NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LECTURE ACTIVITIES NO. 4
Name: Geia Marie A. Silvero
I. INTRODUCTION
A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function, plus the extracellular substance
surrounding them.
II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.
GUIDE QUESTIONS
4.01A. Describe the general makeup of a
tissue.
4.02A. List and explain the general
characteristics of epithelial tissue.
TISSUES
Section: 10 Date Submitted: Feb 26, 2022
ANSWERS
Our organs and other body components are made up of
groups of cells that build up bodily tissue. Another term
for how our cells is clustered together in a highly
structured manner according to specific structure and
function is human body tissue. These clumps of cells
create tissue structures, which later become organs and
other body components. There are four tissue types in the
human body: (1) epithelial tissue, (2) connective tissue, (3)
muscle tissue, and (4) nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue
refers to groups of cells that cover the exterior surfaces of
the body, line internal cavities and passageways, and
form certain glands. Connective tissue, as its name
implies, binds the cells and organs of the body together.
Muscle tissue contracts forcefully when excited, providing
movement. Nervous tissue is also excitable, allowing for
the generation and propagation of electrochemical signals
in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between
different regions of the body.
Epithelial cells are tightly bound together (especially
compared to muscles and connective tissue). This creates
a protective shield. A free surface (apical surface) of
epithelium is constantly exposed to the body's outside or
the empty cavity of an internal organ. A bound section
(basal) of epithelium is always linked to the underlying
connective tissue. The basement membrane is a thin
adhesive (sticky) border that separates the epithelial cells
from the connective tissue. The basement membrane is
made up of two sticky layers: a basal lamina (epithelial
layer) and a reticular lamina. It is not a genuine
membrane as such (connective tissue layer). The
epithelium lacks blood vessels, yet it collects nutrition
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4.02B. Classify epithelial tissues based on When it comes to form and structure, simple squamous
the number of cell layers and the
shape of the cells.
4.02C. Name and describe the various
types of epithelial tissue, including their the lungs, kidney, kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood
chief functions and locations.
from blood vessels in the connective tissue underneath it.
The epithelium can have a lot of innervation (lots of
nerves endings). Scraped knee, peeling sunburn:
epithelium is extremely regenerative (it heals itself).
epithelium consists of a single layer of tightly packed,
flattened cells with a disk-shaped central nucleus. In
simple cuboidal epithelium, its structural form is
consisted with a single layer of tightly packed, cube-
shaped cells. Simple columnar epithelium is
characterized by consisting of a single layer of elongated
cells and column-like epithelial cells. Stratified squamous
epithelium consists of many layers of cells. The free cells
are squamous, but the deeper cells can be cuboidal or
sometimes columnar. To put it simply, stratified
cuboidal epithelium are relatively rare, boxed-shaped,
and are consisted of multiple layers. The cells of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium are
prefixed as pseudo such that it possesses cilia and appear
stratified or layered, but apparently are not. As
mentioned, a tuft of cilia is stationed or located at the top
of each columnar cell, excluding for the goblet cells.
Stratified columnar epithelium are also relatively rare,
only the free layer is columnar, deeper cells are either
cuboidal or irregular. Lastly, is the transitional
epithelium which is considered unique for its ability to
stretch, cells on the free surface may look cuboidal (with
more than one nucleus), but as they stretch, they look
more squamous, and the deeper basal layer of cells are
cuboidal or columnar.
Simple squamous epithelium is instated in the air sac of
vessels, and lymphatic vessels. Its main role is to allow
passage of materials by the processes of diffusion and
filtration. Simple cuboidal epithelium is located on the
ducts and small glands, kidney tubules, and surface of the
ovary. It is in-charge in the processes of absorption and
secretion of materials. Simple columnar epithelium can
be found on the line’s digestive tract, gallbladder, and
excretory ducts of some glands. Simple columnar
epithelium is utilized in terms of absorption and enzyme
secretion. Stratified cuboidal epithelium mainly function
to strengthen lumen walls in the body. They can be found
in the ducts of large mammary/sweat glands, salivary
glands, and pancreas. Pseudostratified columnar
epithelium is prefixed as pseudo such that it possesses
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4.02D. Relate the structural
specializations of epithelial tissue epithelium:
with the functions they perform.
4.02E. Differentiate between exocrine and In the human body, there are two types of gland systems:
endocrine glands, and unicellular and
multicellular
cilia. It serves to propel mucus or reproductive cells by the
process of ciliary action. Whereas the given location for
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium are in the
line’s bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the
uterus. Stratified columnar epithelium is located in some
glands and ducts (i.e. male urethra) for protection and
secretion. The transitional epithelium is located in the
bladder, kidneys, ureters which allows urinary tract to fill
and empty with urine
Classification by Cell Arrangement: 2 major varieties of
a) simple epithelium - single layer of cells (usually for
absorption and filtration)
b) stratified epithelium - stacked up cell layers
(protection from abrasion - mouth, skin.)
There is also pseudostratified epithelium, which seems to
be stacked cell layers but is actually a single layer of cells
(trachea and upper respiratory tract, mucus secretion, and
cilia that assist drive foreign material out of the body by
coughing). The ciliated epithelium is a thin tissue with
hair-like features. Goblet cells, which produce mucous,
are found in the ciliated epithelium. This mucus, together
with the cilia on the tissue, assists in the removal of
dangerous particles from our bodies, keeping us healthy.
endocrine and exocrine. The endocrine system
manufactures and secretes chemicals such as hormones
directly into the bloodstream, which are required for
many bodily activities. Growth and development,
reproduction and sexual functions, metabolism, tissue
function, mood, and so on are all examples of these
functions. The exocrine system generates and secretes
chemicals that are important for the human body's
protection and lubrication. Exocrine glands discharge
their contents into ducts that go to target tissues and
organs. They are not absorbed into the bloodstream.
Because endocrine glands lack ducts, their secretions are
discharged directly into the bloodstream. Enzymes and
mucus are secreted by exocrine glands. Ducts are also
found in most exocrine glands. The shape and function of
each gland are the fundamental differences between
endocrine and exocrine glands. The unicellular exocrine
glands are made up of a single specialized storage cell that
is dispersed among non-secretory epithelial cells. Goblet
cells, which are found in the epithelium of the trachea and
digestive system, are the most typical examples of
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4.02F. Categorize glands based on their
structure and function.
4.03A. Describe the classification of
connective tissue and give
examples of each major type.
unicellular exocrine glands. Mucus is secreted into the
cavities by the goblet cells. Exocrine glands without ducts
are known as unicellular exocrine glands. Multicellular
exocrine glands, on the other hand, can be functionally
categorized according to their secretion mechanism.
Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands are the three
types of glands. The tissue's epithelium invaginates,
forming a simple or complicated tube. The tube has a
blind end for secreting items out, while the other end
inflates to generate alveolar or acinus-shaped sacks.
Exocrine Glands are glands with ducts that are lined with
epithelium on both the glands and the ducts. Multicellular
Glands: The majority of endocrine glands are made up of
several cells. Simple glands have a single duct that is not
branched. Multiple branching ducts are seen in compound
glands.The form of the secretory areas further
characterizes the gland in both simple and complex
glands. Tubular glands have secretory areas shaped like
tubules (small tubes), whereas acinar or alveolar glands
have secretory regions shaped like saclike structures.
Tubular glands can be coiled or straight. Tubuloacinar or
tubuloalveolar glands have a mix of the two.
Exocrine Glands and Secretion Types
1. Merocrine secretion – cells of the gland produce
secretions by active transport or produce vesicles that
contain secretory products, and the vesicles empty their
contents into the duct through exocytosis
2. Apocrine secretion – secretory products are stored in
the cells near the lumen of the duct. A portion of the cell
near the lumen containing secretory products is pinched
off the cell and joins secretions produced by a merocine
process.
3. Holocrine secretion – involves the shedding of entire
cells. Products accumulate in the cytoplasm of each
epithelial cell, the cell ruptures and dies, and the entire
cell becomes part of the secretion. The lost cells are
replaced by other cells deeper in the gland. It is used by
the sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin.
Endocrine Glands: separated from the epithelium of
their origin and have no ducts; have extensive blood
vessels; the cellular products of endocrine glands are
called hormones which are secreted into the bloodstream
and carries throughout the body.
Connective tissue types blend into one another, and the
transition points cannot be identified precisely.
The connective tissues are of five major types: Areolar
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4.04A. Discuss the three types of muscle
tissue by describing their general
structures, their locations in the body, and Cardiac muscle gets its name from the fact that it is
their functions.
tissue (Loose connective tissue), Dense Regular connective
tissue, Adipose tissue, Skeletal tissue, and Vascular tissue
(Fluid). Areolar tissue functions as a connective tissue. It
connects the skin to the muscles, occupies the cavities
within the organs, connects the blood vessels and nerves
to the surrounding tissues, and connects the periotneum
to the body wall and viscera. It is usually referred to as the
body's "packaging tissue." Bone periosteum, muscle
perimysium, nerve perineurium, and so on are examples
of periosteum. Ordered and densely packed fibres and
cells make up dense regular connective tissue. The fibers
are naturally loose and supple. The surrounding
connective tissue cells secrete them. Tendons and
ligaments are made up mostly of this tissue. Adipose
tissue is predominantly a fat-storage tissue with a matrix
filled with big, spherical or oval fat cells (or adipocytes). A
big fat globule is seen in each fat cell. Fibroblasts,
macrophages, collagen fibers, and elastic fibers are also
found in the matrix. The hard skeleton that supports the
vertebrate body, aids mobility, and protects numerous
important organs is made up of skeletal tissue. Cartilage
and bone are the two forms of skeletal tissues. Cartilage is
a skeletal tissue made up of live cells embedded in a
matrix that is rigid but flexible. When the cells
(chondroblasts) are encased in unique fluid-filled
chambers called lacunae, they become chondrocytes (sing.
lacuna). Bone is a hard, non-flexible connective structure
found in vertebrates. Living bone cells called osteoblasts
are implanted in a solid, calcified matrix to form a
compact bone. Fluid connective tissue connects the
various sections of the body and preserves bodily
continuity. It consists of blood and lymph. Blood is a type
of connective tissue that is fluid in nature. Lymph is a
colorless fluid that has filtered through the capillaries of
the blood. It is devoid of red blood cells and certain blood
proteins. White blood cells can be detected in large
numbers in the lymph.
The three major types of muscle tissue are: (a) cardiac
muscle, (b) skeletal muscle, (c) visceral (smooth) muscle.
present in the heart. Intercalated discs connect cells to one
another, allowing the heartbeat to be synchronized.
Cardiac muscle is a striated, branching muscle.
Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium are the three
layers that make up the heart wall. The myocardium is the
heart's main muscular layer. Electrical impulses are
carried across the heart by myocardial muscle fibers,
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4.05A. Describe the functions of nervous There are 5 given functions of nervous tissue:
tissue and the structure of a
neuron.
which power cardiac conduction. The peripheral nervous
system controls skeletal muscle, which is linked to the
bones by tendons and is associated with the body's
voluntary motions. Skeletal muscle is made up of striated
muscle fibers. The cells are not branched like those in
heart muscle. Connective tissue covers skeletal muscle
cells, protecting and supporting muscle fiber bundles.
Blood arteries and nerves pass through the connective
tissue, delivering oxygen and nerve impulses to muscle
cells, allowing them to contract. The skeleton is made up
of various muscle groups that work together to
accomplish bodily motions. Head and neck muscles (facial
expressions, chewing, and neck movement), trunk
muscles (moving the chest, back, abdomen, and spinal
column), and upper extremity muscles (moving the
shoulders, arms, hands, and fingers) are some of these
categories. Visceral muscle is found in various parts of the
body including the blood vessels, the bladder, and the
digestive tract as well as in many other hollow organs.
Like cardiac muscle, most visceral muscle is regulated by
the autonomic nervous system and is under involuntary
control. Visceral muscle can be found in a variety of
locations throughout the body, including blood vessels,
the bladder, and the digestive system, as well as a variety
of other hollow organs. Most visceral muscle, like cardiac
muscle, is controlled involuntarily by the autonomic
nervous system. Because it lacks cross striations, visceral
muscle is also known as smooth muscle. Visceral muscle
contracts more slowly than skeletal muscle, but it can hold
the contraction for longer. Smooth muscle lines the organs
of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive
systems. This muscle is rhythmic or tonic in nature.
Smooth muscle that is rhythmic, or phasic, contracts on a
regular basis and is mostly relaxed. Tonic smooth muscle
remains contracted for the majority of the time and only
relaxes periodically.
(1) Neurons in the nervous tissue generate and carry out
nerve impulses. They produce electrical signals that are
transmitted across distances, they do so by secreting
chemical neurotransmitters.
(2) Responds to stimuli
(3) Carries out communication and integration
(4) Provides electrical insulations to nerve cells and
removes debris
(5) Carries messages from other neurons to the cell body
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4.06A. List the structural and functional
characteristics of mucous, serous,
and synovial membranes.
A neuron is made up of three parts: a cell body (or soma),
dendrites, and an axon that terminates at a terminal. The
nucleus and the machinery required to make proteins are
found in the cell body. The cell body is also the part of the
neuron that generates an electrical impulse. Short,
branching dendrites extend from the cell body and receive
chemical messages from neighboring neurons or triggers
that initiate an electrical response. This electrical impulse
(or action potential) travels up the axon from the cell body
to the terminal. The axon is a long fiber that changes the
flow of sodium and potassium ions across the neuronal
membrane to convey the impulse. A myelin coating made
up of lipids and proteins surrounds many axons. Like
insulation coating an electrical wire, this fatty layer
greatly increases the speed of electrical impulses down the
axon.
Mucous Membranes:
Cavities that open to the exterior of the body, such as the
digestive, respiratory, and reproductive processes, are
lined with this substance. Epithelial cells, their basement
membrane, and a thick layer of loose connective tissue
make up this layer. A layer of smooth muscle cells is also
present. Mucous membranes include goblet cells or
multicellular mucous glands that release mucus in many,
but not all, cases. Mucous membranes provide a variety of
roles based on their placement, but they all involve
protection, absorption, and secretion.
- Serous Membranes:
Pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities are examples
of line cavities that do not access to the outside of the
body. A layer of simple squamous epithelium, its
basement membrane, and a fragile stratum of loose
connective tissue make up this structure. It lacks glands;
however, it does release a little quantity of fluid known as
serous fluid, which lubricates the membranes' surface.
Protect inside organs from abrasion and aid
digestion keep them in place and function as a selectively
permeable barrier to keep huge volumes of fluid out of
the serous cavities
-Synovial Membranes
Fill the chambers of freely moving joints with this
material. Only connective tissue is used, and the cells are
modified connective tissue cells. Synovial fluid is
produced, which makes the joint highly slippery,
minimizing friction and facilitating smooth joint
movement.
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4.07A. Describe the process of
inflammation in response to tissue
damage and explain how
4.08A. Explain the major events involved Tissue repair is the process of replacing dead cells with
in tissue repair.
Inflammation is a reaction that occurs when living tissues
are damaged. The inflammatory response is a defensive
mechanism that developed to protect higher organisms
from infection and harm. Its goal is to find and remove the
harmful substance as well as damaged tissue components
so that the body may begin to mend. Changes in blood
flow, a rise in blood vessel permeability, and the
migration of fluid, proteins, and white blood cells
(leukocytes) from the circulation to the site of tissue injury
are all part of the reaction. Acute inflammation refers to
an inflammatory reaction that lasts only a few days,
whereas chronic inflammation refers to a response that
lasts longer. Although acute inflammation is normally
helpful, it can also generate unpleasant feelings like
painful throat soreness or itching from an insect bite. The
discomfort is generally just transient and goes away once
the inflammatory reaction has completed its task.
Inflammation, on the other hand, might be harmful in
some cases. Tissue destruction can occur when the
inflammatory response's regulatory systems are faulty, or
when the body's capacity to eliminate injured tissue and
foreign substances is hampered. In other situations, an
erroneous immune response might result in a protracted
and harmful inflammatory response. Autoimmune
responses, in which the body's immune response against
its own tissues creates persistent inflammation, and
allergic, or hypersensitive, reactions, in which an
environmental factor such as pollen, which typically
offers no harm to the individual, triggers inflammation.
healthy ones. Tissue repair can take place through
regeneration or fibrosis. The new cells are the same type
as the ones that were killed during regeneration, and
regular function is generally restored. A new form of
tissue grows in fibrosis, or replacement, resulting in
scarring and the loss of some tissue function. The sort of
tissue healing that takes precedence is determined by the
tissues involved and the severity of the trauma. Some
tissues, such as the skin and the mucous membrane of the
colon, can be entirely repaired by regeneration. In these
circumstances, stem cells are principally responsible for
regeneration. Stem cells are undifferentiated, self-
renewing cells that reproduce continuously throughout
life. With each division, a daughter stem cell and a second
cell capable of differentiation are produced. The
differentiated cells and the dead cells are the identical cell
kinds. Differentiated cells in connective tissue and glands,
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4.09A. Describe the age-related changes
that occur in cells and in extracellular matrix produced by them. In general, cells divide more
matrix.
such as the liver and pancreas, can also divide during
regeneration. These cells do not ordinarily divide, yet
after an injury, they maintain the ability to do so. In
certain tissues, fibrosis is the primary healing process.
There are few stem cells in the adult brain, heart, and
skeletal muscle, and mature neurons, cardiac muscle, and
skeletal muscle do not divide. While these cells are unable
to proliferate, they may recover from some injury. For
example, if a neuron's axon is injured, the neuron can
produce a new axon, but if the cell body is severely
damaged, the neuron will die. If these cells are destroyed,
connective tissue frequently takes their place.
Age-related changes affect cells and the extracellular
slowly as people age. Injuries heal more slowly.
Extracellular matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers
becomes less flexible and less elastic. Consequently, skin
wrinkles, elasticity in arteries is reduced, and bones
break more easily.

III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have
learned on this activity.

In this exercise, I discovered that tissues are far more complicated than it seems and it
includes many different types of cells and varying significance of each. I learnt about tissues and
histology as well; epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and a variety of other types
of tissue where some of the important things I have gotten a better grasp in this activity. Lastly,
I now know that the tissues and cells within us age at the same rate as we do for our skin changes
as we get older – it loses its pliability and elasticity.

Reference:
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anatomy-373195

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopedia (2020, November 2). inflammation. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/inflammation

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue. (n.d.).

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©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
Ettelbrucker, C. (2020, May 24). How does the structure of ciliated cells help its function.
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Neuron Structure and Function. (n.d.). https://sites.duke.edu/apep/module-2-the-abcs-of-intoxication/biology-

and-chemistry-connections/neuron-structure-and-function/

Samanthi, D. (2018, February 14). Difference between endocrine and exocrine.

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