a person has traits that can influence his actions (Trait Leadership).
While leadership is learned, a leader’s skills and knowledge can be influenced by his or her attributes or traits,
such as beliefs, values, ethics, and character. Knowledge and skills contribute directly to the process of
leadership, while the other attributes give the leader certain characteristics that make him or her unique.

Characteristics of Leadership
• It is an inter-personal process in which a leader is into influencing and guiding workers towards
attainment of goals.
• It denotes a few qualities to be present in a person that includes intelligence, maturity and personality.
• It is a group process. It involves two or more people interacting with each other.
• A leader is involved in shaping and molding the behavior of the group towards accomplishment of
organizational goals.
• Leadership is situation bound. There is no best style of leadership. It all depends upon tackling with the
situations.

Importance of Leadership
Leadership is an important function of management which helps to maximize efficiency and to achieve
organizational goals. The following points justify the importance of leadership in a concern.
• Initiates action- Leader is a person who starts the work by communicating the policies and plans to the
subordinates from where the work actually starts.
• Motivation- A leader proves to be playing an incentive role in the concern’s working. He motivates the
officers with economic and non-economic rewards and thereby gets the work from the subordinates.

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• Providing guidance- A leader has to not only supervise but also play a guiding role for the
subordinates. Guidance here means instructing the subordinates the way they have to perform their
work effectively and efficiently.
• Creating confidence- Confidence is an important factor which can be achieved through expressing the
work efforts to the subordinates, explaining them clearly their role and giving them guidelines to achieve
the goals effectively. It is also important to hear the officers with regards to their complaints and
problems.
• Building morale- Morale denotes willing co-operation of the officers towards their work and getting
them into confidence and winning their trust. A leader can be a morale booster by achieving full co-
operation so that they perform with best of their abilities as they work to achieve goals.
• Builds work environment- Management is getting things done from people. An efficient work
environment helps in sound and stable growth. Therefore, human relations should be kept into mind by
a leader. He should have personal contacts with his followers and should listen to their problems and
solve them. He should treat them on humanitarian terms.
• Co-ordination- Co-ordination can be achieved through reconciling personal interests with
organizational goals. This synchronization can be achieved through proper and effective co-ordination
which should be primary motive of a leader

The rapidly changing political and social climate in the country presents new challenges for law enforcement
and requires exceptional leaders to navigate through them. Law enforcement administrators and line
supervisors must possess leadership skills that allow them to connect with a wide-ranging demographic within
their law enforcement agency while remaining dedicated to their primary mission of serving the public. The
success of the law enforcement agency is dependent upon the effectiveness of its leaders.

Factors of Leadership
o Leader
o Followers
o Communication
o Situation

Bass’ Theory of Leadership

Bass’ theory of leadership states that there are three basic ways to explain how people become
leaders. The first two explains the leadership development for a small number of people, while the third one is
dominant theory today. These theories are:
o Some personality traits may lead people naturally into leadership roles. This is the Trait Theory.
o A crisis or important event may cause a person to rise to the occasion, which brings out
extraordinary leadership qualities in an ordinary person. This is the Great Events Theory.
o People can choose to become leaders. People can learn leadership skills. This is the
Transformational or Process Leadership Theory.

Leadership Styles
o Autocratic leaders. Impose their authority and decision-making power on their subordinates. This is a
dictatorial form of leadership. It a one-man rule. Autocratic leaders with positive motivational styles are
called “benevolent autocrats”. They generate productivity and job satisfaction in the organization.
o Participative leader. This is a democratic form of leadership. Members of the group participate in
planning, decision-making and implementation. People like to be involved in matters affecting their
interests. This gives them a feeling of belongingness and importance when encouraged to participate
o Free-rein leaders. This is a laissez faire form of leadership. The leader allows the members of the
group to make their plans and to establish their own goals. The leader gives his power to the group

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Police Leadership Styles

o Authoritative Police Leadership. Authoritative leadership is strictly rules-based with a preference for
order and sometimes a military-like approach. In such organizations, the leader exerts full control over
the team and subordinates are expected to simply follow and obey, not to offer feedback or contribute
ideas.
o Transactional Police Leadership. Transactional leadership is much like authoritative leadership
except that it relies on a reward-based system to motivate subordinates. According to this system,
rewards or punishments are handed out based on a subordinate’s performance and adherence to the
rules.
o Transformational Police Leadership. This focuses on a “people-centered approach” that aims to
inspire, empower and motivate one’s team. A leader following this approach works with subordinates to
commit to a shared vision and goals for the organization, encouraging innovation and creativity in
pursuit of those goals.
o Situational Police Leadership. This leadership style requires leaders to quickly assess situation and
recognize the appropriate personnel and resources needed for a specific mission.

Principles of Leadership
1. Know yourself and seek self-improvement
2. Be technically proficient
3. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions
4. Make sound and timely decisions
5. Set as example
6. Know your people and look out for their well-being
7. Keep your man informed
8. Develop a sense of responsibility in your team
9. Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished.
10. Train as a team
11. Use the full capabilities of your organization

Attributes of Leadership: BE, KNOW, and DO

o BE a professional
o BE a professional who possess good character traits.
o KNOW the four factors of leadership
o KNOW yourself
o KNOW your job
o KNOW your organization
o DO provide direction
o DO implement
o DO motivate

Leader
o The person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country.

Role of a Leader
o Required at all levels- Leadership is a function which is important at all levels of management. In the
top level, it is important for getting co-operation in formulation of plans and policies. In the middle and
lower level, it is required for interpretation and execution of plans and programs framed by the top
management. Leadership can be exercised through guidance and counselling of the subordinates at
the time of execution of plans.
o Representative of the organization- A leader, i.e., a police leader is said to be the representative of
the police agency. He has to represent the concern at seminars, conferences, general meetings, etc.
His role is to communicate the rationale of the agency to outside public. He is also representative of the
own department which he leads.
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o Integrates and reconciles the personal goals with organizational goals- A leader through
leadership traits helps in reconciling/ integrating the personal goals of the officers with the
organizational goals. He is trying to co-ordinate the efforts of people towards a common purpose and
thereby achieves objectives. This can be done only if he can influence and get willing co-operation and
urge to accomplish the objectives.
o He solicits support- A leader entertains and invites support and co-operation of subordinates. He can
do this by his personality, intelligence, maturity and experience which can provide him positive result. In
this regard, a leader has to invite suggestions and if possible, implement them into plans and programs
of the agency. This way, he can solicit full support of his subordinates which results in willingness to
work and thereby effectiveness in running of a concern.
o As a friend, philosopher and guide- A leader must possess the three-dimensional traits in him. He
can be a friend by sharing the feelings, opinions and desires with the subordinates. He can be a
philosopher by utilizing his intelligence and experience and thereby guiding his followers as and when
time requires. He can be a guide by supervising and communicating the officers the plans and policies
of top management and secure their co-operation to achieve the goals of a concern. At times he can
also play the role of a counsellor by counselling and a problem-solving approach.

The Police Leader’s Role

o The leader as a role model- regardless of his rank, the leader must demonstrate exceptional safety
and risk management practices at all times. He scrupulously follows the rules. He wears his uniform on
duty. He wears his seatbelt and operates his police vehicle in safe and controlled manner. If he
participates police works, he follows only the best safety tactics on such assignments as traffic
enforcers, pedestrian contacts, building searches, and physical arrests.
o Training responsibilities- the law enforcement leader must resist the temptation to cut training. The
leader will assess the safety quotient of his officers by talking with them, listening to them and watching
how they function. The leader will assure that, where an individual falls short, he will receive extra
instruction or counselling from a more safety-wise colleague.
o Policies & Procedures- The responsible law enforcement leader will work to protect his agency and
his subordinates from civil or criminal liability in an increasingly critical and litigious society.
o Safety-related Equipment- it is the leader’s job to assure that his or her officers have the best
equipment the department can provide for their difficult and hazardous job.
o The leader as a risk manager- The law enforcement leader knows that his or her chosen profession
can be a high risk, high liability one. The responsible leader also knows that he or she is ethically
obliged to do everything within a reason, not only to reduce the physical risk to officers, but also
minimize the liability exposure of the organization.
o Responsibility to Intervene- The responsibility to deal effectively with the careless officer or “cowboy
cop” who cannot or will not grasp the importance of commonsense safety practices.
o Officers’ Emotional Health- Responsible leaders will provide their people with every opportunity to
remain mentally and emotionally healthy.
o Explaining Officer Safety- The law enforcement leader has yet another responsibility in promoting
safety and risk reduction throughout his or her organization.

Qualities of a Leader
A leader has got multidimensional traits in him who makes him appealing and effective in behavior. The
following are the requisites to be present in a good leader:
o Physical appearance- A leader must have a pleasing appearance. Physique and health are very
important for a good leader.
o Vision and foresight- A leader cannot maintain influence unless he exhibits that he is forward looking.
He has to visualize situations and thereby has to frame logical programs.
o Intelligence- A leader should be intelligent enough to examine problems and difficult situations. He
should be analytical who weighs pros and cons and then summarizes the situation. Therefore, a
positive bent of mind and mature outlook is very important.

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o Communicative skills- A leader must be able to communicate the policies and procedures clearly,
precisely and effectively. This can be helpful in persuasion and stimulation.
o Objective- A leader has to be having a fair outlook which is free from bias and which does not reflect
his willingness towards a particular individual. He should develop his own opinion and should base his
judgement on facts and logic.
o Knowledge of work- A leader should be very precisely knowing the nature of work of his subordinates
because it is then he can win the trust and confidence of his subordinates.
o Sense of responsibility- Responsibility and accountability towards an individual’s work is very
important to bring a sense of influence. A leader must have a sense of responsibility towards
organizational goals because only then he can get maximum of capabilities exploited in a real sense.
For this, he has to motivate himself and arouse and urge to give best of his abilities. Only then he can
motivate the subordinates to the best.
o Self-confidence and will-power- Confidence in him is important to earn the confidence of the
subordinates. He should be trustworthy and should handle the situations with full will power.
o Humanist-This trait to be present in a leader is essential because he deals with human beings and is in
personal contact with them. He has to handle the personal problems of his subordinates with great care
and attention. Therefore, treating the human beings on humanitarian grounds is essential for building a
congenial environment.
o Empathy- It is an old adage “Stepping into the shoes of others”. This is very important because fair
judgement and objectivity comes only then. A leader should understand the problems and complaints of
his followers and should also have a complete view of their needs and aspirations. This helps in
improving human relations and personal contacts with the employees.

Ten Essential Attributes of Effective Leaders

1. Active Listening
Attributes of Active Listening
• Seek to understand before seeking to be understood
• Be non-judgmental
• Give your undivided attention to the speaker
• Use silence effectively
2. Education
3. Attention to Detail
4. Directions
5. Evolution
6. Resourcefulness
7. Service
8. Humor
9. Integrity
10. People

LEARNING ASSESSMENT:

ASSESSMENTS ARE TO BE GIVEN IN BETWEEN TOPICS. KINDLY CHECK

YOUR GOOGLE CLASSROOM OR MESSENGER FOR THE ANNOUNCEMENT
AND INSTRUCTION.

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UNIT IV
CHARACTER IN LEADERSHIP
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the topic, you are expected to:
• Understand the dimension of leadership character
• Know the right character of an effective leadership
• Know how to develop leadership character
• Enumerate the ten virtues of a cross-enterprise leader
• Understand the good and bad outcomes of presence or absence of virtues

LECTURE:
Dimensions of Leadership Character
1. Universalism- represents an understanding, appreciation, and tolerance for the welfare of people
generally, and is a macro perspective approach to work and life.
• Respectfulness
• Fairness
• Cooperativeness
• Compassion
• Spiritual respect
• Humility
2. Transformation- is a situation-specific process that relies on the competence and self-reliance of the
incumbent in their delivery of inspired and values-driven strategic direction for the enterprise.
• Courage
• Passion
• Wisdom
• Competence
• Self-Discipline
3. Benevolence- is a micro approach to work, and focuses on concern for the welfare of others through
one’s daily interactions.
• Selflessness
• Integrity
• Organization loyalty
• Honesty

Right Character for Effective Leadership

Two Key Things to Improve
o A person’s values
o A person’s habits

Values- are set of deeply held beliefs, principles, qualities, standards or virtues that inspire and guides how we
do (attitude) and why we do (thoughts).

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Values of an Effective Leader

Purpose I believe my life was given for a reason
Vision I believe in a dream of a greater tomorrow
Faith I believe in the existence of unlimited possibilities I do not see
People I believe only through service to others will greatness be attained
Focus I steadfastly pursue my dream until I succeed
Knowledge I believe my ability to do depend on how much I’ve learnt
Creativity I believe in coming up with new and better solutions to existing problems
Selflessness I believe in putting others first before myself
Integrity I believe my actions, my thoughts, my words and myself are one
Commitment I believe in following through on my words regardless of circumstances
Contentment I believe that true happiness does not rest on material possessions
Patience I’ll not cut corners to fulfill my dreams
Humility I believe I am no superior to any other human being
Pragmatism I believe in adopting simple and practical approaches to doing things
Diligence I believe through hard work will the dream come true
Excellence I believe it’s not how far but how well
Teamwork I believe all by myself I am nothing
Passion I’m in love with my work
Risk I’ll step out of my comfort zone despite my fears
Discipline I’ll not let external pressures to influence my action
Sacrifice I’m prepared to forego personal gains for a common good
Truthfulness I believe in earning future trust by accurately reporting past facts
Justice I believe it’s my personal responsibility to uphold what is pure, right, and true
Flexibility I’m open to new and better ideas even though they didn’t come from me
Spirituality I believe I originated from and am connected to a higher source- God

Habits- are what a person do (actions) as a result of what he or she believe and have accepted as true.

Habits of an Effective Leader

Learning Readers are leaders
Thinking My ability to creatively solve problems
Listening My willingness to let others speak will enable me to better lead
Teaching My knowledge is increased by sharing
Planning My success lies in how much time invested in preparation
Creating My relevance as a leader is dependent on my creativity as a problem solver
Winning My capacity to win is measured by results (productivity) and not by efforts (activity)

Developing Leadership Character

In assessing leaders at any level in an organization, one must always ask three questions:
o Do they have the competencies to be a leader?
o Do they have the commitment to be a leader?
o Do they have the character to be a good leader and strive to be an even better one?

• Leadership Competencies
▪ Knowledge
▪ Understanding
▪ Skills
▪ Judgment

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• Leadership Commitment
▪ Aspiration
▪ Engagement
▪ Sacrifice
• Leadership Character
▪ Traits
▪ Values
▪ Virtues

Traits- are defined as habitual patterns of thought, behavior and emotion that are considered to be relatively
stable in individuals across situations and over time.

Values- are beliefs that people have about what is important or worthwhile to them.

Virtues- from the time of the ancient Greeks, philosophers have defined certain clusters of traits, values and
behaviors as “good”, and referred to them as virtues. Virtues are like behavioral habits- something that is
exhibited fairly consistently.

Ten Virtues of a Cross-enterprise Leader

1. Humility is essential to learning and becoming a better leader
2. Integrity is essential to building trust and encouraging others to collaborate
3. Collaboration enables teamwork
4. Justice yields decisions that are accepted as legitimate and reasonable by others
5. Courage helps leaders make difficult decisions and challenge the decisions or actions of others
6. Temperance ensures that leaders take reasonable risks
7. Accountability ensures that leaders own and commit to the decisions they make and encourages the
same in others
8. Humanity builds empathy and understanding of others
9. Transcendence equips the leader with a sense of optimism and purpose
10. Judgment allows leaders to balance and integrate these virtues in ways that serve the needs of
multiple stakeholders in and outside their organizations.

Good and Bad Outcomes of Presence or Absence of Virtues

Good Organizational Outcomes Bad Organizational Outcomes
Virtues
(Virtue is present) (Virtue is absent)
Judgment Quality decisions, calculated risk taking, Lack a balanced assessment of the
commitment, support, trust issues leading to misinformed decisions,
confusion, resistance to change
Humanity Social Responsibility, good employee Misses’ critical social implications of
relations, understanding, support decisions and actions. Alienation of
followers, lack of respect for leader
Justice Use diversity, good employee relations, Inequities not identified and managed
fairness, organizational citizenship thereby eroding trust, favoritism,
behavior nepotism
Courage Decisions made under conditions of Going along with poor decisions,
uncertainty, confidence to act, satisficing rather than maximizing, moral
opposition to potentially bad decisions, muteness
innovation
Collaboration Teamwork, use diversity, cross- Individualism alienates potential allies,
enterprise value-added, innovation, poor understanding of decisions, friction,
learning, affiliation, confidence conflict
Accountability Ownership and commitment to Failure to deliver results and typically

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decisions and their execution creates excuses for why not, shirking of
responsibility
Humility Continuous learning, quality decisions, Ego driven behavior, selective listening,
respect, trust difficulty admitting error or failure,
arrogance, overconfidence,
complacency, hubris
Integrity Build trust, reduces uncertainty, Creates mistrust, requires guarantees,
develops partnerships and alliances, slow down action, undermines
promotes collaboration and cooperation partnerships and alliances, reduces
cooperation and collaboration
Temperance Quality decisions, reduced risk Short-termism, inability to see the
possible constraints, instant gratification
Transcendence Focus on super ordinate goals, big Narrow aims, little inspiration, tunnel
picture thinking, strive for excellence vision

LEARNING ASSESSMENT:

ASSESSMENTS ARE TO BE GIVEN IN BETWEEN TOPICS. KINDLY CHECK

YOUR GOOGLE CLASSROOM OR MESSENGER FOR THE ANNOUNCEMENT
AND INSTRUCTION.

REFERENCES:

G. (2016, October 17). Six Pillars of Character. Retrieved August 26, 2020,
fromhttp://www.goldenwestcollege.edu/cjtc/sixpillarsofcharacter/

McCartney. (n.d.). 2.4 Virtue Ethics – Ethics in Law Enforcement. Pressbooks. Retrieved August 20, 2020, from
https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/ethicslawenforcement/chapter/2-4-virtue-ethics/

CHARACTER FORMATION: THE NEGLECTED MANDATE. (2015). Taylor & Francis.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0034408910860309?journalCode=urea20

Character Formation | Encyclopedia.com. (n.d.). Donald B. Rogers. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from
https://www.encyclopedia.com/psychology/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and pressreleases/character-
formation

SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class research journals. (n.d.). SAGE Journals. Retrieved August 12, 2020, from
https://journals.sagepub.com/action/cookieAbsent?journalCode=ttja

Radha, A. (2015, July 13). Moral development, character formation and education. Anu Radha.
https://www.slideshare.net/AnuRadha107/moral-development-character-formation-and-education

Fritsvold, E. (2020, February 25). What Style of Police Leadership is Most Effective? University of San
Diego.https://onlinedegrees.sandieeffective/#:%7E:text=Authoritative%20Police%20Leadership,offer%20feed
back%20or%20contribute%20ideas

What Is Leadership?: (2015). Mind Tools. https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_41.htm

Patrick, M. (2016, October 26). The Role of Character in Leadership. Retrieved September 21, 2020, from
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/role-character-leadership-31066.html#:~:text=A person's character, good or,
profound effect on your organization.

(n.d.). Retrieved September 21, 2020, from https://www.policechiefmagazine.org/10-essential-attributes-ofeffective-leader

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