Behavioral Science

1. When evaluating body language, what does the following signals indicate?

A. A clenched fist -:
A clenched fist can indicate anger in some situations or solidarity in others
B. Frequent blinking -:
Blinking is natural, but you should also pay attention to whether a person is blinking too much or
too little.
People often blink more rapidly when they are feeling distressed or uncomfortable. Infrequent
blinking may indicate that a person is intentionally trying to control his or her eye movements.

2. While building a resume, what are the important points to be covered?

The points that nedded to be cobered while building a resume are -:
Personal Information. Name Current and Permanent address (may be omitted from a resume
posted on the web) ... Telephone number, E-mail address
Objective. In one short sentence summarize your goal for your job search. ...
Education. ...
Work and Related Experience. ...
Awards and Honors. ...
Activities/Hobbies. ...
Skills. ...
References (3-5 people)
3. Explain the Johari Window.
The Johari Window is a framework for understanding conscious and unconscious bias that can
help increase self-awareness and our understanding of others. It is the creation of two
psychologists, Joseph Luft and Harrington Ingham, who named the model by combining their first
names. It is composed of four quadrants in which people using the framework can identify what
they know about themselves and what other people know about them. This results in four areas
of understanding:
Open area: Anything you know about yourself and are willing to share with others
Blind area: Anything you do not know about yourself, but that others have become aware of
Hidden area: Anything you know about yourself and are not willing to share with others
Unknown area: Any aspect unknown to you or anyone else

4. Explain the SMART goals.

Goals are part of every aspect of business/life and provide a sense of direction, motivation, a
clear focus, and clarify importance. By setting goals, you are providing yourself with a target to
aim for. A SMART goal is used to help guide goal setting. SMART is an acronym that stands
for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timely. Therefore, a SMART goal incorporates
all of these criteria to help focus your efforts and increase the chances of achieving your goal.
SMART goals are:
Specific: Well defined, clear, and unambiguous
Measurable: With specific criteria that measure your progress toward the accomplishment of the
goal
Achievable: Attainable and not impossible to achieve
Realistic: Within reach, realistic, and relevant to your life purpose
Timely: With a clearly defined timeline, including a starting date and a target date. The purpose is
to create urgency.
4. Explain the SWOT Analysis.
WOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis is a framework used to
evaluate a company's competitive position and to develop strategic planning. SWOT analysis
assesses internal and external factors, as well as current and future potential.
A SWOT analysis is designed to facilitate a realistic, fact-based, data-driven look at the strengths
and weaknesses of an organization, initiatives, or within its industry. The organization needs to
keep the analysis accurate by avoiding pre-conceived beliefs or gray areas and instead focusing
on real-life contexts. Companies should use it as a guide and not necessarily as a prescription.
Strengths
Strengths describe what an organization excels at and what separates it from the competition: a
strong brand, loyal customer base, a strong balance sheet, unique technology, and so on. For
example, a hedge fund may have developed a proprietary trading strategy that returns market-
beating results. It must then decide how to use those results to attract new investors.
Weaknesses
Weaknesses stop an organization from performing at its optimum level. They are areas where
the business needs to improve to remain competitive: a weak brand, higher-than-average
turnover, high levels of debt, an inadequate supply chain, or lack of capital.
Opportunities
Opportunities refer to favorable external factors that could give an organization a competitive
advantage. For example, if a country cuts tariffs, a car manufacturer can export its cars into a
new market, increasing sales and market share.
Threats
Threats refer to factors that have the potential to harm an organization. For example, a drought
is a threat to a wheat-producing company, as it may destroy or reduce the crop yield. Other
common threats include things like rising costs for materials, increasing competition, tight labor
supply. and so on.

6. What is self esteem? What are the do’s and don’ts to self esteem.
In psychology, the term self-esteem is used to describe a person's overall subjective sense of
personal worth or value. In other words, self-esteem may be defined as how much you appreciate
and like yourself regardless of the circumstances. Your self-esteem is defined by many factors
including:
Self-confidence
Feeling of security
Identity
Sense of belonging
Feeling of competence
self-worth, self-regard, and self-respect.
7. What are the different type of behaviors ?
1. Overt Behavior
Overt behavior is an observable act of a person. It is obvious. You can see it and measure it at
some point. Examples of this are eating, jogging, writing, dancing, walking, reading, studying,
singing, talking, etc. You got it. Whatever overt behavior it is, it must be observable.
2 Covert Behavior
Covert behavior is an exact opposite of the previous type. Covert behaviors have something to do
with thoughts. A person may display desirable acts such as praising someone success but feel
bitter inside. Insecurities are a perfect example of covert behavior.
A human being may wear a mask. You can show different faces to different people in different
situations. This is the reason why finding a true person is always challenging. Take a relationship,
for instance, many of the romantic relationships were shattered after discovering the
untruthfulness. You can only know the person after being with him/her for several years.

3. Conscious Behavior
Conscious behavior is an intended act. It is something that you deliberately do. A good example of
this is taking a bath or eating your breakfast. You do it due to a certain purpose. Taking a bath, for
instance, is a necessity before going to school or work. And eating breakfast is necessary before
you start your day. These behaviors are in accordance with certain the purpose.
4. Unconscious Behavior
Unconscious behaviors are acts that run automatically without your mind controlling them. For
instance, you might not notice your breathing until you read this sentence. You might not aware
of your response to a frightening situation. You hate cockroaches. They make you scream when
they craw on your skin. It is your automatic response. You don’t even think about it. Thus, the
scream is an unconscious behavior.
5. Rational behavior
This one of the types of behavior in psychology that we could observe among people every day. It
pertains to making the decision and acts in accordance with the existing social norms and
practices. You do follow traffic rules because it is what a law abiding citizen should do. Or, you do
not hurt others because that is the right thing to do. These behaviors are based on the rationality
that you develop in yourself.
6. Irrational Behavior
Irrational behaviors are acts that deviate from what is right. Usually, these behaviors are
nonsensical. They serve no purpose. Punching someone on the street without reason is an
irrational behavior.
7. Voluntary Behavior
Voluntary behaviors emerge out of free will. It is the result of being free from making decisions in
life. You can decide to choose your course in college or not go to college at all. You can choose to
work hard towards your goal or let procrastination defeat you. Working on something you love is
a voluntary behavior.
8. Involuntary behavior
These behaviors are usually uncontrollable. The blink of your eye when you are exposed to a
bright light is an example of this behavior. You do not have any sort of control over it. Thus
involuntary.

8. Give your views onn success and failure

Success is good but failure is better. You must not let successes get to your head but also must not
let failure consume your heart. Know that, sometimes, actually most times, things don't go as
planned and that is perfectly fine. For many young people, it's easy to simply give up when things
don't work out.
Everyone wants to be a success. No one wants to be a failure. And understandably so. Success and
failure, however, are terms meant to define events, not people. You are either successful at doing
something, or achieving some milestone, or you failed at doing something or did not achieve
some milestone. That does not imply that you are a complete success or a complete failure. There
are other aspects of you that you may not be so successful at, or that you may not be such a
failure at. The most successful person (if there can be such a term) may have a large bank balance,
but may be a complete failure as a parent or a spouse. And a person who has been an absolute
failure at business, may be an unbelievably good parent or an amazing friend.
So success and failure are terms used to describe how we did at a particular event in our life – not
how we are in totality. But every so often we are unable to see the difference.

9. Is it important to understand the body language?

Body language is non-verbal communication that includes our posture, gestures and the
movements we make. It’s just as vital as verbal communication but it’s usually something we
don’t think about when we’re talking or presenting.
No matter how engaging or interesting a speech is, if the speaker’s giving off negative body
language signals then the audience is less likely to listen to what they’re saying. Similarly, if you’re
having a conversation with someone and your body language is disengaged, then it might appear
as though you’re disinterested in what they have to say - even though you’re listening.
Here are some of the most common types of body language to look out for:
Aggressive
An overly firm handshake.
Invading personal space.
Hands on hips or legs too wide.
Eye contact to the point of staring.
Aggressive physical movements like finger-pointing.
Defensive
Crossed arms or legs.
A lack of eye contact.
Leaning away.
Hunched shoulders.
Eye rolls.
Nervous
Biting nails.
Fidgeting.
Coughing.
Weak handshake.
Putting hands on head.
Bored
No eye contact.
Excessive fidgeting.
Yawning.
Shifting weight and sitting uncomfortably.
Rubbing face.
Engaged
Good eye contact.
Confident stance.
Positive gestures.
Nodding in agreement.
Smiling.
Body language isn’t an exact science and someone who’s feeling bored or engaged might not
show all of the traits listed above. However, when speaking to someone, keep an eye on their
stance, gestures and how much eye contact they give to gain a better understanding of how they
perceive you.
10. What kind of body language is actually helpful foe an interview?
Body language in a job interview gives the interviewer a great deal of information that is not
conveyed by the spoken word alone. It reveals whether the candidate is confident, goal-
oriented, and focused – or indeed, whether the candidate might actually be bored, insecure, or
nervous.
Consistent body language provides an opportunity to convince the interviewer of your worth as
a candidate, as up to 93% of human communication is actually conveyed via body language. In
addition to gestures, facial expressions, and posture, the volume and tone of your voice play a
role. Only 7% of our total attention is actually given over to content itself.
You are what you wear
It is a well-known fact that clothing can say a lot about your attitude and your confidence with
respect to the position you are applying for, which is why you should find out about the
business’s dress code in advance of the interview. Quite apart from your outfit, it is an absolute
must that you have a well-groomed appearance. This means clean shoes, well cared-for
fingernails and combed hair. A sloppy appearance can leave a bad taste in the potential
employer’s mouth even before the interview has started. So, when it comes to job interviews,
the clothes make the man!
The right greeting makes a good impression
Even the greeting in a job interview says a lot about you. There are good reasons why people
say that first impressions matter. Alongside the visual impression that you give, eye contact, a
firm handshake, and your posture say a lot about you as a candidate. Greet your interviewer
with a short, firm handshake - accompanied, crucially, by eye contact and a friendly smile. This
will help you to give the impression that you are a self-confident person who is genuinely
pleased to meet someone new.
Eye contact is a sign of openness and interest
Eye contact signals to your opposite number during the interview that you are interested and
open, whereas if you avert your gaze, it shows uncertainty, a lack of interest, or simply that you
are not paying attention. That does not mean that you should stare intently at your
interviewer. As a rule of thumb, successful eye contact means holding your gaze for at least a
second, but no more than three seconds. If you are engaged in conversation with several
people, it is important to ensure that you primarily maintain eye contact with the person who
asked the question. You should, however, maintain some eye contact with the other people in
the room. That shows interest and helps you to secure their attention.
Upright posture signals confidence and strength
Even though most interviews are held in a seated position, body language is nevertheless
critically important in determining how your interviewer perceives you. Adopt an open posture
and sit upright. A twisted upper body can have negative effects on the power of your voice.
Additionally, you should use the entire surface of the seat. If you sit on the edge your chair,
you’ll come across as tense and unsure of yourself. Body language is not only important in face-
to-face interviews; it also makes a difference in telephone interviews. This may sound
paradoxical at first; after all, the interviewer cannot see anything over the phone. Body
language nevertheless has an effect on your voice. The same rules apply as in traditional, face-
to-face interviews: sit upright and, if possible, imagine that you are engaged in a face-to-face
conversation, as this will help you to concentrate. Even a subtle smile during your phone call
will make you come across as more likeable.
Saying goodbye – your last chance to win them over
Just as you would when greeting them, reach out your hand to your interviewer once again,
making sure to maintain eye contact, and say goodbye with a smile and plenty of self-
confidence – and be sincere about it! Walk out of the building with an upright posture and
keep your body taut until you are out of sight. Only then will your body language stop
communicating about you, and only then can you afford to relax.

11. Define attitude. Explain its tri component model?

Attitude is the manner, disposition, feeling, and position about a person or thing, tendency, or
orientation, especially in mind.
3 components of attitude are –
1. Cognitive Component
The cognitive component of attitudes refers to the beliefs, thoughts, and attributes that we would
associate with an object. It is the opinion or belief segment of an attitude. It refers to that part of
attitude which is related in general knowledge of a person.
Typically these come to light in generalities or stereotypes, such as ‘all babies are cute’, ‘smoking
is harmful to health’ etc.
2. Affective Component
Affective component is the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude.
It is related to the statement which affects another person.
It deals with feelings or emotions that are brought to the surface about something, such as fear or
hate. Using the above example, someone might have the attitude that they love all babies
because they are cute or that they hate smoking because it is harmful to health.
3. Behavioral Component
Behavior component of an attitude consists of a person’s tendencies to behave’in a particular way
toward an object. It refers to that part of attitude which reflects the intention of a person in the
short-run or long run.
Using the above example, the behavioral attitude maybe- ‘I cannot wait to kiss the baby’, or ‘we
better keep those smokers out of the library, etc.
12. What do you understand by attitude? Explain it chratestics?
An attitude is a positive, negative, or mixed evaluation of an object expressed at some level of
intensity. It is an expression of a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of a person, place, thing, or
event. These are fundamental determinants of our perceptions of and actions toward all aspects
of our social environment. Attitudes involve a complex organization of evaluative beliefs, feelings,
and tendencies toward certain actions.
Characteristics of Attitude are;
Attitudes are the complex combination of things we call personality, beliefs, values, behaviors,
and motivations.
It can fall anywhere along a continuum from very favorable to very unfavorable.
All people, irrespective of their status or intelligence, hold attitudes.
An attitude exists in every person’s mind. It helps to define our identity, guide our actions, and
influence how we judge people.
Although the feeling and belief components of attitude are internal to a person, we can view a
person’s attitude from their resulting behavior.
Attitude helps us define how we see situations and define how we behave toward the situation or
object.
It provides us with internal cognitions or beliefs and thoughts about people and objects.
It can also be explicit and implicit. Explicit attitude is those that we are consciously aware of an
implicit attitude is unconscious, but still, affect our behaviors.
Attitudes cause us to behave in a particular way toward an object or person.
An attitude is a summary of a person’s experience; thus, an attitude is grounded in direct
experience predicts future behavior more accurately.
It includes certain aspects of personality as interests, appreciation, and social conduct.
It indicates the total of a man’s inclinations and feelings.
An attitude is a point of view, substantiated or otherwise, true or false, which one holds towards
an idea, object, or person.
It has aspects such as direction, intensity, generality, or specificity.
It refers to one’s readiness for doing Work.
It may be positive or negative and may be affected by age, position, and education.
13. Explain the function of attitude?
1. Adjustment Function
Attitudes often help people to adjust to their work environment.
When employees are well treated, they are likely to develop a positive attitude toward
management and the organization.
When employees are criticized and given a minimal salary, they are likely to develop a negative
attitude toward management and the organization.
These attitudes help employees adjust to their environment and are a basis for future behavior.
The adjustment function directs people toward pleasurable or rewarding objects and away from
unpleasant, undesirable ones.
It serves the utilitarian concept of maximizing reward and minimizing punishment.
Thus, the attitudes of consumers depend to a large degree on their perceptions of what is needed
satisfying and what is punishing.
Ego-Defensive Function
The ego-defensive function refers to holding attitudes that protect our self-esteem or that justify
actions that make us feel guilty.
This function involves psychoanalytic principles where people use defense mechanisms to protect
themselves from psychological harm.
Mechanisms include denial, repression, projection, rationalization, etc.
For example; an older manager whose decisions are continually challenged by a younger
subordinate manager may feel that the later is brash, cocky, immature, and inexperienced.
In truth, the younger subordinate may be right in challenging the decisions.
The older manager may not be a very effective leader and may constantly make poor decisions.
On the other hand, the older manager is not going to admit this but will try to protect the ego by
blaming the other party.

2. Value-Expressive Function
Whereas ego defensive attitudes are formed to protect a person’s self-image, value-expressive
attitudes enable the expression of the person’s centrally held values.
Central values tend to establish our identity and gain us social approval thereby showing us who
we are, and what we stand for.
Some attitudes are important to a person because they express values that are integral to that
person’s self-concept.
Therefore consumers adopt certain attitudes to translate their values into something more
tangible and easily expressed.
Our value-expressive attitudes are closely related to our self-concept.
One whose central value is freedom, the individual may express very positive attitudes towards
the decentralization of authority in the organization, flexible work schedules, and relaxation of
dress standards.

3. Knowledge Function
The knowledge function refers to our need which is consistent and relatively stable.
This allows us to predict what is likely to happen, and so gives us a sense of control.
Some attitudes are useful because they help to make the world more understandable.
They help people ascribe causes to events and direct attention towards features of people or
situations that are likely to be useful in making sense of them.
Consequently, they help to make the world more understandable, predictable, and knowable.
Knowing a person’s attitude helps us predict their behavior.
For example- people who are not familiar with nuclear energy may develop an attitude that is
dangerous and should not be used as an energy source.
Stereotyping is another example.
In the absence of knowledge about a person, we may use a stereotyped attitude for judging the
person.

14. Suggest some ways to change some attitude?

Still your mind. – In order to gain conscious control of what goes on in your mind, you need to
develop a keen awareness for this process.  What helps is to hold still for a moment, take a deep
breath and free your mind of all the chatter that’s going on inside and all around.  This makes
room for a change of state, for something new to enter.  So give yourself a break.  Don’t say you
can’t.  Yes, you have battles out in the world to fight, insecurities to overcome, loved ones to
contend with and goals to achieve, but a break from it all is necessary.  It’s perfectly healthy to
pause and let the world spin without you for a while.  If you don’t, you will burn yourself out.
Change your focus. – From the awareness of your thoughts and emotions you become able to
consciously redirect your focus.  It’s time to take it willingly away from something that drags you
down, and zero it in on something that inspires you.  Focus on the next logical, meaningful step. 
There are no hopeless situations; there are only people who have grown hopeless about them.  So
keep your hope alive through positive awareness.  Don’t let the pain make you desperate.  Don’t
let the negativity wear off on you.  Don’t let the bitterness steal your sweetness.  Spend your
energy moving forward.  Change your thoughts and you change your reality.  
Surrender your worries and embrace acceptance. – Realize that, somewhere within us all, there
does exist a supreme self who is eternally at peace.  Because inner peace does not depend on
external conditions; it’s what remains when you’ve surrendered your ego and worries.  Peace can
be found within you at any place and at any time.  It’s always there, patiently waiting for you to
turn your attention toward it.  Peace of mind arrives the moment you come to peace with what’s
on your mind.
Practice gratitude.  – What you must realize is that you don’t really need more; you just need to
appreciate what you have.  It’s a beautiful and bittersweet way of thinking all at once.  If you don’t
have what you want now, you don’t have what you want, but you still have enough.  Be thankful
for what is, and also be thankful for what has not yet come to you.  For that means there are still
many possibilities available.  Find peace in the thought that you can’t ever have it all or know it all
either.  You are always just a fraction of the whole.  For if you weren’t, there would be nothing
more to experience.  Value what you know, and also value the countless things you don’t yet
understand.  For in what you don’t understand, there is the joy of growth.  Life will always be
incomplete and a bit asymmetrical.  Realize this and embrace it.  Be happy and sad at the same
time, be hungry and thankful at the same time, be nervous and excited at the same time, and be
OK with it. 
Reframe your struggles as growing pains. – Remind yourself that there’s scarcely any happiness,
passion or success without struggle.  If the road is easy, you’re likely going the wrong way. 
Everything that happens helps you grow, even if it’s hard to see right now.  Circumstances will
direct you, correct you, and perfect you over time.  Sometimes these circumstances knock you
down, hard.  There will be times when it seems like everything that could possibly go wrong is
going wrong.  And you might feel like you will be stuck in this rut forever, but you won’t.  When
you feel like quitting, remember that sometimes things have to go very wrong before they can be
right.  Sometimes you have to go through the worst, to arrive at your best.
Look for the beginning in every ending. – Everything in life has to come to an end sometime.  It’s
important to acknowledge and accept the end of an era – to walk away sensibly when something
has reached its conclusion.  Closing the door, turning the page, moving on, etc.  It doesn’t matter
what you call it; what matters is that you leave the past where it belongs so you can enjoy the life
that’s still available to be lived.  This ending is not THE END, it’s just your life beginning again in a
new way.  It’s a point in your story where one chapter fades into the next.  Take a look at the first
page of this new chapter; it’s a beautiful one. 
When all else fails, use your body. – The mind reflects your body by responding to its levels of
tension, rate of breath, speed of movement and mental focus.  Likewise your body mirrors your
thoughts, feelings, mood, and responds to your state of mind, the questions you ask and the
words you speak.  So if the mind and body are intrinsically connected – meaning that one has a
direct affect on the other – it becomes clear that if we directly and consciously take control of
one, it will influence and transform the other.  So by mindfully adjusting how you use your body
you can directly influence your state of mind, and dramatically transform your attitude.  

15. What is stress? Subject some ways to manage stress?

Stress is your body’s reaction to change in your life or pressure from a certain situation or event. It can
be a physical, mental, or emotional reaction. Because life involves constanrt change there is
noavoiding stress. This is why your gosl shouldn’t be to eliminate all stress but to eliminate
unnecessary stress and effectively manage stress.
Ways to manage stress
Stress doesn’t have to negatively affect you if you learn to handle it. A few things you can try include:
Recognize what causes you stress -- at home or at work -- and find ways to steer clear of those
situations.
Try not to take on too much and prioritize your goals. Cut yourself a break and be more forgiving
when you don’t get to everything.
Being self-critical can add to your stress. Replace negative thoughts with positive ones.  Tell yourself "I
think I can" rather than "I know I can't."
Create a network of close friends and co-workers you can go to when stress starts to build. A hobby or
a cause to volunteer for can be good outlets.
Cut down on smoking and drinking. While alcohol and tobacco have had a reputation for helping you
relax, they actually can make you more anxious.
Eat well. A balanced diet can help keep your body healthy and better able to handle stress.
Dark chocolate and foods rich in vitamin C, like oranges and grapefruits, may lower stress hormones.
Carve out some “me time” and get a little exercise. A 15- to 20-minute walk three times a week can
break up your day and help you shake off stress.
Meditation, deep breathing, guided imagery or other relaxation techniques can help quiet your mind.
Get a good night’s sleep. You may need to cut down on caffeine during the day and screen time at
night. And a to-do list can set up the next day and help you get a more restful night’s sleep.

16. How conflict can be managed in an organization? Suggest some ways?

Organisation leaders deal with many conflicts and are responsible for their effective management.
Conflicts are inevitable; awareness of the potential approaches to conflict resolution and
understanding when to use what technique, and its outcomes, can provide organisation leaders
with the required skills to effectively manage conflicts.
Conflicts have causes, results, and effects. Conflicting situations include elements of
interdependence, emotions, perceptions, and behaviours.

Conflicts can also be constructive and healthy and can lead to increased involvement in the
organisation and cohesiveness among team members. Conflicts can bring out underlying issues
and risks. Team members learn a lot when confronted with conflicting situations. Deconstructive
conflicts occur when a solution has not been found, and the problem remains for a more
extended period. Energy gets redirected from more important activities or issues, the morale is
lowered, and teams are polarized. Destructive conflict may create negative tensions among team
members and may lead to irrational personality clashes, and adversely impact the organisation’s
goals.

The primary sources of conflicts are disagreement on goals, priorities, complicated reporting
relationships, and interpersonal issues. Unreasonable work allocation, conflicting assignments,
resource constraints, lack of understanding of diverse cultures in diverse teams are some other
sources of conflicts
The effective management of conflicts will require one or the combination of the following
techniques.\

Ignore
The trivial issues which have almost no impact on organization goals can be ignored; these
problems will go away with time. Many small issues get resolved on their own. They only need to
be kept on the watch list.

Encourage
Some conflicts yield positive outcomes like the learnings for the team members, new ideas
generation, increased team involvement, and surfacing and resolution of hidden issues. At times
these conflicts result in better solutions and healthy.

Competition
In order to adequately manage such conflicts, create opportunities, and encourage constructive
discussions on different ideas; recognize better solutions, enhanced performance, and ideas. Also,
create an atmosphere of mutual trust. Intervene, in case the conflict is becoming dysfunctional.

Accommodate
In case the goals in hand are a must to be achieved, and leadership wants to create an obligation
for a trade-off later, stakes are low, and liability is limited. The situation demands that any
solution is adequate to achieve the goals. Harmony and goodwill need to be created, and if not
accommodated, chances of management losing are high. The conflicting party may be
accommodated . By accommodating, the conflicts may not get resolved, but the impact is
reduced.
Compromise
Many conflicts result in deadlock, and both parties need to win. In a situation where time is
critical, and management wants to maintain the relationship among the involved parties, stakes
are moderate, and there are chances of management losing if there is no compromise. A useful
approach could be ‘give and take,’ where one party sacrifices one’s own interest to accommodate
other parties. Here the conflicts are not resolved, but the impact is reduced.
 
Delay
When stakes are high, and the management is not prepared. Maintaining neutrality at this stage
will be of help, and delaying helps an organisation’s management win. Isolate the conflicting
teams for the time being and set hopes that a favourable solution is being worked out. Gain time.

Confront
When both parties need to win, there is enough time, trust is present, and the organisation wants
to create a collective power base; the conflicts  must be confronted. Confronting is the best
approach for long-term engagement and requires open and direct communication. Confronting a
conflict requires addressing the root cause of conflict and approach to eliminate the source of
conflict.

Follow organisation policy

In case some members of the organisation have issues in accepting organisation policies and
directions, the recommended approach is to insist on compliance with the organization’s
directions. However, a conflict management process needs to be in place in the organization.

Escalate
There are critical issues which must be resolved ASAP for the smooth functioning of the
organisation. In case the leadership is front-ending, the situation has limited influence on at least
one of the conflicting parties, an escalation as per organisation process should be carried out
without much delay.

Force
When stakes are high, the relationship among parties is not essential, a quick decision must be
made, and the organisation leadership is powerful enough to force its decision. The decision can
be forced that may need replacing or removing the party, which is adversely impacting the
organisation at an appropriate time.

Withdraw
In case it is evident that an organisation’s management cannot win and stakes are medium or low,
‘avoidance’ can be used to manage conflict. Avoidance can only delay the situation and will not
resolve it. The reasons to temporarily withdraw should be well-understood across the
stakeholders, and subsequent follow up may be required.

17. Define Leadership. Explain its importance & Characteristics?

Leadership is a process by which an executive can direct, guide and influence the behavior and
work of others towards accomplishment of specific goals in a given situation. Leadership is the
ability of a manager to induce the subordinates to work with confidence and zeal.
Leadership is the potential to influence behaviour of others. It is also defined as the capacity to
influence a group towards the realization of a goal. Leaders are required to develop future visions,
and to motivate the organizational members to want to achieve the visions.
According to Keith Davis. "Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives
enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a group together and motivates it towards
goals."
Importance of Leadership
Leadership is an important function of management which helps to maximize efficiency and to
achieve organizational goals. The following points justify the importance of leadership in a
concern.

1. Initiates action- Leader is a person who starts the work by communicating the policies and plans
to the subordinates from where the work actually starts.

2. Motivation- A leader proves to be playing an incentive role in the concer's working. He

motivates the employees with economic and non-economic rewards and thereby gets the work
from the subordinates.

3. Providing guidance- A leader has to not only supervise but also play a guiding role for the
subordinates. Guidance here means instructing the subordinates the way they have to perform
their work effectively and efficiently.

4. Creating confidence- Confidence is an important factor which can be achieved through

expressing the work efforts to the subordinates, explaining them clearly their role and giving them
guidelines to achieve the goals effectively. It is also important to hear the employees with regards
to their complaints and problems.

Characteristics of Leadership

1. It is a inter-personal process in which a manager is into influencing and guiding workers towards
attainment of goals.
2. It denotes a few qualities to be present in a person which includes intelligence, maturity and
personality.
3. It is a group process. It involves two or more people interacting with each other. 4. A leader is
involved in shaping and moulding the behaviour of the group towards accomplishment of
organizational goals.
5. Leadership is situation bound. There is no best style of leadership. It all depends upon tackling
with the situations.

18. What the qualities of a good leader?

Qualities of a Leader
A leader has got multidimensional traits in him which makes him appealing and effective in
behavior. The following are the requisites to be present in a good leader.

1. Physical appearance- A leader must have a pleasing appearance. Physique and health are very
important for a good leader.
2. Vision and foresight. A leader cannot maintain influence unless he exhibits that he is forward
looking He has to visualize situations and thereby has to frame logical programmes programmes.

Intelligence- A leader should be intelligent enough to examine problems and difficult situations.
He should be analytical who weighs pros and cons and then summarizes the situation. Therefore,
a positive bent of mind and mature outlook is very important. Communicative skills A leader must
be able to communicate the policies and procedures clearly, precisely and effectively. This can be
helpful in persuasion and

Objective. A leader has to be having a fair outlook which is free from bias and which does not
reflects his willingness towards a particular individual. He should develop his own opinion and
should base his judgement on facts and logic.

6 Knowledge of work A leader should be very precisely knowing the nature of work of his
subordinates because it is then he can win the trust and confidence of his subordinates

7 Sense of responsibility. Responsibility and accountability towards an individual's work is very

important to bring a sense of influence. A leader must have a sense of responsibility towards
organizational goals because only then he can get maximum of capabilities exploited in a real
sense. For this, he has to motivate himself and arouse and urge to give best of his abilities. Only
then he can motivate the subordinates to the best.
8. Self-confidence and will-power-Confidence in himself is important to earn the confidence of the
subordinates: He should be trustworthy and should handle the situations with full will power. (You
can read more about Self-Confidence at: Self Confidence - Tips to be Confident and Eliminate Your
Apprehensions).
9. Humanist-This trait to be present in a leader is essential because he deals with human beings
and is in personal contact with them. He has to handle the personal problems of his subordinates
with great care and attention. Therefore, treating the human beings on humanitarian grounds is
essential for building a congenial environment.
10. Empathy- It is an old adage "Stepping into the shoes of others". This is very important because
fair judgement and objectivity comes only then. A leader should understand the problems and
complaints of employees and should also have a complete view of the needs and aspirations of
the employees. This helps in improving human relations and personal contacts with the
employees.

19. How teamwork helps in achieving the goals of organization? Explain

The right team building activity develops a stronger team, strengthens relationships within the
team and improves the capacity in your team to achieve results.
TEAM BUILDING IMPROVES TEAMWORK
Well-designed team building activities make sure each member gets an opportunity to take charge
of their share of responsibilities.  The team achieves a much-larger task than an individual could
accomplish. Because the team works together through a challenge to meet their goal, cooperation
and collaboration become necessary.
The common goal gets placed before personal feelings so the team becomes stronger by
completing the tasks together and achieving success. This carries over to collaborative tasks in the
office, where employees work together on objectives to fulfill the company’s vision.
TEAM BUILDING BUILDS STRONGER RELATIONSHIPS
Working together in new and unusual ways allows team members to get to test new approaches
to solving challenges and listening to other team members. Everyone gets to know one another
better, and to build trust. Team members who trust one another and care about other members’
successes are more productive members of a team.
When they care about their fellow team members, employees are more likely to be engaged, stay
with your company, stay more focused on results and illustrate greater commitment to meeting
goals and objectives. Team building games build personal skills and require team members to
cooperate within the group to complete the tasks. This behavior is becoming increasingly
important in the office. It’s how successful projects happen now.
TEAM BUILDING RAISES EMPLOYEE MORALE
Perhaps most importantly, team building raises employee morale and builds enthusiasm. It’s not
only because team building events often mean a day out of the office, either. Team building
allows individuals to improve personal skills and become more confident in their team’s strengths.
It builds individual self-esteem and encourages others to offer compliments and praise. The team
that cheers together – achieves together.

TEAMWORK CAN HELP YOUR ORGANIZATION 

Teamwork helps organizations grow in many ways that are not always apparent to participants. It
makes teams stronger and increases their ability to work together to meet goals. Reaping these
benefits doesn’t require extensive, day-long team building events or special tools. The best
options are internal training programs focused on developing the skills involved in effective
teamwork. Align them on important internal priorities then get them to take action.  These
professional development days can be completed at the office (or virtually) and require no more
space than your company conference room offers.

20. Explain some core elememts of work ethics?

It is difficult to define the elements of good work ethics, as it is such an individualistic approach
and thinking. What may be good work ethics for me may not be the same for you. Much depends
upon how each organization or person looks at work ethics and the moral values that each
follows. What moral values you practice in daily life will define your attitude towards work and
your work ethics. But there are a few common elements that are universally followed and
employers look for it in their employees.

• Honesty: This is the core element of work ethics, all the other elements are based upon
your honesty. Be honest about your successes and failures, take credit only where due, do
not steal other's works or ideas, and own up to your failures.
• Integrity: Do not let people down, try to fulfill your commitments, and be consistent in
your thoughts, action and behavior.
• Impartiality/Fairness. Be fair to all, do not practice favoritism. Treat everyone as equals.
• Alertness Be aware of what is happening around and keep an eye on things.
• Openness: Share your ideas, results and resources with the other team members, so that
everyone has the same opportunity and know what you are doing. Being secretive is
counterproductive
• Respect for others; No matter how urgent a deadline or heated that tempers become,
remain diplomatic and poised and show grace under pressure. Whether serving a client,
meeting a customer or meeting with management, do the best to respect other's opinions,
even in stressful circumstances. It shows one values other's individual worth and
professional contribution.
• Reliability and Dependability: Means being punctual for work and meetings, delivering
assignments within budget and on schedule. Be reliable about keeping promises for
reputation precedes one so that clients, customers, and colleagues do trust in you to do all
that you say you will everyone appreciates the stability this embodies.
• Determination Obstacles cannot stop you as they are a challenge to be overcome.
Embrace challenges positively and know that your role is to solve problems with purpose
and resilience, Push on, no matter how far it is necessary to go.
• Dedication: Contimme until the job is complete, and delivered. "It's good enough" is not
sufficient for you and the team, as you aim to be "outstanding" in content and quality. Put
in the extra hours to get things right by attending to detail and excellence

• Accountability: Accept responsibility personally for one's actions and outcomes in all
situations, plus avoid excuses when work does not proceed as planned-admitting mistakes
or oversights are used as a learning curve and will not be repeated again. Employers
expect employees to attain to high standards, and they should fully support staff who
accept responsibility, instead of passing the buck.

• . Confidentiality: Any confidential information of documents you have should remain

confidential. You cannot discuss it or show it to anyone else, other than the people
authorized to do so.

• Responsibility: Take responsibility for your thoughts, actions, behavior and work.

• Legality: Always work within the legal boundaries, do not break or twist the law to fit your
agenda
• Competence: Improve your performance and competence by constantly learning and
including the new learning into your work.

• Professionalism. From how one dresses and presents oneself in the business world, to how
others are treated, professionalism is such a very broad category that it encompasses all
the elements of a work ethic.

• Humility: Acknowledge other's contribution, and share credit for successes. You have
integrity and are open to learning from mentors and others, even as you teach via your
action. example, and words. Though you take the work seriously, you are also maintaining
a sense of humor about yourself.
• Initiative: Do not be afraid to put forth your ideas or volunteer for work.
21. Explain Time management in detail.
Time Management refers to managing time effectively so that the right time is allocated to the
right activity.
Effective time management allows individuals to assign specific time slots to activities as per their
importance.
Time Management refers to making the best use of time as time is always limited.
Time Management plays a very important role not only in organizations but also in our personal
lives.
Time Management includes:
Effective Planning
Setting goals and objectives
Setting deadlines
Delegation of responsibilities
Prioritizing activities as per their importance
Spending the right time on the right activity

Effective Planning
Plan your day well in advance. Prepare a To Do List or a “TASK PLAN”. Jot down the important
activities that need to be done in a single day against the time that should be allocated to each
activity. High Priority work should come on top followed by those which do not need much of your
importance at the moment. Complete pending tasks one by one. Do not begin fresh work unless
you have finished your previous task. Tick the ones you have already completed. Ensure you finish
the tasks within the stipulated time frame.
Setting Goals and Objectives
Working without goals and targets in an organization would be similar to a situation where the
captain of the ship loses his way in the sea. Yes, you would be lost. Set targets for yourself and
make sure they are realistic ones and achievable.
Setting Deadlines
Set deadlines for yourself and strive hard to complete tasks ahead of the deadlines. Do not wait
for your superiors to ask you everytime. Learn to take ownership of work. One person who can
best set the deadlines is you yourself. Ask yourself how much time needs to be devoted to a
particular task and for how many days. Use a planner to mark the important dates against the set
deadlines.
Delegation of Responsibilities
Learn to say “NO” at workplace. Don’t do everything on your own. There are other people as well.
One should not accept something which he knows is difficult for him. The roles and
responsibilities must be delegated as per interest and specialization of employees for them to
finish tasks within deadlines. A person who does not have knowledge about something needs
more time than someone who knows the work well.
Prioritizing Tasks
Prioritize the tasks as per their importance and urgency. Know the difference between important
and urgent work. Identify which tasks should be done within a day, which all should be done
within a month and so on. Tasks which are most important should be done earlier.

Spending the right time on right activity

Develop the habit of doing the right thing at the right time. Work done at the wrong time is not of
much use. Don’t waste a complete day on something which can be done in an hour or so. Also
keep some time separate for your personal calls or checking updates on Facebook or Twitter.
After all human being is not a machine.
For Effective Time Management one needs to be:
Organized - Avoid keeping stacks of file and heaps of paper at your workstation. Throw what all
you don’t need. Put important documents in folders. Keep the files in their respective drawers
with labels on top of each file. It saves time which goes on unnecessary searching.
Don’t misuse time - Do not kill time by loitering or gossiping around. Concentrate on your work
and finish assignments on time. Remember your organization is not paying you for playing games
on computer or peeping into other’s cubicles. First complete your work and then do whatever you
feel like doing. Don’t wait till the last moment.
Be Focussed - One needs to be focused for effective time managent .
22. Explain Personality and factors influencimg personality?
Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. Personality is
generally defined as the deeply ingrained and relatively enduring patterns of thought, feeling and
behaviour. In fact, when one refers to personality, it generally implies to all what is unique about an
individual, the characteristics that makes one stand out in a crowd.
Factors Influencing Personality
Heredity: Heredity refers to those factors that were determined at conception. Physical structure, facial
attractiveness, gender, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological
rhythms are characteristics that are generally considered to be either completely or substantially
influenced by who your parents were, that is by their biological, physiological and inherent psychological
makeup.
Environment: The environmental factors that exert pressures on our personality formation are the culture
in which we are raised, our early conditioning, the norms among our family, friends and social groups, and
other influences that we experience. The environment to which we are exposed plays a substantial role in
shaping our personalities.
Situation: A third factor, the situation, influences the effects of heredity and environment on personality.
An individual’s personality although generally stable and consistent, does change in different situations.
The varying demand of different situation calls forth different aspects of one’s personality. We should not
therefore look upon personality patterns in isolation.
Self Awareness: Self Awareness knows your motivations; preferences, personality and understanding how
these factors influence your judgment, decisions and interactions with other people. Through self-
awareness one “develops the ability to know how you are feeling and why, and the impact your feelings
have on your behaviour. But it involves a capacity to monitor and control those strong but subliminal
biases that all us harbor and that skew our decision making”. Internal feelings and thoughts, interests,
strengths and limitations, values, skills, goals, abilities, leadership orientation and preferred
communication style are just a few elements that self awareness comprises.

23. Discuss the 5 factor model?

 24. What is Personality disorder and Explain any 4 in brief?
When an individual has a personality disorder, it becomes harder for them to respond to the changes and
demands of life and to form and maintain relationships with others.

Paranoid personality disorder

A person with paranoid personality disorder finds it hard to trust others. They might think that people are
lying to or manipulating them, even when there is no evidence of this happening. A person may experience
mistrust and suspicion, fear, anxiety about someone taking advantage of them, anger over perceived
abuse, concern about hidden meanings or motives. The inability to trust others can make it hard for the
person to maintain relationships with those around them.

Schizoid personality disorder

A person with schizoid personality disorder often feels uncomfortable when they have to relate to others.It
affects fewer than 1 percent of the population.Others may see the person as aloof, detached, cold, or as a
"loner."The person will tend to:avoid close social contact with others, have difficulty forming personal
relationships, seek out employment that involves limited personal or social interaction, react to situations
in ways that others consider inappropriate, appear withdrawn and isolated. The person may form
attachments with objects or animals, rather than people.

Antisocial personality disorder

A person with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) acts without regard to right or wrong or without
thinking about the consequences of their actions on others.This can result in irresponsible and delinquent
behaviour, violent behaviour, a risk of criminal activity

Borderline personality disorder

A person with borderline personality disorder will have trouble controlling their emotions.

They may experience:

● mood swings

● shifts in behavior and self-image

● impulsive behavior

● periods of intense anxiety, anger, and depression, boredom

These periods, lasting several days. They can lead to relationship difficulties and other challenges in daily
life.

According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), this can result in:

intense feeling can last for only a few hours or for much longer rapid changes in how the person relates to
others, for example, shifting suddenly from closeness to anger

● risky behaviors, such as dangerous driving, and spending sprees

● self-harming behavior

● poor anger management

● a sense of emptiness

● difficulty trusting others

● recurrent suicidal behaviors, gestures, threats, or self-mutilation, such as cutting

● feelings of detachment, or dissociation

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Histrionic personality disorder

A person with histrionic personality disorder feels a need for others to notice them and reassure them that
they are significant. This can affect the way the person thinks and acts.

Researchers writing in 2015 called it "one of the ambiguous diagnostic categories" in mental health.

The person may feel a strong need to be loved, and they may also feel as if they are not strong enough to
cope with everyday life alone.

It may lead to behavior that appears:

● self-centered

● provocative and flirtatious

● inappropriate

● excessively emotional or dramatic

● emotionally shallow

● insincere, as likes and dislikes shift to suit those around the person

● risky, as the person constantly seeks novelty and excitement

The person may function well in social and other environments, but they may also experience high levels of
stress. This can lead to depression and anxiety.

The features of histrionic personality disorder can overlap with and be similar to those of narcissistic
personality disorder.

Narcissistic personality disorder

This disorder features a sense of self-importance and power, but it can also involve feelings of low self-
esteem and weakness.

A person with this condition may show the following personality traits:

● have an inflated sense of their own importance, attractiveness, success, and power
● crave admiration and attention

● lack regard for others' feelings

● overstate their talents or achievements

● expect to have the best of everything

● experience hurt and rejection easily

● expect others to go along with all their plans and ideas

● experience jealousy

● believe they should have special treatment

● believe they should only spend time with other people who are as special as them

● appear arrogant or pretentious

● be prone to impulsive behavior

They may also have a higher risk of:

● mood, substance, and anxiety disorders

● low self-esteem and fear of not being good enough

● feelings of shame, helplessness, anger at themselves

● impulsive behavior

● using lethal means to attempt suicide

These features can make it hard to maintain healthy relationships and to function in daily life.

Avoidant personality disorder

Avoidant personality disorder can make it hard to form friendships.

A person with avoidant personality disorderavoids social situations and close interpersonal relationships,
mainly due to a fear of rejection and feeling that they are not good enough.

They may:

● feel inadequate

● have low self-esteem

● find it hard to trust people

They may appear extremely shy and socially inhibited.

A person with avoidant personality disorder may want to develop close relationships with others, but they
lack the confidence and ability to form relationships.
 There may also be a higher risk of substance abuse, an eating disorder, or depression. The person may
think about or attempt suicide.

Dependent personality disorder

A person with this condition may have the following characteristics:

● has an excessive need to be taken care of by others

● is overly-dependent on others

● has a deep fear of separation and abandonment

● invests a lot of energy and resources in trying to please others

● goes to great lengths to avoid disagreement and conflict

● is vulnerable to manipulation by others

● is willing to undergo mistreatment to maintain a relationship

● does not like to be alone

Others may see the person's behavior as:

● submissive

● clingy

● nonassertive

● passive

● docile
The person often lacks confidence in themselves and their abilities. It is difficult for them to undertake
projects independently, or to make decisions without help. They may find it hard to take responsibility.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A person with OCPD can find it difficult to accept when something is not perfect.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is not the same as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Some people may experience both, however, and researchers say there appears to be a link between
them.

An excessive concern with perfectionism and hard work dominate the life of a person with OCDP. The
individual may prioritize these ideals to the detriment of close personal relationships.

According to the International OCD Foundation, a person with OCPD may:

● appear inflexible

● feel an overwhelming need to be in control

● find that concerns about rules and efficiency make it hard to relax

● find it hard to complete a task, for fear that it is not perfect

● be uncomfortable when things are messy

● have difficulty delegating tasks to others

● be extremely frugal when it is not necessary to do so

● hoard items

● may be highly efficient in the workplace

Others may see the individual as sanctimonious, stubborn, uncooperative, and obstinate.

25. Discuss the Traits for building a positive personality.

1. Accept Responsibility: The price of grateness is the responsibility – Winston Churchill “Responsibility
gravitates to the person who can shoulder them.” -- Elbert Hubbard Society is not destroyed by the
activities of the rascals, but by the inactivity of good people.
2. Show consideration : 5 Show consideration, courtesy, politeness and caring.
3. Think Win-Win :
4. Choose your words carefully: The principle is your speaking must be better than silent, rather be silent.
Words spoken out of bitterness can cause irreparable damage. The way the parents speak to their children
in many instances shapes their children’s destiny.
5. Never Criticize, Complain and Condemn
6. Smile and Be Kind : Smile is the shortest distance between two people.
7. Put Positive interpretation on other people’s behavior: We see the world not as it is, but as we are. So
when we are interpreting other peoples behavior negatively we just reflecting our own mentality to this
situation. In contrast when interpret positively, chances that other people may realize its negativity and
change or amend this.
8. Be a Good Listener : Effective communication is 50% listening, 25% speaking, 15% reading and 10%
writing. So when we listen carefully then 50% communication is done.
9. Be Enthusiastic : Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm--- Ralph Waldo Emersion 10. Give
honest and Sincere Appreciation : The desire to feel important is one of the greatest cravings in most of
the human beings and it can be a great motivator. Honest and sincere appreciation makes one feel
important and promote these positive qualities in him. In contrast giving false and insincere appreciation is
flattery or sycophancy which in the long run is harmful to the receipient.
11. When you make a mistake, accept it and make it easy to amend: Mistakes are to be learned from. So
accept it immediately and make change or amend easy.
12. Discuss but don’t argue: Arguing is like fighting a losing battle. Even if one wins in the argument, the
cost may be more than the worth of victory. An Ignominious victory is a defeat itself.
13. Don’t Gossip: 6 Gossip may lead to slander and defamation of character. People who listen to gossip
are as guilty as those who do the gossiping.
14. Turn your promises into commitment: Commitment leads to enduring relationship through thick and
thin. It shows in a person,s personality and relationship.
15. Be grateful but do not expect gratitude:
16. Be dependable and practice loyalty: An ounce of loyalty is worth more than a pound of cleverness.
Ability without dependability is of no worth.
17. Avoid bearing grudges: Life is too small to bear grudges. John Kennedy once said “forgive the other
person but don’t forget their name.” Means “if one cheated me once it is his fault, but if cheats me wice
then it is my fault.” Don’t be cheated regularly to forgive.
18. Practice honesty, Integrity and Sincerity: Lies may have speed, but the truth has endurance. Honesty,
Integrity and Sincerity have more enduring effect than the opposite.
19. Practice Humility: Confidence without humility is arrogance. Sincere Humility is the foundation of all
virtues. It is a sign of greatness.
20. Be understanding and Caring : The best way to be understood is to be understanding. And the basis of
real communication is also understanding.
21. Practice courtesy on daily basis :
22. Develop a sense of humor:
23. Don’t be sarcastic and put others down
24. To have a friend be a Friend
25. Show Empathy
26. Explain Personality Development and its importance?
ϖ Personality development includes activities that improve awareness and identity, develop talents and
potential, build human capital and facilitate employability, enhance quality of life and contribute to the
realization of dreams and aspirations
Personality development includes activities that develop talents, improve awareness, enhances potential
and looks to improve the quality of life. It involves formal and informal activities that put people in the role
of leaders, guides, teachers, and managers for helping them realize their full potential.

Its importance -:
a. Confidence: Personality development gives more confidence to people. When you know you are
appropriately attired and groomed, this makes you less anxious when meeting a person. Knowing the right
things to say and how to conduct yourself will increase your confidence.

b. Credibility: Personality development makes people more credible. Despite the saying that you don’t
judge a book by its cover, people do tend to judge people by their clothing and how it is worn. This does
not mean buying expensive clothes. We all know people who look shabby in expensive clothes. There are
also people who look great even if their attire is inexpensive. Because of this, you must know what to wear
and you must be aware of other aspects of enhancing your physical features.
c. Interaction: Personality development encourages people to interact with others. Studies have
consistently shown that people communicate more openly with people they are comfortable with. If your
hygiene and social graces are unrefined, then expect to have a much harder time connecting with people.
d. Leading and Motivating: Personality development enhances the capacity to lead and motivate. A person
with a winning personality will be able to motivate better. People are less likely to get bored, and our ideas
will have more credibility. We can lead better if we project an aura of confidence and credibility.
e. Curiosity: A single wrong word can destroy a business relationship. Knowing the right things to say shows
both respect and intellectual sophistication. This is especially the case if you are dealing with foreigners or
if you conduct business outside the country. The right thing to do in our country could be horrible blunders
in a different culture. These are the soft skills that may break or make a deal.
f. Communication skills: It improves your communication skills. People are more receptive to what you say
if they are impressed with your personality. Verbal communication skills are also part of personality
development; improving your speech will strengthen the impact of your message. You cannot win by talent
and hard work alone. Personality development is a crucial ingredient that you must obtain. Most of the
people you see as models of great personality have taken a lot of effort in developing their natural
features.
27. Explain Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Psychological Development?
Freud theorized that personality contains three structures—the id, ego, and superego—and that the mind
is like an iceberg, the unconscious making up 90% while the conscious (like the tip of the iceberg floating
above water) makes only 10% of the mind. Freud suggested an analogy about the mind. He said that the
mind is like an iceberg in the ocean, floating 10% above the water and 90% below. The unconscious, Freud
proposed, makes up the vast majority of our mind. In Freud’s view, only about 10% of our behaviours are
caused by conscious awareness—about 90% are produced by unconscious factors. According to
psychoanalytic theory, most of what controls our behaviours, thoughts, and feelings is unknown to our
aware minds. Normally, the unconscious guides us. Freud said that the mind could be divided into three
abstract categories. These are the id, the ego, and the superego.
1. The id: Latin for the term “it,” this division of the mind includes our basic instincts, inborn dispositions,
and animalistic urges. Freud said that the id is totally unconscious, that we are unaware of its workings.
The id is not rational; it imagines, dreams, and invents things to get us what we want. Freud said that the id
operates according to the pleasure principle—it aims toward pleasurable things and away from painful
things. The id aims to satisfy our biological urges and drives. It includes feelings of hunger, thirst, sex, and
other natural body desires aimed at deriving pleasure.
2. The ego: Greek and Latin for “I,” this personality structure begins developing in childhood and can be
interpreted as the “self.” The ego is partly conscious and partly unconscious. The ego operates according to
the reality principle; that is, it attempts to help the id get what it wants by judging the difference between
real and imaginary. If a person is hungry, the id might begin to imagine food and even dream about food.
(The id is not rational.) The ego, however, will try to determine how to get some real food. The ego helps a
person satisfy needs through reality.
3. The superego: This term means “above the ego,” and includes the moral ideas that a person learns
within the family and society. The superego gives people feelings of pride when they do something correct
(the ego ideal) and feelings of guilt when they do something they consider to be morally wrong (the
conscience). The superego, like the ego, is partly conscious and partly unconscious. The superego is a
child’s moral barometer, and it creates feelings of pride and guilt according to the beliefs that have been
learned within the family and the culture.
Conclusion: Although these are known as structures, do not take the term literally. Freud did not mean
that these are physical parts of our bodies or our brains. He coined these terms and proposed this division
of the mind as abstract ideas meant to help us understand how personality develops and works, and how
mental illnesses can develop. Freud theorized that healthy personality development requires a balance
between the id and the superego. These two divisions of the mind are naturally at conflict with one
another: The id attempts to satisfy animal, biological urges, while the superego preaches patience and
restraint. The struggle between these two is an example of intrapsychic conflict—conflict within the mind.
According to psychoanalytic theory, defense mechanisms are automatic (unconscious) reactions to the fear
that the id’s desires will overwhelm the ego. Freud believed that a healthy personality was one in which
the id’s demands are met but also the superego is satisfied in making the person feel proud and not
overwhelmed by guilt. If the id is too strong, a person will be rude, overbearing, selfish, and animalistic. If
the superego is too strong, a person is constantly worried, nervous, and full of guilt and anxiety and is
always repressing the id’s desires. An overly strong id makes one a psychopath, lacking a conscience, or an
ogre, selfishly meeting one’s needs without concern for others. An overly strong superego, on the other
hand, makes one a worrier, a neurotic, so overwhelmed by guilt that it is difficult to get satisfaction.
28. Explain Erik Erikson Stages of Psychological development?
Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development considers the impact of external factors, parents and society
on personality development from childhood to adulthood. According to Erikson’s theory, every person
must pass through a series of eight interrelated stages over the entire life cycle [2].

1. Infancy: Birth-18 Months Old

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust – Hope
During the first or second year of life, the major emphasis is on the mother and father’s nurturing ability
and care for a child, especially in terms of visual contact and touch. The child will develop optimism, trust,
confidence, and security if properly cared for and handled. If a child does not experience trust, he or she
may develop insecurity, worthlessness, and general mistrust to the world.

2. Toddler / Early Childhood Years: 18 Months to 3 Years

Autonomy vs. Shame – Will
The second stage occurs between 18 months and 3 years. At this point, the child has an opportunity to
build self-esteem and autonomy as he or she learns new skills and right from wrong. The well-cared for
child is sure of himself, carrying himself or herself with pride rather than shame. During this time of the
“terrible twos", defiance, temper tantrums, and stubbornness can also appear. Children tend to be
vulnerable during this stage, sometimes feeling shame and and low self-esteem during an inability to learn
certain skills.

3. Preschooler: 3 to 5 Years
Initiative vs. Guilt – Purpose
During this period we experience a desire to copy the adults around us and take initiative in creating play
situations. We make up stories with Barbie’s and Ken’s, toy phones and miniature cars, playing out roles in
a trial universe, experimenting with the blueprint for what we believe it means to be an adult. We also
begin to use that wonderful word for exploring the world—"WHY?"
While Erikson was influenced by Freud, he downplays biological sexuality in favor of the psychosocial
features of conflict between child and parents. Nevertheless, he said that at this stage we usually become
involved in the classic “Oedipal struggle" and resolve this struggle through “social role identification." If
we’re frustrated over natural desires and goals, we may easily experience guilt.
The most significant relationship is with the basic family.

4. School Age Child: 6 to 12 Years

Industry vs. Inferiority – Competence
During this stage, often called the Latency, we are capable of learning, creating and accomplishing
numerous new skills and knowledge, thus developing a sense of industry. This is also a very social stage of
development and if we experience unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among our peers, we
can have serious problems in terms of competence and self-esteem.
As the world expands a bit, our most significant relationship is with the school and neighborhood. Parents
are no longer the complete authorities they once were, although they are still important.

5. Adolescent: 12 to 18 Years
Identity vs. Role Confusion – Fidelity
Up until this fifth stage, development depends on what is done to a person. At this point, development
now depends primarily upon what a person does. An adolescent must struggle to discover and find his or
her own identity, while negotiating and struggling with social interactions and “fitting in", and developing a
sense of morality and right from wrong.
Some attempt to delay entrance to adulthood and withdraw from responsibilities (moratorium). Those
unsuccessful with this stage tend to experience role confusion and upheaval. Adolescents begin to develop
a strong affiliation and devotion to ideals, causes, and friends.

6. Young adult: 18 to 35
Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation – Love
At the young adult stage, people tend to seek companionship and love. Some also begin to “settle down"
and start families, although seems to have been pushed back farther in recent years.
Young adults seek deep intimacy and satisfying relationships, but if unsuccessful, isolation may occur.
Significant relationships at this stage are with marital partners and friends.

7. Middle-aged Adult: 35 to 55 or 65
Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stagnation – Care
Career and work are the most important things at this stage, along with family. Middle adulthood is also
the time when people can take on greater responsibilities and control.
For this stage, working to establish stability and Erikson’s idea of generativity – attempting to produce
something that makes a difference to society. Inactivity and meaninglessness are common fears during this
stage.
Major life shifts can occur during this stage. For example, children leave the household, careers can
change, and so on. Some may struggle with finding purpose. Significant relationships are those within the
family, workplace, local church and other communities.

8. Late Adult: 55 or 65 to Death

Integrity vs. Despair – Wisdom
Erikson believed that much of life is preparing for the middle adulthood stage and the last stage involves
much reflection. As older adults, some can look back with a feeling of integrity — that is, contentment and
fulfillment, having led a meaningful life and valuable contribution to society. Others may have a sense of
despair during this stage, reflecting upon their experiences and failures. They may fear death as they
struggle to find a purpose to their lives, wondering “What was the point of life? Was it worth it?"

29. Can an individual suffer with avoidant and dependent personality disorder simultaneously?
30. Explain the core element of strong work ethic?
It is difficult to define the elements of good work ethics, as it is such an individualistic approach and
thinking. What may be good work ethics for me may not be the same for you. Much depends upon how
each organization or person looks at work ethics and the moral values that each follows. What moral
values you practice in daily life will define your attitude towards work and your work ethics. But there are a
few common elements that are universally followed and employers look for it in their employees.

Honesty: This is the core element of work ethics, all the other elements are based upon your honesty. Be
honest about your successes and failures, take credit only where due, do not steal other's works or ideas,
and own up to your failures.
Integrity: Do not let people down, try to fulfill your commitments, and be consistent in your thoughts,
action and behavior.
Impartiality/Fairness. Be fair to all, do not practice favoritism. Treat everyone as equals.
Alertness Be aware of what is happening around and keep an eye on things.
Openness: Share your ideas, results and resources with the other team members, so that everyone has the
same opportunity and know what you are doing. Being secretive is counterproductive
Respect for others; No matter how urgent a deadline or heated that tempers become, remain diplomatic
and poised and show grace under pressure. Whether serving a client, meeting a customer or meeting with
management, do the best to respect other's opinions, even in stressful circumstances. It shows one values
other's individual worth and professional contribution.
Reliability and Dependability: Means being punctual for work and meetings, delivering assignments within
budget and on schedule. Be reliable about keeping promises for reputation precedes one so that clients,
customers, and colleagues do trust in you to do all that you say you will everyone appreciates the stability
this embodies.
Determination Obstacles cannot stop you as they are a challenge to be overcome. Embrace challenges
positively and know that your role is to solve problems with purpose and resilience, Push on, no matter
how far it is necessary to go.
Dedication: Centime until the job is complete, and delivered. "It's good enough" is not sufficient for you
and the team, as you aim to be "outstanding" in content and quality. Put in the extra hours to get things
right by attending to detail and excellence
Accountability: Accept responsibility personally for one's actions and outcomes in all situations, plus avoid
excuses when work does not proceed as planned-admitting mistakes or oversights are used as a learning
curve and will not be repeated again. Employers expect employees to attain to high standards, and they
should fully support staff who accept responsibility, instead of passing the buck.
Confidentiality: Any confidential information of documents you have should remain confidential. You
cannot discuss it or show it to anyone else, other than the people authorized to do so.
Responsibility: Take responsibility for your thoughts, actions, behavior and work.
Legality: Always work within the legal boundaries, do not break or twist the law to fit your agenda
Competence: Improve your performance and competence by constantly learning and including the new
learning into your work.
Professionalism. From how one dresses and presents oneself in the business world, to how others are
treated, professionalism is such a very broad category that it encompasses all the elements of a work ethic.
Humility: Acknowledge other's contribution, and share credit for successes. You have integrity and are
open to learning from mentors and others, even as you teach via your action. example, and words. Though
you take the work seriously, you are also maintaining a sense of humor about yourself.
Initiative: Do not be afraid to put forth your ideas or volunteer for work.