Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Basic Electronics Laboratory (EC29201)

Lab Report
------ Alankrita Roy, 20AG30003
Section – 3

Experiment No. 2
Aim: Familiarization with signal generator, oscilloscope and studies on RC,
CR and RL circuits
➢ VOLTAGE DIVIDER: Following results are verified by Thevenin’s Theorem.

R1 = 4.7 kΩ, R2 = 2.2 kΩ, R3 = 2.2 kΩ, R4 = 1 kΩ, Co = 0.22 µF, Cb = 100 µF

a) RL = ∞ (no load resistance)

Input: 6V p-p
Amplitude: 2.853 V
Frequency: 20kHz
Output
VL: 911.181 mV

b) (i) RL = R3 (without capacitor Cb in parallel with load)

Input: 6V p-p
Amplitude: 2.853 V
Frequency: 20kHz
Output
VL: 542.159 mV
(b) (ii) RL = R3 (with capacitor Cb in parallel with load)

Input: 6V p-p
Amplitude: 2.853 V
Frequency: 20kHz
Output
VL: 61.987 µV

c) (i) RL = R4 (without capacitor Cb in parallel with load)

Input: 6V p-p
Amplitude: 2.853 V
Frequency: 20kHz
Output
VL: 364.846 mV

c) (ii) RL = R4 (with capacitor Cb in parallel with load)

Input: 6V p-p
Amplitude: 2.853 V
Frequency: 20kHz
Output
VL: 406.847 mV
 d) (i) RL = R3 || R4 (without capacitor Cb in parallel with load)

Input: 6V p-p
Amplitude: 2.853 V
Frequency: 20kHz
Output
VL: 286.707 mV

d) (ii) RL = R3 || R4 (with capacitor Cb in parallel with load)

Input: 6V p-p
Amplitude: 2.853 V
Frequency: 20kHz
Output
VL: 49.81 mV

➢ FREQUENCY RESPONSE
Low pass filter: the low pass filter only allows low frequency signals from 0 Hz to its cut-off
frequency, ƒc point to pass while blocking those any higher. RC and LR are low pass filter.

High pass filter: the high pass filter only allows high frequency signals from its cut-off
frequency, ƒc point and higher to infinity to pass through while blocking those any lower. CR
and RL are high pass filters.
a) R-C Network: Low pass filter

Circuit Diagram Observation Table

f Vin Vout Gain = 20*Log

(Hz) (mV) (mV) (Vout/Vin)

10 600 598.819 -0.017113574

50 600 572.417 -0.408774543
100 600 508.039 -1.445083957
160 600 423.138 -3.033384428
200 600 373.605 -4.114771411
250 600 322.216 -5.400082968
300 600 281.188 -6.583089352
400 600 221.816 -8.643167619
800 600 117.065 -14.19448362

𝑅 = 10 𝑘Ω , 𝐶 = 100 𝑛𝐹
Theoretically:
1
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
1
=
2𝜋(10 x 103 )(100 x 10−9 )
= 159.154 𝐻𝑧

Graphically:
𝑓𝑐 = 160 𝐻𝑧 (-3dB point)
b) C-R Network: High Pass filter

Circuit Diagram Observation Table

Vin Vout Gain = 20*Log

f (Hz)
(mV) (mV) (Vout/Vin)
50 600 18.84 -30.06140704
100 600 37.625 -24.05349484
500 600 179.83 -10.46578212
1000 600 319.226 -5.481059886
1600 600 424.368 -3.008172449
2000 600 469.461 -2.131034617
3000 600 530.055 -1.076606297
5000 600 571.53 -0.422244373
10000 600 585.415 -0.213748086
50000 600 599.397 -0.008733709

𝑅 = 10 𝑘Ω , 𝐶 = 10 𝑛𝐹

Theoretically:
1
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
1
=
2𝜋(10 x 103 )(10 x 10−9 )
= 1591.549 𝐻𝑧

Graphically:
𝑓𝑐 = 1600 𝐻𝑧 (-3dB point)
c) R-L Network: High Pass filter

Circuit Diagram Observation Table

Vin Vout Gain = 20*Log

f (Hz)
(mV) (mV) (Vout/Vin)

1k 600 5.529 -40.71009321

5k 600 27.617 -26.73949501
40k 600 207.732 -9.212956959
80k 600 357.926 -4.487160068
108.5k 600 423.135 -3.010731304
200k 600 525.466 -1.152132598
500k 600 586.826 -0.192838057
1000k 600 594.181 -0.084649801
2000k 600 598.284 -0.024877236

𝑅 = 1.5 𝑘Ω , 𝐿 = 2.2 𝑚𝐻

Theoretically:
𝑅
𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋𝐿
(1.5 x103 )
=
2𝜋(2.2 x 10−3 )
= 108514.73 𝐻𝑧

Graphically:
𝑓𝑐 = 108500 𝐻𝑧 (-3dB point)
➢ PULSE RESPONSE

Integrator: a low pass filter circuit operating in the time domain that converts a pulse/ square
wave “step” response input signal into a triangular shaped waveform output as the capacitor
charges and discharges.

Differentiator: a High Pass Filter with a Square Wave signal operating in the time domain
giving an impulse or step response input, the output waveform will consist of short duration
pulse or spikes.

Case 1: T>> RC
Low Pass filter (RC circuit)

𝑅𝐶 = (10 𝑘Ω)( 100 𝑛𝐹 ) = 10−3

1 1
𝑇= = = 10−2
𝑓 100
𝑆𝑜, 𝑇 ≫ 𝑅𝐶

Rise Time of current in capacitor (𝜏)

2.2 𝑅𝐶 = 2.2 x 10−3
0.35⁄𝑓𝑐 = 2.18 x 10−3
𝑆𝑜, 𝜏 = 2.2𝑅𝐶 = 0.35⁄𝑓𝑐

Case 2: T<< RC, integrator

Low Pass filter (RC circuit)

𝑅𝐶 = (10 𝑘Ω)( 100 𝑛𝐹 ) = 10−3

1 1
𝑇= = = 6.6 x 10−4
𝑓 1.5 x 103
𝑆𝑜, 𝑇 ≪ 𝑅𝐶
Case 3: T>>RC, differentiator
High Pass filter (CR circuit)

𝑅𝐶 = (10 𝑘Ω)( 10 𝑛𝐹 ) = 10−4

1 1
𝑇= = = 6.6 x 10−4
𝑓 1.5 x 103
𝑆𝑜, 𝑇 ≫ 𝑅𝐶

Case 4: T>> L/R, differentiator

High Pass filter (RL circuit)

𝐿 ( 100 𝑛𝐹 )
= = 1.47 x 10−6
𝑅 (10 𝑘Ω)
1 1
𝑇= = = 6.6 x 10−4
𝑓 1.5 x 103
𝐿
𝑆𝑜, 𝑇 ≫
𝑅

Discussion
• Passive filters are made up of passive components such as resistors, capacitors and
inductors and have no amplifying elements (transistors, op-amps, etc) so have no signal
gain, therefore their output level is always less than the input.
• Filters are named according to the frequency range of signals that they allow to pass
through them, while blocking the rest.