l t i c u l t u ra l

M u
S e t t i ng

BEDIA, REIGNE L.
1. DEFINE CULTURE. DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN
MATERIAL AND NONMATERIAL CULTURE. (5
PTS.)
Culture is part of one social group's identity consisting of
behavior, beliefs, values, norms, material customs, among
others, that distinguish them from other groups.
Subsequently, culture is categorized into two: material and
non-material culture.

Referring to tangible aspect, material culture are those

objects, materials or resources that have physical form which
people use to represent or define their own culture.
Examples of this culture are buildings, goods, cloths, and the
like. Here in Philippines, we have Walis tambo, Baro't Saya, etc.

Conversely, nonmaterial culture refers to the intangible

aspect that has no physical form which people use to
represent or define their own culture. Examples of this
category are language, beliefs, ethics, norms, rules, and
others. Here in Philippines, we use "po" and "opo" when
talking to elders to show respect.
2. EXPLAIN/DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING TERMS
AND GIVE SPECIFIC EXAMPLE FOR EACH. (10
PTS.)

a. Culture-specific
It refers to deeply understanding a specific culture
through detailed cultural knowledge.

Example: Ann is planning to go to Japan. Beforehand, she did

research about Japanese culture as well as those from the
local places she will go to, such as their foods, norms, law,
etc.

b. Culture-general
It seeks to identify commonalities or universalities across
cultures. Additionally, it provides the foundation for the
complex cultural interactions we experience, no matter which
cultures we encounter through the day.

Example: A travel manager was invited to a conference with

people from 7 different countries. Therefore, to resolve
issues with this diverse group and to examine potential
diffenrences, he/she gathered general categories that
facilitate exploration of values, beliefs, and behaviors in any
culture.
c. Intercultural Interaction
It refers to the communication between people from two
different cultures, and is a combination of both culture-
specific and culture general integrates different cultures
interacting.

Example: As a global traveler, Jess knows that a foreign

language is just part of the parcel—the other party’s cultural
background, values, and beliefs also need to be understood.
However, he realized that a willingness to be adaptable and
accept that other cultures may communicate and do things
differently are also important.
3. IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN HOFSTEDE’S 6
CULTURAL DIMENSIONS. GIVE EXAMPLES TO
ILLUSTRATE EACH DIMENSION (25 PTS.)

a. Power distance Index (PDI)

This refers to the degree of inequality that exists – and is
accepted – between people with and without power.

Qualities Example

More complex
hierarchies. China
Special treatment; Typically there
High PDI Large gaps in are privileges for the people in
compensation, power. Like the parking place in
authority and front of the office, etc.
respect.

United Kingdom
Supervisors and
What goes for you goes for me; Or
employees are
Low PDI equality: if you are allowed to do
considered almost
this, then I’m allowed to do the
as equals.
same as well.
b. Individualism-Collectivism (IDV)
This refers to the strength of the ties that people have to
others within their community. In high IDV score societies,
people take less responsibility for others' actions and
outcomes. In a collectivist society, people take responsibility
for one another's well-being.

Qualities Example

Germany
High value placed
People stress on personal
on people's time
achievements and individual
and their need for
rights. Germans expect from each
privacy and
High IDV other to fulfill their own needs.
freedom.
Group work is important, but
everybody has the right of his
Respect for
own opinion is expected to reflect
privacy.
those.

Emphasis on
Panama and Guatemala
building skills and
In these countries, a marketing
becoming master
campaign that emphasizes
of something.
benefits to the community would
Low IDV Maintaining
likely be understood and well
harmony among
received, as long as the people
group members
addressed feel part of the same
overrides other
group.
moral issues.
c. Masculinity-Femininity (MAS)
This refers to the distribution of roles between men and
women. In masculine societies, the roles of men and women
overlap less, and men are expected to behave assertively. In
feminine societies, however, there is a great deal of overlap
between male and female roles, and modesty is perceived as
a virtue.

Qualities Example

Japan
Strong egos –
Offices in Japan recognize
feelings of pride
operating in a hierarchical,
and importance
deferential and traditionally
are attributed to
High MAS patriarchal society. Long hours
status.
are the norm. And this can make
Money and
it harder for female team
achievement are
members to gain advancement,
important.
due to family commitments.

Relationship
Sweden
oriented/consensu
People here focus on managing
Low MAS al.
through discussion, consensus,
More focus on
compromise, and negotiation.
quality of life.
d. Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI)
This dimension describes how well people can cope with
anxiety.

Qualities Example

Greece
People here attempt to make life
Conservative, rigid
as predictable and controllable as
and structured,
possible. If they find that they
unless the danger
High UAI can't control their own lives, they
of failure requires
may be tempted to stop trying.
a more flexible
These people may refer to
attitude.
"mañana," or put their fate "in the
hands of God."

Openness to
Singapore
change or
Low UAI People here are more relaxed,
innovation, and
open or inclusive.
generally inclusive.
e. Long-Term, Short-Term Orientation
It refers to the time horizon people in a society display.

Qualities Example

Thrift and
Japan
education are
Honda has plants in Japan and the
seen as positive
US. Japan is very long-term
Long-term Orientation oriented, so the employees work
values.
to build their future and the
Virtues and
company's future, ensuring their
obligations are
long-term financial needs are met.
emphasized.

As people tend to
oversell
U.S
themselves, others
This is reflected in the importance
will assess their
of short-term gains and quick
Short-term Orientation assertions
results. It is also reflected in the
critically.
country's strong sense of
nationalism and social standards.
Values and rights
are emphasized.
f. Indulgence Versus Restraint (IVR)
Indulgence stands for a society that allows relatively free
gratification of basic and natural human drives related to
enjoying life and having fun. Restraint stands for a society
that suppresses gratification of needs and regulates it by
means of strict social norms.

Qualities Example

Optimistic.
Australia
Cultures with high degree of
Importance of
indulgence enjoy life and behave
freedom of
Long-term Orientation in accordance with basic human
speech.
drives. Therefore, having fun and
fulfilling desires is considered
Focus on personal
natural.
happiness.

Russia
Pessimistic.
People put little emphasis on
Short-term Orientation leisure time and, as the title
More controlled
suggests, people try to restrain
and rigid behavior.
themselves to a high degree.
4. DEFINE OR EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING
NONVERBAL FORMS OF
COMMUNICATION AND GIVE EXAMPLES
TO ILLUSTRATE: (20 PTS)

Definition Example/s

Maintaining a close distance when

It refers to the use of space that
affects the communication or
a. Proxemics interaction. It also provides us with
ideas how close or far people are
from the center of power.
talking to your best friend means
you are comfortable or deeply
and emotionally close to that
person.
Houses of rich people having
huge garden and space. Whereas
middle-class house usually and
only have enough space for the
residents.

Raised eyebrows might mean that

a person is either surprised or
It refers to how we use body
incredulity.
movement, gesture, posture, and
b. Kinesics
facial expressions in conveying a

Frown on the forehead might
message. In short, we can refer to
mean that what was said was
this as the study of body language.
confusing.

It refers to "how" something is

said, not what is said.
Words of protest said in assertive
c. Paralanguage Furthermore, it must be
and strong voice in order to not

emphasized that tones of voices
lose the fire of the message.
must match the content of the
Message for it to be understood.

Definition
It refers to the nonverbal
communication where people use
the sense of touch to interact.
d. Haptics
What differentiates this from other
types is that there is a contact
between the Sender and Receiver
of the Message.
It shows how time is viewed
e. Chronemics differently in various countries, or
in short, it refers to the role of When the scheduled meeting time
time in nonverbal communication.
It is the technical term for "eye
f. Oculesics contact", which refers to how and
how much do we look at other
when communicating.
It refers to the study of how
g. Colorics people use color to communicate
with others.
Example/s
A person who likes to hug
his/friends or family shows that
he/she is friendly or affectionate.
In some countries like Philippines,
time is used to convey how
powerful an individual is wherein
someone in authority may show
that his/her time is more
important than that of the visitor
by making them wait.
is 9:00 a.m. but people, like
Filipinos, will actually come hours
later than the scheduled time.
This refers to a nonverbal
communication that describes
"Filipino Time".
When a teacher is discussing and
the students are not looking at
him/her, it might mean that the
students are not attentive or
listening to him/her.
On Valentine's Day, people who
wear color red cloths are usually
perceived as people in love.

Definition Example/s

It refers to the study of smell in In some places, wearing an

h. Olfactic humans. Therefore, it is associated expensive perfume signals wealth

with the sense of smell in while sweaty smell may suggest
communication. lower social status.

It refers to the study of taste in When one person perceives a

communication. Therefore, the spicy foods as a mild spicy while
i. Gustorics
sense of taste works as a mean to others feel displeasure about it

deliver messages such as pleasure, might mean that he/she likes

warning, etcetera, to our brain. spicy food.

Uniform signals like those of

Police Officers and Militaries
conveys authority and power.
Physical appearance says a lot
j. Physical about the Speaker and the
A Speaker who is appropriately
appearance Message.In short, how you look
dressed in a formal

conveys as much about you as
communicative situation shows
what you say.
his/her ability and readiness to
deliver the Message.
 5. GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF EACH OF THE
FOLLOWING USES OF NONVERBAL
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION: (10 PTS):

Uses Example/s

This function is to support a verbal When a person says that he/she

a. Reinforcement message in order to avoid is excited, he/she shows a big
misunderstanding. smile or jump in excitement.

This refers to the use of nonverbal

b. Substitution communication to send a message Waving your hand instead of

because using it is already enough to saying "goodbye".
convey your message.

This occurs when the verbal and

A person says "says" but the
c. Contradiction nonverbal communication contradict
facial expression says "no".
each other.

In campaigns, a person will speak

It focuses on emphasizing on something
d. Accentuation
through adding intensity and power to
their words. The accentuation
them.
loud and fast, pace across the
stage, and use huge hand
movements to give power to
function is like the exclamation
mark in our writing wherein it
shows the strength in our words.

In a seminar, you may raise your

hand to signal that you want to
The regulation function helps us take ask or say something.
e. Regulation turns in speaking without using any Additionally, the Speaker can
words. also use body language to signal
the next speaker to prepare to
take over.
 6. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING: (5 PTS.)

a. Genre of Language
It refers to the classification or types of spoken or written
discourse. These are normally classified by content,
language, purpose and form.

b. Language Register
It is the level and style of your writing. The appropriate
language register depends upon the audience, topic,
purpose, and location. The common language registers are
formal, informal, neutral, static, consultative, and intimate.

c. Language Style
It is the way of speaking/writing depending on
circumstances of doing that, person (or people) to whom you
are speaking or writing. An example of language style is
bureaucratise, the words, jargon and abbreviations which are
used by the government.
 7. GIVE EXAMPLES OF THE FOLLOWING
GENRES OF LANGUAGE: (10 PTS.)

Definition Example/s

Reports like reports about

a. Language of
Informing someone of something. COVID-19, encyclopedia,
Information
instructions.

b. Language of
Persuasion Persuading someone of something. Advertisement of Coca-Cola.

c. Language of Offers personal opinions and rebuts Debates such as Presidential

Argumentation opposing views logically. Debate.

d. Language of
Narration or Tells a story and paints a picture using Novels like Noli Me Tangere,
Description words. short stories, etc.

Language that is crafted to create

something beautiful. All other types –
e. Language of Poems ike William Carlos
argumentative, persuasive, narrative and
Aesthetics Williams' “The Red
descriptive – except for language of

Wheelbarrow”, song lyrics.
information, aim for beauty as well as
clarity.
8. EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF THE
FOLLOWING LANGUAGE REGISTER AND GIVE
AN EXAMPLE FOR EACH TYPE: (10 PTS)

Definition Example/s

This language is used in formal settings

a. Formal Register Speeches like graduation speech,
and is one-way in nature. It is usually

announcements.
impersonal and formal.

This is informal language used by peers

Group chat of my circle of
b. Casual Register and friends wherein slang, vulgarities and
friends, blogs.
colloquialisms are normal.

This is a standard form of

communications. Users engage in a
Professional discourse like
c. Consultative mutually accepted structure of
doctor and patient, teacher and
Register communications. It is formal and societal
student.
expectations accompany the users of this
speech.

This style of communications rarely or

Laws, prayers, bibliographic
d. Static Register never changes as if “frozen” in time and
reference.
content.

This communication is private and

e. Intimate Register reserved for close family members or Couples, parents and children.
intimate people.
 9. DEFINE OR EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING
ITEM IN THE FISH FORMULA OF WRITING:

F ormal language
- the conscious use of words and expression.

EXAMPLES:

Use longer, more complex words and sentences.

Informal writing: If employees know how the rules work,
they can deal better with them.

Formal writing: An understanding of the fundamental

regulations will provide an improved employee interface.

Use the formal one-word form of two-word phrasal

verbs.
The school administration will (look into) investigate the
reports of cheating.

Avoid contractions and abbreviations.

You shouldn't use your CP inside the class.
You should not use your cell phone inside the class.
I mpersonal language
- the distancing of oneself from one's own writing.

EXAMPLES:
Use third-person pronouns when referring to
yourself/yourselves.
“I” or “we” >>> “the group”, “the researchers” and call
yourselves “we”.

Avoid using first-person pronouns (I, we) and second-

person pronouns (you).

If you will continue following the COVID-19 protocols, you will

lessen the risk of virus transmission.

If one will continue following the COVID-19 protocols, the risk

of virus transmission will be lessened.
S tructured Language
- is the use of nominalization and the passive voice in writing.

EXAMPLES:

Nominalization
- the use of the noun form of the verb. This can usually be
achieved by using suffixes such as -tion, -ment, and -ance.

The class did not perform well.

The performance of the class was dismal.

Passive voice
- the voice of the verb where the subject is the receiver of the
action.

Active Voice: The dog bit the man.

Passive Voice: The man was bitten by the dog.
H edged Language
-- the use of cautious language through hedging devices,
such as would, may, the possibility of, possibly, etc. Academic
writing usually avoids absolute terms except in the
conclusion.

EXAMPLE:

Not hedged: Human expansion of the greenhouse effect is

the cause of global warming.

Hedged: It could be that human expansion of the

greenhouse effect is the cause of global warming.
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Different Language Genres – English Composition Guide. (n.d.).

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Flores, R. (2016). Oral Communication in Context (NaN ed.). REX Book

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Grothe, T. (2020, May 22). 5.2: Types Of Nonverbal Communication -

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