0820RO

5
CovSTITUTIONAL LimIT3 ON RIMINAL LAw

Corusbuainilk on Subetardive Ciminal Law

Rimit the
applicatton of
tho ptauloo a
irdmna eactaral contaird. on
The aoe both
Jauw
subslantive iminal
Irdexnal Consbuaita (pant wthin the ambik of
cximinal Jas
Youndtauy act requixumurt
winanaw o thu at
Faut xenuismant.
wrongkul
Should have dene somathing
Rccaption: sbut iahilihu

Cawotisn xeauirsmot.
Ralatensip blw cenduct & eaut.
29 Mundan Whethax the at o thethaoceusod
cauad the dacth o visim

0 Justilicateu dulanci
Doloncer available for the exime.
Extutnal Consbraints (outaido tha ambtt of ciminal Jous)
_principl Jk Haum prncpla
Found în
fgta / uman ghb that hove boen
Fundamardal
Conatitutionalisad.
 Judgar
Judgur oan Tnvoke conaituttonal iqhts decla to
unjut cminal aws Theompattble with basie human vins

*Indian Constittudien quaxartoR a wlda auay o

Fundamantal Right to it ienk
Cdtain mps-taunt Fund. Rêght avu availoble for
non- tigan ae.
Asdicle 14, 19 dnd a
Should be Yead in havumery wh ach othor
Thay fom the Groldan biangle o ou Jund. Rh

A tha a ardtithosi to atbibuasinas

damand yeasonoablonn*.
Axtie 14
Cimindal Saws must b aqpual to ol (eannot be
absolit
Sc/ST prevontion s ddboitios Aot.
Asdicla 19:

Cimina Xaur cannot bo wsod unneceaody to

Cuvdtail iaht te edem.
Raasonablonos
Laur custoding ibauy a pasesen can'tbe
atbdguaA ccaive in nais.

*It has to bo balanead in pastctirng indiiduual

9Ebesdin a wel a wmcisinq the Secia contbuel

ADthowah Fundamental Riqht au abselute

unreceay and nuutiid uvtailmant o gtty bu ony

So ean stais questeny Validity sJaw

Reasonablonew ik bmpotat fox both Substative e
pyecedweal lao,
 oo Jaur
lau on excia o ndamandal tah, naad
Eeba Aaan.
to
ino
Cirnind Jar nasds to ba in cora.onarc udth th
Corttudien
herwen thue unsuasonablu e asbttau cuoetotimard
Sthasdiy a pason th wage ociminal Sanctioru,
An b conthuiienaly hallrapd.

Asdicle 19, 480, 21

14, 19, 2a ane Vu impodant as tha
huck the validiu o any ouminal sandion

Cimnal Sandien noe a vau steng and

naadive 3mpat en a pauteni sheuldn'+ ba ad
unnuczaily.
doticlo a0
Pnstcien againat an post facto Jauwt, double iopasdy

and incriminotien

Ardicla 1:

pauen shal be daprÍed o h I o pouenal

No

shedy capt accedina to procduuce atakiishud by lau

Manaka Gandhi vs. Unton 0f Indin

Ast. a ha a boadar intipatadien

he Iaw (undar which proaduwe is tablishad), nssds to

beai ust & reosonablu. Snould bo non-abitsosuy

Adiels 22
E 8oquandy whan a posuen iy aouxtid 9 datcdrud.
Impovtart ca to undautand tha rola o constitdtion in

miing
umating e Ciminal Soncdienu
of Pauniab
* mthu v. Stata
MMandateuy diath penalty S. 303 IPC challengd)
by conuict
S.308. Puntahmardt Je mudax
baina undex Asntenae o impisenmant
Wheeue baind
cemmit musudex, Shall be punihad
wth dasdh.
le,
Ore o the Yeasonk ex Such a mandatou dedn penan
provisfon was thot,

i imprienmart didnt dtuoe thi poson, than

ondy dasth panalty, ix desaxvad.

*Thix feund uneasonabla by Couct. Sactien 303

wak

celudes the jueictal disorutien.

* Scalur o juutice ae removedouom hands othe
udge whan he p quillt }, the sonce
Se ina, so uovocable i the sardunce of doth thot
ne la which provTderfox it wlo involuement o
udicial mind can be Said to be Just, tair &reasoruabla,
* Such a Ju asubisuas &
oppsine as mustine
cicumatancer asan't talkan into conaidaatien auw
mandati daath panaltu.
*Bachan Stngh Cas
Deoth panalby-ouadad only in the vasest xaue cas
Challsnaud dosth of
penalty cass under
S. 30a IPC
As px 8.35+(3) C.P.C nasds the
yeasors foY mpasiton
o Sattonee.
Cowd o stat
 panaty s valid because,
paath
a lt ha an altaunatie
o Raason have to bo vecodad
o Accud i orttlod to be haaud on questien
Satonce

26-08-2020

Righet to die 2

P. Rathunam v. Unton Of Indka

Riaht to Le inoluder Riaht to di, so 3. 309

unesnattutienal. Attempt to Suiide
i
* Gian Kaur v. Stata of Punfob.
Right to e dseant indude iaht to dia and
thaolon 8. 309 i Constdutismally Sound
Cout said that. whdher to dacsiminaliso S. 309
shou@d be docidad byu Lagidatuna,
ommon Cause CA Raqd. Socioty ) v. Union Of India e Anr
On March, 2018, Supme Cout huld that,
a paaon
po&on in pauitent vsggtrdive stot can snasut a
Jiing wl to Sa e madical buatmant o in cas of d
touminal naw by optinafo paive udthanasia.
Gquidalirer fov th Saume au Jaid dewn.
Evan boese thux, wndx the supovis fon e
HC,
passuve Qudthouna wa alleued in Asuna 8hanbaug cas0.

to dia wth diqrity w

Riahd ucognisr a a Jundamantal
Right uundr Adicle ai

Howave, acie uthanasid t egol in ndia

Dacsiminalisction homosecual veladion b/
coraenting adut
9. 377wcenattudtenal l the ocont thot
uminalised same Sec itirceurse b/w consanilung
adt
(Navay Singh Jogan v. Union Of India

Backqound:
Aajtatien againt he sedion began inXate 1190s
wa
1994
dhallungsd Jor t time in Dolhi HC n the yea

hi wa
gjuicky diamined
XLengest
Lenaut runnina ogal ohaonae to thi Sectten wa
intatd bu Naz foundatien, an NGO wecking in he
&ld o HIV /AIDS.

Statd in 00 in Dlhi HC CNaz foundation ca

n 200a
n o13, he mattwe reachod SC wich found t
censtitisnal
(*Suvesh Kumar Koushal v. NoZ Foundation
Thot darikien wwwawautng o cusodtve
admiuion
hsaring
haoin whon Navt Wt wa ad in 2o16 oUleging
tho S.377 violatad tha,
Right to SeCuality, Secual autononmu
gerual
patnex
ns Rigd that pdiiena asgusd wexe (orotcerlg
unda Fundamontal Rght (Aticla a)
Bu thix duisien coust vesouved 3, 31T
mattes
Oveulod Koushal.
 toains trat puame tha ddsion
Phrlosophie
Tansormative conatitudionaiiam
Cenatuder pouoqpcamie Yealinotten me E
e 9iqhts.
lt i dccempaniud by cencupt o non-vetseqpuaion
statu that, march o} süght muut ha forward
not backward
o Consti Moalit
Ambedka saidl in censttbuart ouwsumbly that
censttt
censttudienal moalit is not a naduraL santimard
nasd to ba eulttvatd.
6t hdav
idoal neotud în cerstitution Indian Sociatiy
It ix an
mut ansem to boing, social moalty into cenlormity
th the censtiudienal idualy o xuspuct sx diqnity
wth
autonomy a
itinenv.

The qudiiar ,ocecutive, mst

Jaaislafuxe iggn muust
wek togsthor towaxds ackiwing idsnd coratthtional
meka lit
*The idea that majeritu eninisn sheuld paoual ova
tha ught t digiby & thaet o minavity enpieitly
ajpctad.
*VIOLATIVE OF ARTIeLE 14
yLe
A maieit o that
he ceust
ound thara
intaligible way te dioantiata ndtuol oSee m
ren unnaiusal em o the same actirty
Apcia ba sec 1 no Jonqex ameciatad jurt
wcth poesuatien aen n Jeqol discewae.
 On he the centrasuy. thy Said that natiusal sers i
hataver kind o Sec
hatave Ser, censantinq adutr dscida to
pasdicipata in.

utices pauens
diproportionat,
eund that thix a
gatad LGBT Such that real diitinctisn
E unnoatwal
Ceated by this auw wa not blw natual
but bl LGBT&Non-LGBT
ARTIC LE
IS

Th asdicls pohibit discimination baueo on Ser,

eliaien, vace, atc.,

o tha udaos endssud a qrewinq. und to

inelude a dem om Secual orondion dliaminotion
ase.
Ihu
lhy seasonod that censitidfion prohibited Sec baed
diserininatien bce ser wa the sui at which qendar
becam d
nodem &apaciti became
pe dtuninod
hare cant be any dixtinction bluw poople on the

baxi See,
8ec bing Jiifad to male male but
pademoem anu kind o Gecual osuudtation
disoiminaiien
ARTICLE 19

o Fouudem o psonien indudu tuat th con

to pe 9nes Secually wth a conaarting
padner any Sec

Sueh epeuien deesn't elate daconcu msralty bo0z

thaae cencust aa not majeitasian în gonerytp

cnoadlo.
 Soeiatal disauut wth thix populalion an't a
tcdtonall p9umiRäbde aaon to wsict
adem o
cot & Lon
OpesiOn o LGBT poen.
ARTICLE 2
JUST STICE K.3. PUTTU (Retd) v. UnioN OF IND1a
Ans 0xs.
Right to
pivacy wthin tha ambit s iaht to
k wa ecogniaud.
Right to Secual 0iortaieh n.
w itbiaically
poustctad by pivacu.
P
Alultaruy (3. 411) ncensibutienal
JosEPH 3HINE V. UNION OF INDIA (2019) 3 scc 39

S. 441 IPC VAelar At. 4, 15() E 2

t was to be archaic
t dapiver weman o hax autonog, digrcty
&poivacy
t adop d nestien ol masuiage which
subvetx auali
Secual duutonomuy It d value which i an intagal
padt all withan the anbt of
peal ibady unda At
Censtitudiaon.
a1-08-J0a0
Causation
Theeie of Cme Crima)
(Damon mado the
Pre-elasical Schsel.
o Cim than th
rothax than ha
Scheel. (Natune
Clasical charactx hendax)

Neo- clanical Schet.

posittum: BiologfealThaosiex
e Cim
Ead
Psyehelsgical Thessi oCime
Soctelegtcal Thussiu o Coima.
0 Pe- elamical Schee
commütted a crime, thuy thoughtt
Whanwe SomLee
Davil Made him do it.
Exorcism wax pexlovmed.

*Punshmant w haush & inhumane,

2 Beheading, . Tovtusng, Buning ARive , D Dwning,

Stoning

Clasaical School.
o Fourdad in tha ige oEnlightment.
Aqe Enlightanmant
*Thomax Hobbex än his book aiathan'(i6s), pooposed
oienal eor e why paeple oee mstiotod to
m stat o qovexrance
Socinl Cenboot Thasny

*Faixnaw in daluxmiradisn convidiuen a

apprDpialo punishmunt to quily.
wel av
 3cheol
Thus Joeusad on tha rnaluu e cxima.
impodant phiosephor
Csoe Beccaia
Fath Cimira Jualice
Fath o Claical Scheel
Poponont e
DRorance thaory
Benthom.
said that punshmort mwt be o 8uch mannex
Said
hsCHICt a sae oumea thd
Cuotu the on thinking to commtt tha
Crime

Beccaiia
Fye Wiw thuory ore of te
Aoaues o s. Datuuminiam
dassical sehol
Emphasied Socia Condbact
*Utitorianism
Impovtance o oaa- wl &
Indiuidual hetea ix ky to hiv
popositen & thusúging
(On ipesinel încsuaing the nugatuwe on couniting a
crime, the ondr will thänk to not do such crima
xHedonisic principlo ( Pansu poin thsy)
Beccasia 's poposed Raomx and Idaa o Jusica
claimad that the tue meo L oima i
*He Secoty
hamel the haum deno to the
given at shoud ba adruinustosad
punishmert
*tov apasdhculae
9ugadl etha cerdediual cicmstancu
*0endur's eum intnt n comnitting the coiu
Shouldn be takon irbo acceunt

Raductien in acbiteasine in puniumant.

accuuatien tual wece rcisad.
*Secxt &

Condumnad ussge of todue & duth panaltu

capt odotaoianee G
3 ku lemerdx o punishmt
demant
Switne punishmant.
a odsilir o
-Punishmant muat be qoortad
possih.
ho must not be much gap blw erime
punishmart

- Eatior to nk tha landasx punishmart.

artairay punihmant
punishumnt
o Severi o nate to the
Funishmertt mut be in pwportro
Coam.
- It shouldn't be eewmaby hath
a typs ot dTouance:
Spreilic dotaance
.Focwo oh space individual whe olhunded
commiting ewether cima.
Pseverdta tha ooendas from

Grerxa dtsxan
FocusO on poteli crimincds
.wasus the othsuy who think to Commit eime

Bantham took fovauasd Beccasia's woTk

Hedonis tc
prinapla)
 dlantcal Sohool
Neo-
Take ido aoceund tha certutual
ina in toum
ad o gen
punishnerd but asuus dad al oh
n
pasdien o lauical schoel (a wl, ddioane, alionohy

Tak nto acceunt mitigating ougqeavairg.octosu en

dingthe Sardance
a a aiven ciminal artiuby
Cordampoxay davalopmerty
.Roadienal Cheicethuery
I indudas all txaddieral dituoane acto but
addy inemal lasa (amig, andr, amplaymart,
commuuiduy ) vis-a-vis pXuaalco duüved om the oime.
(Daak B. Covnieh & Ronald v. Claxk
. Routin Aoyut thuoy
Thae arAst a ikal opp tunty
vitimigatien.
sq Motivatd ofandex, SuitahRe tangst, absence
guandian.
(Lawrenea Cohan & Maeus deluu)

Positivist School
(vasteu otha dtoxs thot contuol ollendax ase tokan
Tnto accourd
Individual hoave
neu-wil to cenduel
hir behasiouo
Biological posifivism (easdy positfvism

as
t Qooka înto the biological aapee
what change thy au having.
an oander

Payehological Bsitivism Looks into the psuoholoqy o

snda
Secial Posilivism eeks into Secidy &
Suouounding
ooendx
 Emphasix on 8erdiic appuoeh n ciminelsq
Btologica Thaoviu
Behaviou
Focussed on th act hat cotain indidualy ax
oups tond to and mge thon otha

Distingutahed the supRoiD to intsis

avanfomobisi manauud he sie o brain sk
axag the maus of braun, the mere
Supaiethe poxon
- Phoenolog sonce datumining human disposition
basad on distincien în sku

Physiognomy Study o otha bodiluy aapaats

ocial su
to ndicata davolopmartol problma
as esimînality.

ombroso's Thaovy o Atavfsm or Bovn Ciminal

Accerdina to lermbvoso, italian phystean:

Saueu oiminals aue marüutatisn

Newes 0um
ehumaiu In tounx o elutienay prs-qunien.

Atavism a paxsen e a pasdiculax otsu sf an

indiidual i a thorowback to oun aaslio
stage weutienasuy m davelepmant.
SHgmata Phypica manilostadtion o7Hauim e
abnovmalu 3mall oY Josuaer neiea, 2cvs, u,
pilpsy

his thuosy wa also discuditd

Othw Phystologîoal Evplanations

Goddaxd's Feeblo Mindadnum hesuy
Lowsx ha 14 Javal, Highar the criminalih
This Led to many atbooiheo lowandseehle e9pele
 Shlden's Body ype Theory

Edemophtete- Thin esornovphic-

lu ulanEndoynophie
mose pone to crime obes
dua to hs
nhasitad.
xait
Mooluen Bfo-8odal Theo
üa
Family
Studios Ciminaltty una in
. faniu
Studieg Concodaneg fos cximinaliby
Tuin cumona idanticl
tuing.
doption Studas Biolegica posant aou
úminal, highar
chancus of ohaldean baing
cimina
GdoqsnuC studia xYY eheomosomas
criminality (more)
Hosmeonal Thaory Higha tustosBona, hiqhax cvtmfnalty
otrdsmiine Low Xavel o sicotonin
Braun Ingu Brain Wave patas (8lowax wave)
Bio 80iay iikHation.
Psuchologicalescplanation ot Giminal Behavfour
FocLs on the indiidual'saspinces
-
ox thai amotional
adiustmort a wel a thaise psonalitn suads or tpe

Jud's psyohoanaly tre pespacive.

aspcs Movc
3 p2s3on.a ld, age, Supaa0qe Component
Anciaty Dance machanism, Ratfona
Unconscious Baaic Behaviou
instindt
31-08 OA0
EXPLAONATION OF CR ImE
DocioLOGtICAL
Looka nto the runa Jacteu an îndevidua):

thai eep.asiances within the nezghbouneeo, pae qoup 6

amay
 Sub unalhuory
Cuural Thaory
. Linkad to stuaintheery
Albaet Cohen

tain qous o ils young, Xowe

clawman
a dusciminatad
hey davlop pustsuotion ading o omäno
cct
lo mat the
tha oepoctadien opaa tachux,
s tudet în tha schoo may indulae in dalEnquant
acdtiuitie Jtla 3moking, brauntinq &acting up in the
clasn
Also whan the Jowe lau youthu could
net
hove meas to dechie thai qoads, thoy csoe a
thay cade a
eain tho socisty as thuir maauns tD achiave
als
Richasud Clowad 2loyd Oh lin (1960)
PoRrdad out heshudue for lowex-las
oppostunily
youths fn difeant nighbouhood:
Ciminal (making a Xing from Cima),
Conflict twitosial violanee qonq Rghting)
Ratpueadist (douugs 6, alohel)
o Social Cortbeol theoru
Fousod on why paopXe obuy Xaw & not on the

Cauo Ot Csimu.

o dusas on conormity Tathax than daviance

Travis Hivschi (1169)

Pople conom to sockal novms due to sbuong social bonds

anqaqe in
h nmaace
hay dolknguantt ad whon these bonds a brokan o
Ineak
 Kay omporarttaa d social bond
an Indiv's
How shna lwiak
I. Atachmant pe family
velationahip wth
velationship (cdttachmant)
Stronqe the
move Likely to confom
contom
7s
tha indiv.
îndiv. commis to a
th move an
omitmant Posdticulax
paand,ueate
lutyke ( job, husband
as he/she
eonlovms os ha/sha
tu moxe tha indt. crme
when made a
wa e more
Tndiv. spehds in
The move time
an
Involuemant
activtias, he euar ha
3. time
cw abiding
in ciminal acbiika.
ha/she has to nqaqe
to upbiingng.
4. Bolo 9elahd ouw-abidêrg,
îndiv. is brought up to he
an to eommit a cuin
Ses ikaly
thou aa
Association Thoor
Doxentiational
Propounded by 8uthorland.
-
but is Xoaunt fom
-No one s boh au iminas Sriends 6 poas)
qououps (Pamly
paxsonal
timat
- Loaninq indude,
on motives, atiludoy
tochniqua commtting erim,
Odionalism.
with aw-abiding peop.le, ew
-Move irteacton
chancu of cminality him to
an indiv as a esuminalJeaca
Labelling heoy Labrllnq
davctiy himal a a cuimînal.
So, chtldun in conlict las must be divasated omomal
usttee sustm
 HISTORY OF CRIMINAL LA IN INDIA

Loading Jaur codax In Anetand India

Arlhasasba, 1Manu Smd Yainavalkya Smoan
Cul Cräminal Jaw asu discwgud in Manuamuu
vželnes to body, gombling, thot
huj,
8 aSALt, difamation,
sobbe adultuy, chualing enication.
(Secual ne
relationship
bapese mrg)

Punshmavta lika canae Yebuka, ner, toriduss oppty

impsornmant, banîshrmard, utlatien daah
(outeast from cut boday
So Cty padta)
Calpabiit wa basod on ads assoidtd wth cima
Couiminol
gna e oenca
*Manu Smyf Cxitiigad Jox unaaual punihumards
Troatd Brahmîn above auw)
Hindu Code compilad by Panditu of Benaua at th nstonce
Wa n Haating.
Mahommadan Gimînal Laur
e Ouginatd puem Quan.
Ecpouundad by Hadi, ima & Giua
panal Yaue
Mughal uue bxught thi lauw supplantad Hindu
LOuw 9ulaond he dedsuner o Sunnt Mohommudans, Abu
Yusu &Imam
Mohammad
Hangola his discipXe, Abu

Punfshmart isa (rataiatisn), Hud C8paeie Paraltiw),

punishmndx)
luaao (Disceliena
Mughal Rule, milifduy umina ustice wa
Unde
ndu Nizamat
 Maqisbiatu
Ninam Supame

Deputy Nizam (daal wth luw 8evesa olane

than Nizam Sup. Magistr)

Foufdo CLike Blcepdty fancex

kotwal
melnilk, ouuthoritis o Zamfndas
Outaids Captl, in
prevaikod
Eaut Indfa
Company took ovex c o Nizam.
In 190, Bȟtish Rile
Devolopr
Developrmant Cuminal Law in India wndr
(at tima ouavean Heuxting
Kaguloting Act. 1773

In diztict, a cuuninal ceuwt wa satablisahed

ach
a taydaxaz Adalat conaiuing o
en
known
Kant, Mulle
Own
ex
a a Maulvir f a Brihish Collactax who sulponvis
ONizamat Sadar Adala ohia Kaz, chi M
(Cout) 3 maulvis
o799 Cout oEwopsan Judaa wth assistaance o
Socal apodt n Hindu Lau Mahommadan Lans

4 appelate CALt we Rste. wth 3 Judgu 3 nodiue

RpsU.
(Calcuta, Docca, Padtna Mushidabad)

Suddan Nizamat Adalot ud by Govenos Gansa

Csuneil. Saparre Ciminal Cousct, Cecuta
&hi
Than2stablishsd SC at Calcuta în 1774,
Pladsuas in 1800 Bombay n 1825.

Bsitih Povine iut thove codiyied eiminal laur

Bombay Rugulation let, 1829
chaxtse Aet ol 1933
aimud at uniormity
olaw
Sama for Hindc e Mulimn
Commissfon
La was tablished,
In

GuaeT9
183+,
ar
Andason
1st
Commivien wth Macau
, Si John Melnsd
GraoT9 mtt who pupaud the dualt Parnal
Codla

Assent o Grovenos
Gunal was Yecived in October 6, 1860
in Counc
Cada -haodi amandadl contiruuer to ba th qensal
Subs tardive cuminoal aw in India,